This document is a project report on global warming presented by 4 students to the Department of Management Studies at North Maharashtra University in Jalgaon, India. It includes an index listing the chapter topics which are introductions to global warming, its history, the definition of climate change, projections of future global warming, the greenhouse effect, key greenhouse gases, causes and effects of warming. The report provides background information on the science and impacts of global warming.

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NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY - JALGAON
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
B.B.M 1ST YEAR
PROJECT -2010
GLOBAL WARMING
GUIDED BY: MR. CHETAN KULKARNI SIR.
PRESENTED BY:
1) SACHIN CHAUDHARI.
2) NEHA KOTKAR.
3) DIPAK SHELAKE.
4) PRANITA WAYKODE.
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NORTH MAHRASHTRA UNIVARCITY, JALGAON.
This is certify that SACHIN P CHAUDHARI, NEHA P KOTKAR, DIPAK B SHELKE, PRANITA U
WAYKODE has carried out the investigation & satisfactorily delivered a Seminar on topic
GLOBAL WARMING
This is a record of his own work carried out under my supervision & guidance during the
academic year 2009-2010 in the partial fulfillment of BACHOLER OF BUISNESS
MANAGMENT
As per requirement of
NORTH MAHRASHTRA UNIVARCITY
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Mr.Chetan Kulkarni Dr.SEEMA JOSHI
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INDEX
Sr. PARTICULAR Page
No No
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HISTORY
3 DEFINITION CLIMATE CHANGE
4 GLOBAL WARMING IN THE FUTURE
5 GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
6 CARBONE DIOXIDE
7 OZEN GAS.
8 TYPES OF GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES
9 OBJECTIVE OF GLOBLE WARMING
10 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
11 WHAT CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING?
12 CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER NO.1. INTRODUCTION
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and the oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its
projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ±
0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that
anthropogenic (human-sourced) greenhouse gases are responsible for
most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the
twentieth century, and natural phenomena such as solar variation and
volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times
to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward. These basic
conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies
and academies of science, including all of the national academies of
science of the major industrialized countries.
Climate model
projections summarized in
the latest IPCC report
indicate that global surface
temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F)
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during the twenty-first century. The uncertainty in this estimate arises
from the use of models with differing climate sensitivity, and the use of
differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other
uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from
region to region around the globe. Although most studies focus on the
period up to 2100, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100, even if
emissions have stopped, because of the large heat capacity of the
oceans and the lifespan of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Pictured left: 1999-2008 Mean temperatures: This figure shows the
difference in instrumentally determined surface temperatures between
the period January 1999 through December 2008 and "normal"
temperatures at the same locations, defined to be the average over the
interval January 1940 to December 1980. The average increase on this
graph is 0.48 °C, and the widespread temperature increases are
considered to be an aspect of global warming.
The ice of the Polar Regions furnishes clues to the makeup of Earth‟s
ancient atmosphere. Ice cores that scientists have bored from the ice
sheets of Greenland and Antarctica provide natural records of both
temperature and atmospheric greenhouse gases going back hundreds
of thousands of years. Layers in these ice cores created by seasonal
snowfall patterns allow scientists to determine the age of the ice in each
core. By measuring tiny air bubbles trapped in the ice and properties of
the ice itself, scientists can estimate the temperature and amount of
greenhouse gases in Earth‟s past atmosphere at the time each layer
formed. Based on this data, scientists know that greenhouse gases have
now risen to levels higher than at any time in the last 650,000 years.
Greenhouse gases are rising, and temperatures are following. Before
the late 1800s, the average surface temperature of Earth was almost
15°C (59°F). Over the past 100 years, the average surface temperature
has risen by about 0.7 Celsius degrees (1.3 Fahrenheit degrees), with
most of the increase occurring since the 1970s. Scientists have linked
even this amount of warming to numerous changes taking place around
the world, including melting mountain glaciers and polar ice, rising sea
level, more intense and longer droughts, more intense storms, more
frequent heat waves, and changes in the life cycles of many plants and
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animals. Warming has been most dramatic in the Arctic, where
temperatures have raised almost twice as much as the global average.
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CHAPTER NO.2. HISTORY
First Person who Claim
Syante Arrhenius (1859_1927) was a Swedish scientist that was firstly
claims that fossil fuel consumption is the main reason for the global
warming in 1896.it not only enhances the global warming but also leaves
poisonous particles in the air. He provided the world with the clear
evidence for the relationship in carbon dioxide and atmosphere wit hi
theories and experiments. He proposed that the calculated average
temperature of the earth is 15 Centi garde but the process that involves
vaporization and infra red absorption has increase it this phenomena is
known as green house effect.
Wrong assumption
After this the topic about global warming is forgotten for a long period of
time and at that time that natural forces are more strong than human
influences like solar activity and ocean circulation. On the same time
they also thought that the oceans were such great ocean sink that would
automatically minimize our pollution. And water vapor is considered to
be most influential greenhouse gas.
1940 to 1970 Research
Charles keeling is the person who used the most modern technologies
available to produce concentration curves for atmospheric carbon
dioxide. These are those curves which are one of the major reasons of
global warming. The curve showed a downward trend of global annual
temperature from 1940 to 1970.
Impact of Global Warming
As we see that the climate are change almost everywhere. The hottest
years which are recorded on a record book took place in the 1980 or
after so on. Lakes and rivers are thawing earlier each spring. Animal and
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plants are moving to higher elevations. Arctic is heating up twice as fast
as any place else in the world and also polar bears are going hungry.
Pacific lands are in danger that their some of their parts are swallowed
by the sea. If the people not stop to reduce the greenhouse gases
emission pumped up in the atmosphere
Prediction of Experts about Global warming
They predicted that if all this happen continuously so the planets
average temperature could raise anywhere .Sea level is also rise due to
this. Heat rays are more intense and attacking fires occurs often.
Disease can be spread wide with the carrier mosquitoes. Global
warming can bring extra intense and extreme weather conditions.
Leading mountain ranges will melt fast. And living world would be living
at the risk.
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CHAPTER NO.3. DEFINITION CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is any substantial change in Earth‟s climate that lasts for
an extended period of time. Global warming refers to climate change
that causes an increase in the average temperature of the lower
atmosphere. Global warming can have many different causes, but it is
most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the
release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases. (EPA, 2006)
Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
water vapor, and fluorinated gases, act like a greenhouse around the
earth. This means that they let the heat from the Sun into the
atmosphere, but do not allow the heat to escape back into space. The
more greenhouse gases there are, the larger the percentage of heat that
is trapped inside the earth‟s atmosphere. The earth could not exist in its
present state (that is, with life) without the presence of some naturally
occurring greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and water vapor.
Without any greenhouse gases no heat would be trapped in atmosphere,
so the earth would be extremely cold. (NASA, 2002)
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases (not fluorinated gases) are good
in naturally occurring amounts; it‟s when people start contributing
excessive amounts of them that greenhouse gases become a problem.
With excessive greenhouse gas buildup, the earth‟s atmosphere warms
to unnatural temperatures which causes, among other things, sea level to
rise. Global warming also causes sea surface temperatures to raise,
precipitation patterns to change, etc... (NASA, 2002)
Earth has seen a violent past and has seen life forms disappearing from
its surface, but that was due to natural forces. But now, humans are
creating a catastrophe known as global warming that will wipe out all the
life forms in future if it is not stopped now. Global warming definition can
be understood by following the average temperature of earth‟s surface in
the last hundred years. An average temperature has risen dramatically
since the industrial revolution clearly showing that global warming is not a
natural phenomenon but is a man made disaster. It is the responsibility of
every one on earth to understand global warming definition and act to
prevent its onslaught.
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CHAPTER NO.4. GLOBAL WARMING IN THE FUTURE
The globally averaged surface temperature of the Earth has increased
during the past century by about 0.7°C. Most of the increase can be
attributed to the greenhouse effect, the increase in the atmospheric
concentration of carbon dioxide that is emitted when fossil fuels are
burned to produce energy. The book begins with the important distinction
between weather and climate, followed by data showing how carbon
dioxide has increased and the incontrovertible evidence that it is caused
by burning fossil fuels (i.e., coal, oil, and natural gas). I also address the
inevitable skepticism that global warming arouses and offer a number of
responses to the global warming skeptics. After dealing with the skeptics,
I analyze both the current and future effects of global warming. These
future effects are based on scenarios or “storylines” put forth by the
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. In closing, I address
the controversial (and grim) suggestion that we have already passed the
“tipping point,” which is the time after which, regardless of our future
actions, global warming will cause considerable hardship on human
society. I intend this book to be approachable for all concerned citizens,
but especially students of the sciences and engineering who will soon be
in a position to make a difference in the areas of energy and the
environment. I have tried to frame the debate in terms of what the
engineering community must do to help combat global warming. We
have no choice but to think in terms of global environmental constraints
as we design new power plants, factories, automobiles, buildings, and
homes. The best thing for scientists to do is to present what we know,
clearly separating what is known from what is suspected, in a non-
apocalyptic manner. If matters are clearly and passionately presented to
the public, we must be prepared to accept the will of the people. This
presents the scientific community with an enormous responsibility,
perhaps unlike any we have had in the past.
1. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
2. CARBONE DIOXIDE
3. OZEN GAS.
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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in
heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that
certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and
methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by
absorbing longwave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Without
the greenhouse effect life on this planet would probably not exist as the
average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18° Celsius, rather
than the present 15° Celsius.
As energy from the Sun passes through the atmosphere a number
of things take place (see Figure 7h-1). A portion of the energy (26%
globally) is reflected or scattered back to space by clouds and other
atmospheric particles. About 19% of the energy available is absorbed by
clouds, gases (like ozone), and particles in the atmosphere. Of the
remaining 55% of the solar energy passing through the Earth's
atmosphere, 4% is reflected from the surface back to space. On
average, about 51% of the Sun's radiation reaches the surface. This
energy is then used in a number of processes, including the heating of
the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of
water; and plant photosynthesis.
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CARBONE DIOXIDE
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted in a number of ways. It is emitted
naturally through the carbon cycle and through human activities like the
burning of fossil fuels.
Natural sources of CO2 occur within the carbon cycle where billions of
tons of atmospheric CO2 are removed from the atmosphere by oceans
and growing plants, also known as „sinks,‟ and are emitted back into the
atmosphere annually through natural processes also known as
„sources.‟ When in balance, the total carbon dioxide emissions and
removals from the entire carbon cycle are roughly equal.
Since the Industrial Revolution in the 1700‟s, human activities,
such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, and deforestation, have
increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In 2005, global
atmospheric concentrations of CO2 were 35% higher than they were
before the Industrial Revolution.
Humans are significantly increasing the amount of carbon dioxide
released to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels (such as
coal, oil, and natural gas), solid wastes, and wood and wood products to
heat buildings, drive vehicles, and generate electricity. At the same time,
the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through
photosynthesis has been greatly reduced by deforestation, the
widespread cutting of trees for lumber or to clear land for agriculture.
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OZEN GAS
Ozone is an unstable form (activated, allotrope) of oxygen that is
contained the air, in fact is a gas that is generated in natural form in the
atmosphere, product of diverse climatic and environmental conditions,
and has a scent similar to the one of the "wet earth".
The ozone hole, however, is not the mechanism of global warming.
Ultraviolet radiation represents less than one percent of the energy from
the sun—not enough to be the cause of the excess heat from human
activities. Global warming is caused primarily from putting too much
carbon into the atmosphere when coal, gas, and oil are burned to
generate electricity or to run our cars. These gases spread around the
planet like a blanket, capturing the solar heat that would otherwise be
radiated out into space. (For more detail on the basic mechanism of
global warming, see carbon dioxide FAQ.)
Both of these environmental problems do, however, have a common
cause—human activities that release gases into and alter the
atmosphere. Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)—formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants—are
released into the atmosphere. These gases, through several chemical
reactions, cause the ozone molecules to break down, reducing ozone's
ultraviolet (UV) radiation-absorbing capacity.
Read more:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_ozone_gas#ixzz1m4AK5IIZ
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CHAPTER NO.5. TYPES OF GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES
Carbon Dioxide
Humans create an excessive amount of greenhouse gases, including
carbon dioxide, or CO2. Every time something burns, carbon dioxide is
released into the atmosphere. Fossil fuels, which are used to fuel cars
and airplanes, are the primary source of carbon dioxide emissions.
Plants and trees store carbon dioxide, and when trees are destroyed to
build houses and buildings, carbon dioxide is released back into the
atmosphere, increasing global warming. Plant life in the oceans store
carbon dioxide, but because of the increased temperatures, underwater
plants are dying off as well, reports A Cooler Climate.com in "What
Causes Global Warming? Learn The Major Human Causes Of Climate
Change."
Methane
Methane gas is much more potent than carbon dioxide, and this gas is
created when bacteria break down organic matter that is free of oxygen,
according to "National Geographic" in "Causes of Global Warming." The
process occurs during human and animal digestive processes and is
released into the air. Increased farming leads to increased methane gas
levels. Rice paddies, landfills and gas leaks are also primary sources of
methane gas pollution. Calthrates are frozen pieces of ice that lie in the
ocean, and when temperatures rise, they melt and release methane into
the water, reports "National Geographic."
Nitrogen Oxide
The growing need to produce more food has led to increased use of
modern technology, and to drastically speed growth and production of
their crops, farmers typically use nitrogen fertilizers. Nitrogen oxides trap
more than 300 times the amount of heat than carbon dioxide does in a
process that happens every time soil is fertilized. In fact, studies have
proven that modern farming practices have affected global warming
more than modern transportation, reports A Cooler Climate.com.
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Other Causes
Other causes of global warming that are less significant include CFCs
HCFCs (chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons), organic
compounds caused by refrigeration and aerosols, which contribute to the
hole in the ozone layer. While the concentrations of these gases are
smaller, they are much more toxic to the environment than carbon
dioxide, reports A Cooler Climate.com.
Electrical pollution
Burning Fossil fuels
Chemicals
Light consumption
Watching TV
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CHAPTER NO.6. OBJECTIVE OF GLOBLE WARMING
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a natural gas, essential for all life on earth. It's
absorbed by plants as they grow, and emitted by all life forms when they
die (or are burnt as fuel). Other than water vapor, it's the most common
'greenhouse gas'.
Greenhouse gases (GHG) - including carbon gases like CO2 and
methane, they are vital in the Earth's atmosphere in certain quantities
because they help trap and retain some of the sun's heat (the
'greenhouse effect'). This makes life as we know it possible on Earth -
without it the world would be mostly frozen. But too much is dangerous
too...
Carbon cycle - the natural processes that emit and absorb carbon gases
across the globe, keeping overall levels stable, and our climate suitable
for an abundance of life Human activity - over the past 150 years, the
world's industrialized nations have unwittingly upset the delicate balance
of the carbon cycle by burning huge amounts of fossil fuels
(concentrated carbon, like coal, oil, gas), as well as breeding vast
numbers of methane-producing livestock, and cutting down the forests
that naturally absorb CO2 from the air.
The extra carbon in the atmosphere has been raising global
temperatures.
Global warming - doesn't mean we'll all have warmer weather in future.
As the planet heats, climate patterns change, with more extreme and
unpredicted weather across the world - some places will be hotter, some
colder. Some wetter, others drier.
We know the planet has warmed by an average of nearly 1ºC in the past
century. Might not sound much, but small rises can create big problems
for people and wildlife.
2º is too much - a rise of just 2ºC means:
severe storms and floods in some countries, droughts in many more
seas become more acidic, coral and krill die, food chains are destroyed
no Arctic ice in summer - not just bad news for polar bears, it also means
global climate warms faster. Tipping points and feedback effects - as the
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earth warms, the impacts can fuel each other and accelerate, causing
runaway, irreversible changes.
For instance, polar ice reflects sunlight away from the Earth. When it
melts (and Arctic sea ice is already predicted to be mostly gone in
summer by 2020), more heat will be absorbed. And thawing permafrost
releases trapped methane, just as drying forests and warming oceans
emit their stores of CO2, all further increasing the greenhouse effect.
Beyond 2º - scientists predict possible rises of up to 6º this century if we
don't drastically cut greenhouse gas emissions.
We barely want to think about what this would mean. Rainforests dying.
The melting of the ancient ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.
Dramatic sea level rises. And people and animals suffering along the
way. That's why we must act now.
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CHAPTER NO.7. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is affecting all parts of the earth in different manners.
Global warming makes the sea rise and when due to global warming sea
rise it covers many low land island and this is one of the main problems
for all creatures of islands like plants animal and people in island. The
water on islands covers the plants and in result it damage or die the
most of them. When the plant die so animal have no source of food also
with their habitat so when they don‟t get food so they also start die
because of shortage of food. When plants and animal dies so people
also lose two major sources of food. As a result of all this they also have
to leave their area where they live for a long time and this is called break
in a food chain or break food reaction, one thing happen after this other
thing happens and its lead to another and so on.
Ocean on the other hand is also gets damaged by global warming
problems as well. Most of the things which are happening in the ocean is
also due to global warming.
The main thing happening in the warm waters of oceans, which is the
major cause of global warming is the change of directions of water.
Algae is like a producer which we can see floating in the top of the water
which make food for the other creature which are inside the ocean and
consumer of algae is small fish, crab, some whales and other animals.
Due to global warming algae are fewer and number of animal in a sea is
greater so its create a problem.
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CHAPTER NO.8. WHAT CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING?
Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global
warming. They‟ve looked at the natural cycles and events that are
known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of warming
that‟s been measured can‟t be explained by these factors alone. The
only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.
To bring all this information together, the United Nations formed a group
of scientists called the International Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC.
The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings
and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming.
Each report represents a consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of
leading scientists.
One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several
greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a
variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,
factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most
warming is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Other contributors include
methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the
digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers,
gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of
forests that would otherwise store CO2.
Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities.
Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of
methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of
CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases,
such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the
world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping
potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their
concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as
much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.
In order to understand the effects of all the gases together, scientists
tend to talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the equivalent
amount of CO2. Since 1990, yearly emissions have gone up by about 6
billion metric tons of “carbon dioxide equivalent” worldwide, more than a
20% increase.
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CONCLUSION
Recommendations
The world is temporarily affected by hot and cold climate periods. The
industrial revolution which started in 1875 changed weather conditions.
The world has a tendency to warm up.
The industrialization and the increasing population density are forcing
governments to consume more fossil fuels and are affecting the artificial
greenhouse gases' fluctuation.
Even if the usage of fossil fuels could be prohibited, greenhouse gases
extant in the atmosphere are going to remain for hundred years.
The emission of greenhouse gases can't be
Signature of
Guide.
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