This chapter discusses transit oriented development (TOD). TOD aims to reduce car dependency and promote public transit use through compact, walkable, mixed-use communities centered around high-quality transit systems. The goals of TOD are to reduce private vehicle use and promote public transit ridership. TOD provides advantages such as higher quality of life, greater mobility, increased transit ridership, reduced pollution and more affordable housing. The chapter reviews literature on TOD and discusses design principles and the benefits of implementing TOD.

1. CHAPTER 5
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Goals of TOD
• Design Principles of TOD
• Advantages of TOD
• Conclusions
• References

3. Introduction
What is TOD ?
A Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is the creation of
compact,walkable, mixed-use communities centered around
high quality transit system especially the BRTs and MRTs.

4. Introduction
Why TOD ?
Factors driving the trend towards the TOD are :
Rapidly growing traffic congestion nation-wide
Rapidly growing pollution due to motorized vehicle
Growing desire for quality urban lifestyle
Growing desire for more walkable lifestyles away from traffic
Changes in family structures: more singles, empty-nesters, etc
Growing national support for Smart Growth

5. Literature Review
1. Papa et al. (2015):-
Objective Methodology Conclusion
Toexplore the
relationship between
Transit-Oriented
Development (TOD)
and rail-based
accessibility in a
metropolitan area.
The following overarching
questions were addressed:
i. Does a TOD-informed
urban spatial structure
correlate with high rail
based accessibility?
ii. Which features of TOD are
correlated to rail-based
accessibility?
These questions were answered
through a comparative
analysis of six metropolitan
areas in Europe.
The comparison
demonstrated that rail-
based accessibility was
higher in urban areas
where inhabitants and
jobs were more
concentrated around
the railway network.

6. Literature Review
2. Renne et al. (2013):-
Objective Methodology Conclusion
This study illustrates a The study compares The comparison
typology of all fixed TAD, hybrids, and TODs with showed that in 2000 and
transit boundaries respect to commuting, vehicle 2010, TODs had
across the United ownership, economic significantly higher shares
States to categorize all indicators, of walking, bicycle and
stations as either a and built environment transit commuting in
TOD, TAD or hybrid. indicators in the United States. comparison to hybrids and
TADs.

7. Literature Review
3. Currie et al. (2006)
Objective Methodology Conclusion
This literature takes a The performance of BRT systems
in
relation to TOD is considered with
specific reference to BRT systems
in Australia. In
addition, TOD related to local
suburban bus service is examined.
This study concluded that
critical look at the
strengths and
challenges of bus-
based transit systems
compared to rail in
relation to TOD.
noise pollution impacts of
buses, and a
poor track record of bus in
relation to TOD were the
most significant weaknesses
identified for bus services as
a whole.
It also concluded that
implementation of BTOD is a
more difficult
task than related RTOD.

8. Literature Review
4. Development of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) model for Malaysia
Objective Methodology Conclusion
Aims to study the
suitable
development model
for Malaysia
The methodology used for this
report:
TOD Review and Analysis for the
following country:
1- China
2- Singapore
3- Australia
4- Ahmedabad Janmarg India
5-USA
Exploration and Analysis of TOD
principles and parameters for the
above country using checklist
and scoreboard.
Use GIS
The report concluded
27 location TOD
potential areas

9. Goals of TOD
The goals of
Transit
Oriented
Development
are to:
Reduce private vehicle dependency and
promote public transport use through
design, policy and enforcement.
Provide public transport access to the
maximum number of people through
densification and multimodal connectivity

10. Design Principles of TOD
The 8 Principles of the TOD standard for designing better
streets and better cities:
1. WALK
2. CYCLE
3. CONNECT
4. TRANSIT
5. MIX
6. DENSIFY
7. COMPACT
8. SHIFT

11. WALK | Develop neighborhoods that promote walking
CYCLE | Prioritize non-motorized transport networks

12. CONNECT | Create dense networks of streets and paths
TRANSIT | Locate development near high-quality public transport

13. MIX | Plan for mixed use
DENSIFY | Optimize density and transit capacity

14. COMPACT | Create regions with short commutes
SHIFT | Increase mobility by regulating parking and road use

15. Advantages of TOD
 The advantages of Transit Oriented Development are:
• Higher quality of life
• Better places to live, work, and play
• Greater mobility with ease of moving around
• Increased transit ridership
• Reduced traffic congestion and driving
• Reduced car accidents and injuries
• Reduced household spending on transportation,
resulting in more affordable housing
• Reduced pollution to a great extent

16. Benefits of TOD
1-Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play
2-Greater mobility with ease of moving around
3-Increased transit ridership
4-Reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries
5-Reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more
affordable housing
6-Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress
7-Higher, more stable property values
8-Increased foot traffic and customers for area businesses
9-Greatly reduced dependence on foreign oil, reduced pollution and
environmental damage
10-Reduced incentive to sprawl, increased incentive for compact
development
11-Less expensive than building roads and sprawl
12-Enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness

17. Conclusions
• The present study indicates that dependency on private vehicle can be
reduced there by promoting public transport by implementation of
TOD.
• TOD can provide a cheaper public transport, better liveable
environment and quality of life.
• TOD may help in integrating existing infrastructure, land-use and
future transportation options.
• It also implies that TOD focuses on PPP development opportunities to
provide the required infrastructure at an affordable and timely manner.

18. References
1. Currie, G., 2006. Bus transit oriented development—strengths and
challenges relative to rail. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(4), p.1.
Source- http://scholarcommons.usf.edu
2. Papa, E. and Bertolini, L., 2015. Accessibility and Transit-Oriented
Development in European metropolitan areas. Journal of Transport
Geography, 47, pp.70-83.
Source - http://www.sciencedirect.com
3. Renne, J.L. and Ewing, R., 2013. Transit-oriented development: an
examination of America’s transit precincts in 2000 & 2010.
Source- http://scholarworks.uno.edu