introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
In this slide contains types, working principle, factors affecting, advantage and disadvantage of paper electrophoresis.
Presented by: G.Sai Swetha. (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
Capillary electrophoresis is an analytical technique that separates charged particles using electricity and a very small tube called “capillary”.
Popularized by Jorgenson and Lukacs in the late 1980’s.
Capillary electrophoresis is used most predominately because it gives faster results and provides high resolution separation.
The rate at which the particle moves is directly proportional to the applied electric field--the greater the field strength, the faster the mobility.
Neutral species are not affected, only ions move with the electric field. If two ions are the same size, the one with greater charge will move the fastest.
For ions of the same charge, the smaller particle has less friction and overall faster migration rate.
The differential movement or migration of ions by attraction or repulsion in an electric field. OR it describes migration of charged particle or molecules under the influence of electric field.
To determine number, amount and mobility of components in given sample or to separate them.
Separation of molecules of mixture on the basis of charge or size of molecule.
Capillary tube is placed between two buffer reservoir, and an electric field is applied, separation depends on electrophoretic mobility and electro-osmosis.
Electrophoretic Mobility: define as rate of migration (cm/sec) per unit field strength (V/cm).
Electrophoretic separation is measured by detector.
Electrophoretic System; consists two electrodes of opposite charge (anode, cathode) connected by a conducting medium called an electrolyte.
More efficient than gel electrophoresis.
It is also known as uncoated capillaries.
The capillary tube is made up of fused highly purified
silica (pure).
In silica, silinol group is present.
When at acidic pH (pH =3) all the silinol group are protonated.
At basic pH =9 the silinol group is completely deprotonated.
In this method, separation are carried out inside a capillary tube.
The tube in CE is typically silica, which may be coated or uncoated.
Uncoated silica lead to electroosmosis when run at neutral or basic pH due to de-protonation of silanol groups.
In “normal polarity mode”, a sample with many types of ions can be injected and they then travel in the same direction toward the negative electrode through a detector.
The gel is filled in the capillary tube which is highly purified, gel may be made up of polyacrylamide gel.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Capillary electrophoresis
1. Presented by:
A. Sireesha Bai
M. Pharmacy (first year)
19HC1S0701
Department Of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Santhiram college of pharmacy
2. Migration of charged particles or molecules in a
medium under the influence of an applied
electric field
3. To determine number, amount and mobility
of components in a given sample or to
separate them.
To obtain information about the electric
double layers surrounding the particles.
Determination of molecular weight of
proteins and DNA sequences
5. It is relatively new separation technique
compared to the traditional agarose gel
electrophoresis
Separation of analyte ions is performed in an
electrolyte solution present in a narrow
capillary
one of the major advantage of CE over other
separation techniques is the ability to
separate both charged and non charged
molecules
6. CE is an analytical technique that separates
ions based on their electrophoretic mobility
and electrosmotic flow
The rate at which the particles moves is
directly proportional to the applied electric
field
Neutral species are not affected only ions
move with electric field
7. If 2 ions are of same size the one with
greater charge will move fastest. For the
ions of same charge, the smaller particles
has less friction and overall faster
migration rate.
CE is mostly used because it gives fast
results and provides high resolution
separation and has large range of
detection methods
8.
9. The CE system consists of
Sample injection system
Buffer solution
Capillary tube
Power supply
Detector
Output device
10. It is done by either one of the methods
Electro kinetic injection
The sample is introduced by inserting the anode end of the
capillary into the sample vial and then applying electric field
to the sample vial
Hydrodynamic injection
The sample is introduced by inserting the anode end of the
capillary into the sample vial and then applying pressure on
the vial
11. As the name suggests the separation is carried in a
narrow capillary tube
Length-30 to 100 cm
Fused silica capillary
Polyamide coating external
ED-200 to 400 micrometer
ID-50 to 100 micrometer
Packed with buffer in use
13. Advantages
High separation
efficiency
Short analysis time
Low sample and
electrolyte
consumption
Low waste generation
Easy of operation
Disadvantages
Due to small diameter of
the capillary tube heat is
dissipated that causes
increased diffusion
Due to this the
resolution is not always
proper
15. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE), also known as Free Solution
Capillary Electrophoresis .It is the most commonly used technique.
Electrophoretic Mobility α Charge on the Molecule
Velocity of the ion moves α electrophoretic mobility
Analytes move in the EOF but separates into bands because of
differences in their electrophoretic mobility (µ).
Difference in µ make each analyte overall migration velocity slightly
different and difference in migration.
16. In CGE gels are contained inside the capillary.
CGE uses separation based on the difference in solute
size as the particles migrate through the gel.
Gels are useful because they minimize solute diffusion
that causes zone broadening, prevent the capillary walls
from absorbing the solute, and limit the heat transfer by
slowing down the molecules.
17. During a CIEF separation, the capillary is filled with the sample in solution
and typically no EOF is used (EOF is removed by using a coated capillary).
When the voltage is applied, the ions will migrate to a region where they
become neutral (pH=pI). The anodic end of the capillary sits in acidic
solution (low pH), while the cathodic end sits in basic solution (high pH).
Compounds of equal isoelectric points are “focused” into sharp segments
and remain in their specific zone, which allows for their distinct detection.
18. CITP is the only method to be used in a discontinuous
system i.e., leading electrolyte and trailing electrolyte
When the current is applied the leading ions will move
towards appropriate electrode.
The sample ions will follow in order of their mobilites. The
trailing will follow the sample ions
Once equilibrium is achieved ions will move at same
speed in discrete bands in order of their mobilities.
The analyte migrates in consecutive zones and each
zone length can be measured to find the quantity of
sample present.
19.
20. Charge
Mass and shape of the particle
pH of the medium
Strength of electric field
Temperature