The document reviews different types of drive systems for wind turbines, including their components, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses gearless direct drive systems and geared systems that use gearboxes. For geared systems it examines squirrel cage induction generators, double fed induction generators, and electrical excited synchronous generators. The main advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
Thane C. Heins
CEO Potential +/- Difference Inc.
thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology &
Charging Ahead...
Electric motors are used in a wide variety of applications, from tiny motors in watches to large motors powering ships. There are many different types of electric motors that each have unique characteristics making some better suited for certain applications than others. Some common applications of electric motors include power tools like electric screwdrivers, appliances like water pumps and air compressors, automatic door systems, ventilation systems, air cooling systems, electric vehicles like bicycles, ATVs, and cars, as well as industrial uses such as conveyor systems and electric trains.
The document discusses permanent magnet DC motors (PMDC). It describes the basic construction and working of PMDC motors, including that they have permanent magnets on the stator instead of a field winding. There are two main types - brushed and brushless. Brushed PMDC motors work similarly to other DC motors, with the rotor armature experiencing force from the magnetic field to cause rotation. PMDC motors have advantages like not requiring field excitation, reducing size and cost. Applications include automotive starters, toys, appliances and computer drives.
Hybridisatie van mijn_machine_07-06-2012_craneSirris
The document discusses using ultracapacitor systems and energy storage to improve the efficiency of cranes. It describes how capturing regenerative braking energy with ultracapacitors and a converter can reduce a crane's primary energy usage by 5-10% and lower fuel consumption and emissions. Adding a larger ultracapacitor module and optimizing the control strategy based on a cost function could achieve energy reductions of 27-31%, fuel reductions of 13-16%, and eliminate soot emissions altogether. This hybrid approach provides flexibility and simplicity while using proven technology to provide economic and environmental benefits over conventional cranes.
IRJET- Power Generation on Highway by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbine & Sola...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to generate electricity from wind energy captured by vertical axis wind turbines installed on highway dividers, in combination with a solar photovoltaic system. The system aims to harness the pressurized air produced by passing vehicles to rotate modified Savonius vertical axis wind turbines, with the turbines' motion converted to electricity by connected generators. Additional electricity is generated through solar panels mounted beside the turbines. The generated electricity is stored in batteries and can be used for highway lighting and toll gates. Experimental results showed the turbine system was able to produce 65-87 Volts of alternating current electricity at rotation speeds of 150-275 RPM. The combined wind and solar power system provides a renewable energy
This article relates to energy engineering and more particularly to the alternative energy technology of getting power from the repulsive/attractive force of permanent magnets with no other input.
סולאראדג' - תכנון מערכות סולאריות לתשואה מירביתTashtiot media
This document discusses case studies of PV site designs that maximize energy production. It covers considerations for component selection like modules and inverters. Case studies include a 40MW utility-scale solar plant and a 100kW and 200kW commercial roof installation. Key factors discussed are inverter sizing based on module orientation and temperature, string sizing based on coldest and hottest ambient temperatures, and balancing higher energy yields versus increased costs when designing for partial shading conditions.
Thane C. Heins
CEO Potential +/- Difference Inc.
thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology &
Charging Ahead...
Electric motors are used in a wide variety of applications, from tiny motors in watches to large motors powering ships. There are many different types of electric motors that each have unique characteristics making some better suited for certain applications than others. Some common applications of electric motors include power tools like electric screwdrivers, appliances like water pumps and air compressors, automatic door systems, ventilation systems, air cooling systems, electric vehicles like bicycles, ATVs, and cars, as well as industrial uses such as conveyor systems and electric trains.
The document discusses permanent magnet DC motors (PMDC). It describes the basic construction and working of PMDC motors, including that they have permanent magnets on the stator instead of a field winding. There are two main types - brushed and brushless. Brushed PMDC motors work similarly to other DC motors, with the rotor armature experiencing force from the magnetic field to cause rotation. PMDC motors have advantages like not requiring field excitation, reducing size and cost. Applications include automotive starters, toys, appliances and computer drives.
Hybridisatie van mijn_machine_07-06-2012_craneSirris
The document discusses using ultracapacitor systems and energy storage to improve the efficiency of cranes. It describes how capturing regenerative braking energy with ultracapacitors and a converter can reduce a crane's primary energy usage by 5-10% and lower fuel consumption and emissions. Adding a larger ultracapacitor module and optimizing the control strategy based on a cost function could achieve energy reductions of 27-31%, fuel reductions of 13-16%, and eliminate soot emissions altogether. This hybrid approach provides flexibility and simplicity while using proven technology to provide economic and environmental benefits over conventional cranes.
IRJET- Power Generation on Highway by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbine & Sola...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to generate electricity from wind energy captured by vertical axis wind turbines installed on highway dividers, in combination with a solar photovoltaic system. The system aims to harness the pressurized air produced by passing vehicles to rotate modified Savonius vertical axis wind turbines, with the turbines' motion converted to electricity by connected generators. Additional electricity is generated through solar panels mounted beside the turbines. The generated electricity is stored in batteries and can be used for highway lighting and toll gates. Experimental results showed the turbine system was able to produce 65-87 Volts of alternating current electricity at rotation speeds of 150-275 RPM. The combined wind and solar power system provides a renewable energy
This article relates to energy engineering and more particularly to the alternative energy technology of getting power from the repulsive/attractive force of permanent magnets with no other input.
סולאראדג' - תכנון מערכות סולאריות לתשואה מירביתTashtiot media
This document discusses case studies of PV site designs that maximize energy production. It covers considerations for component selection like modules and inverters. Case studies include a 40MW utility-scale solar plant and a 100kW and 200kW commercial roof installation. Key factors discussed are inverter sizing based on module orientation and temperature, string sizing based on coldest and hottest ambient temperatures, and balancing higher energy yields versus increased costs when designing for partial shading conditions.
Southewestern Indian Polytech InstituteWindEnergyKen
For the past 5 years, Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute's engineering program has implemented educational programs touching on subjects from robotics to renewable energy technology. As part of this, a team was tasked with designing a vertical axis wind turbine from scratch for the Bureau of Indian Education's renewable energy challenge. Their solution was a turbine with 6 balsa wood blades in a vortex shape, powered by the magnetic interaction between magnets in the rotor and stator. A second energy module was also designed to store the turbine's energy in batteries and use it to pump water, which would pass through a hydro turbine and power LED lights.
This document describes the design and working of a permanent magnet generator project. It includes the following main points:
1) The generator uses permanent magnets and copper coils to generate electricity from rotational motion via electromagnetic induction. It is intended to extract energy freely from the environment.
2) The main components are neodymium magnets, a flywheel, driving and generating coils, and a rectifier circuit. The flywheel spins in between the magnetic fields produced by the driving coils and magnets to induce a voltage in the generating coils.
3) The generator is intended to efficiently produce electricity on a small household scale to power appliances. It has applications in remote areas with intermittent power and for military use.
This document provides instructions for building a permanent magnet generator (PMG) in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the materials, tools, and steps required to construct a PMG, including constructing jigs and molds for winding coils and positioning magnets, building the stator and rotor assemblies, and testing and connecting the PMG to produce electricity from wind or water power. Detailed diagrams and explanations are provided for each part and construction process to enable someone to build their own small-scale renewable energy generator. Safety precautions are also noted, as the magnets in the PMG can become loose and damage the device if not properly assembled and operated.
The document discusses transformers, including:
1. Transformers allow voltages to be changed for more efficient transmission and use, functioning by inducing a voltage in one coil through a changing magnetic field in another coil.
2. A transformer consists of two coils linked by a magnetic core, with the primary coil connected to the power source and the secondary coil connected to the load.
3. An ideal transformer transfers power efficiently between coils through magnetic coupling, maintaining the same power but changing the voltage and current in inverse proportion based on the coil turn ratios.
IRJET - Fabrication of Pendulum Machine for Generation of Electricity through...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and construction of a pendulum machine to generate electricity through oscillatory motion. It consists of a pendulum bar connected to an upper arm that oscillates and drives a rack and pinion gear system. This system is connected to a dynamometer which converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy that can be stored in a battery. When the pendulum is displaced and swings back and forth, it causes the upper arm to move up and down. This vertical motion is converted to rotational motion by the rack and pinion gears, and the dynamometer then converts this to electricity. The device aims to harness the kinetic energy of the swinging pendulum in an eco-friendly way to generate renewable electricity for small-scale
Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Clean-Tech Solution at a Glace...
Global Clean-Tech Problem:
Transformer Back EMF Induced Magnetic Fields and Load Power Factor variations causing transformer overheating and efficiency losses.
PDi Solution:
Divert and delay said magnetic fields and use them to do useful work.
The document discusses a Euro-Mediterranean energy market integration project. It presents Jordan's national budget allocation chart for renewable energy and energy efficiency investments from 2010 to 2020. The chart identifies the most cost-effective technologies to achieve energy supply diversification, sustainability, and security in Jordan. It analyzes 20 renewable energy technologies and 9 energy efficiency technologies based on their potential, costs, and electricity savings to help allocate scarce budget efficiently and set priorities. The results will be disseminated through seminars and presentations to relevant decision makers to inform Jordan's energy plans and policies.
Day1 session 2 : UN-ESCWA Activities in Support of the Development and Implem...RCREEE
This document summarizes UN-ESCWA's activities in supporting the development and implementation of energy efficiency directives in the Arab region. It provides an overview of ESCWA's work, including regional cooperation on energy issues, energy context and indicators in member countries, energy efficiency services provided, recent publications and projects like an energy efficiency program for Qatar. The Qatar pilot project identified energy efficiency and demand-side management measures across sectors that could reduce Qatar's electricity consumption by 17% through improved lighting, HVAC systems, power factor correction and more.
Day 1 Nationally-Appropriate Mitigation Actions ConceptRCREEE
This document discusses Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and their opportunities and challenges for countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. It provides background on the origin and development of the NAMAs concept within the UNFCCC and key agreements. It then outlines the categories, scopes, and legal aspects of NAMAs as well as considerations for their implementation through measuring, reporting and verification of emissions impacts and support provided. The document concludes by discussing opportunities for MENA countries to promote sustainable development and access climate financing through NAMAs, and the potential to align national energy efficiency action plans with the NAMAs framework.
Day2 - session 3 Construction of a set of indicators for monitoring energy ef...RCREEE
The document discusses a study on developing indicators to monitor energy efficiency in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs). The study aims to help SEMCs monitor their energy policies and compare energy use across countries. It will construct descriptive and explanatory indicators on topics like energy intensity, consumption by sector, and socioeconomic impacts. National experts from 9 countries will collect data, calculate the indicators, and draft country reports over 15 months. The indicators will help SEMCs set and evaluate energy efficiency targets and programs.
Rcreee regional renewable energy conference 2010 enabling the desertec_conceptRCREEE
The document discusses the Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii), which aims to provide renewable energy from deserts in North Africa and the Middle East to those regions as well as Europe. Dii was founded by a consortium of companies to enable the long-term DESERTEC vision of meeting 15% of Europe's energy needs from the MENA region by 2050 using solar and wind power generated in desert areas with high potential. Dii will focus on creating political and regulatory support for the concept and demonstrating early reference projects to show its technical and economic feasibility by 2020-2030 when renewable energy is projected to reach grid parity with conventional power sources.
Day2- session 3Five Tests for DSM Cost Effectiveness RCREEE
This document discusses integrating and improving security of the Euro-Mediterranean energy market. It describes a project funded by the European Union to support enhanced integration of the energy market and improved security. The document contains slides on topics like defining energy efficiency as a resource, cost effectiveness tests for demand-side management programs, and the impact of demand-side management on utility rates and required revenues.
Zaafarana plant overview and technical specificationsRCREEE
The document discusses Zafarana, the largest wind farm in the Middle East located in Egypt. It has 30+ wind turbines generating 63 MW of power total. The control room operates 24/7 to monitor turbine operations, collect data on production, revolutions, wind and temperature, and observe any alarms or errors. Key parameters like the power curve are graphically represented to track the most important measurement of wind energy production. Engineers Ibrahim Darwish, Alaa Hashad, and Akmal Elhewehy oversee control of the wind farm.
Day 1-session 2 German Experience in Developing and Implementing National Ene...RCREEE
This document summarizes Germany's national energy efficiency action plan (NEEAP) and experience in developing and implementing such plans according to EU directives. It outlines the NEEAP's goals of establishing an energy efficiency strategy and identifying major opportunities. It also notes the economic and environmental benefits for countries creating these plans. Key policies and measures from Germany's NEEAP targeting sectors like buildings, industry and transport are highlighted.
Southewestern Indian Polytech InstituteWindEnergyKen
For the past 5 years, Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute's engineering program has implemented educational programs touching on subjects from robotics to renewable energy technology. As part of this, a team was tasked with designing a vertical axis wind turbine from scratch for the Bureau of Indian Education's renewable energy challenge. Their solution was a turbine with 6 balsa wood blades in a vortex shape, powered by the magnetic interaction between magnets in the rotor and stator. A second energy module was also designed to store the turbine's energy in batteries and use it to pump water, which would pass through a hydro turbine and power LED lights.
This document describes the design and working of a permanent magnet generator project. It includes the following main points:
1) The generator uses permanent magnets and copper coils to generate electricity from rotational motion via electromagnetic induction. It is intended to extract energy freely from the environment.
2) The main components are neodymium magnets, a flywheel, driving and generating coils, and a rectifier circuit. The flywheel spins in between the magnetic fields produced by the driving coils and magnets to induce a voltage in the generating coils.
3) The generator is intended to efficiently produce electricity on a small household scale to power appliances. It has applications in remote areas with intermittent power and for military use.
This document provides instructions for building a permanent magnet generator (PMG) in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the materials, tools, and steps required to construct a PMG, including constructing jigs and molds for winding coils and positioning magnets, building the stator and rotor assemblies, and testing and connecting the PMG to produce electricity from wind or water power. Detailed diagrams and explanations are provided for each part and construction process to enable someone to build their own small-scale renewable energy generator. Safety precautions are also noted, as the magnets in the PMG can become loose and damage the device if not properly assembled and operated.
The document discusses transformers, including:
1. Transformers allow voltages to be changed for more efficient transmission and use, functioning by inducing a voltage in one coil through a changing magnetic field in another coil.
2. A transformer consists of two coils linked by a magnetic core, with the primary coil connected to the power source and the secondary coil connected to the load.
3. An ideal transformer transfers power efficiently between coils through magnetic coupling, maintaining the same power but changing the voltage and current in inverse proportion based on the coil turn ratios.
IRJET - Fabrication of Pendulum Machine for Generation of Electricity through...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and construction of a pendulum machine to generate electricity through oscillatory motion. It consists of a pendulum bar connected to an upper arm that oscillates and drives a rack and pinion gear system. This system is connected to a dynamometer which converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy that can be stored in a battery. When the pendulum is displaced and swings back and forth, it causes the upper arm to move up and down. This vertical motion is converted to rotational motion by the rack and pinion gears, and the dynamometer then converts this to electricity. The device aims to harness the kinetic energy of the swinging pendulum in an eco-friendly way to generate renewable electricity for small-scale
Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Clean-Tech Solution at a Glace...
Global Clean-Tech Problem:
Transformer Back EMF Induced Magnetic Fields and Load Power Factor variations causing transformer overheating and efficiency losses.
PDi Solution:
Divert and delay said magnetic fields and use them to do useful work.
The document discusses a Euro-Mediterranean energy market integration project. It presents Jordan's national budget allocation chart for renewable energy and energy efficiency investments from 2010 to 2020. The chart identifies the most cost-effective technologies to achieve energy supply diversification, sustainability, and security in Jordan. It analyzes 20 renewable energy technologies and 9 energy efficiency technologies based on their potential, costs, and electricity savings to help allocate scarce budget efficiently and set priorities. The results will be disseminated through seminars and presentations to relevant decision makers to inform Jordan's energy plans and policies.
Day1 session 2 : UN-ESCWA Activities in Support of the Development and Implem...RCREEE
This document summarizes UN-ESCWA's activities in supporting the development and implementation of energy efficiency directives in the Arab region. It provides an overview of ESCWA's work, including regional cooperation on energy issues, energy context and indicators in member countries, energy efficiency services provided, recent publications and projects like an energy efficiency program for Qatar. The Qatar pilot project identified energy efficiency and demand-side management measures across sectors that could reduce Qatar's electricity consumption by 17% through improved lighting, HVAC systems, power factor correction and more.
Day 1 Nationally-Appropriate Mitigation Actions ConceptRCREEE
This document discusses Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and their opportunities and challenges for countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. It provides background on the origin and development of the NAMAs concept within the UNFCCC and key agreements. It then outlines the categories, scopes, and legal aspects of NAMAs as well as considerations for their implementation through measuring, reporting and verification of emissions impacts and support provided. The document concludes by discussing opportunities for MENA countries to promote sustainable development and access climate financing through NAMAs, and the potential to align national energy efficiency action plans with the NAMAs framework.
Day2 - session 3 Construction of a set of indicators for monitoring energy ef...RCREEE
The document discusses a study on developing indicators to monitor energy efficiency in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs). The study aims to help SEMCs monitor their energy policies and compare energy use across countries. It will construct descriptive and explanatory indicators on topics like energy intensity, consumption by sector, and socioeconomic impacts. National experts from 9 countries will collect data, calculate the indicators, and draft country reports over 15 months. The indicators will help SEMCs set and evaluate energy efficiency targets and programs.
Rcreee regional renewable energy conference 2010 enabling the desertec_conceptRCREEE
The document discusses the Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii), which aims to provide renewable energy from deserts in North Africa and the Middle East to those regions as well as Europe. Dii was founded by a consortium of companies to enable the long-term DESERTEC vision of meeting 15% of Europe's energy needs from the MENA region by 2050 using solar and wind power generated in desert areas with high potential. Dii will focus on creating political and regulatory support for the concept and demonstrating early reference projects to show its technical and economic feasibility by 2020-2030 when renewable energy is projected to reach grid parity with conventional power sources.
Day2- session 3Five Tests for DSM Cost Effectiveness RCREEE
This document discusses integrating and improving security of the Euro-Mediterranean energy market. It describes a project funded by the European Union to support enhanced integration of the energy market and improved security. The document contains slides on topics like defining energy efficiency as a resource, cost effectiveness tests for demand-side management programs, and the impact of demand-side management on utility rates and required revenues.
Zaafarana plant overview and technical specificationsRCREEE
The document discusses Zafarana, the largest wind farm in the Middle East located in Egypt. It has 30+ wind turbines generating 63 MW of power total. The control room operates 24/7 to monitor turbine operations, collect data on production, revolutions, wind and temperature, and observe any alarms or errors. Key parameters like the power curve are graphically represented to track the most important measurement of wind energy production. Engineers Ibrahim Darwish, Alaa Hashad, and Akmal Elhewehy oversee control of the wind farm.
Day 1-session 2 German Experience in Developing and Implementing National Ene...RCREEE
This document summarizes Germany's national energy efficiency action plan (NEEAP) and experience in developing and implementing such plans according to EU directives. It outlines the NEEAP's goals of establishing an energy efficiency strategy and identifying major opportunities. It also notes the economic and environmental benefits for countries creating these plans. Key policies and measures from Germany's NEEAP targeting sectors like buildings, industry and transport are highlighted.
The document discusses Jordan's national energy efficiency action plan. It shows that in 2009, the residential sector accounted for 41% of electrical energy consumption while industry accounted for 25%. The document outlines Jordan's current energy efficiency activities and laws around conservation. These include audits, standards, and a 2010 renewable energy and energy efficiency law that requires the development of an energy efficiency roadmap and action plan to promote conservation across sectors.
The document discusses different types of wind turbine generators used in wind energy technology. It covers the fundamentals of wind power generation and describes various generator and motor types used - including induction motors, permanent magnet synchronous generators, squirrel cage induction generators, wound rotor induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators. The document also discusses high temperature superconducting wind turbine generators and provides comparisons of advantages and disadvantages of different generator types.
#6 DATA FINAL Potential Difference Innovations Test Program WITH INTERNATIONA...Thane Heins
The document tests and analyzes a PM generator prototype invented by Thane Heins of Potential Difference Inc. It aims to confirm the efficiency and performance of the ReGenX Inverter Generator, ReGen-X Quantum Motor, electric vehicle regenerative acceleration technology, and Bi-Toroid step-down transformer. Test data shows the devices require zero input power when generating output power or performing work, in contrast to conventional generators which require additional input power when placed under load. The report also provides background on currently accepted scientific principles, Heins' law of induction, and definitions relevant to understanding the test results.
FINAL Potential Difference inc. Innovations Test Program with 13 Internationa...Thane Heins
Introduction:
Permanent magnet (PM) generator and motor technologies are receiving increased attention due to their promising performance features. A PM motor/generator prototype invented by Thane Heins of Potential Difference inc. has been presented for testing and analysis.
The goal of this test program is to confirm the efficiency and performance features of the ReGenX Inverter Generator, ReGen-X Quantum Motor, Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology and the Bi-Toroid Step Down Transformer.
This report presents findings of the test program.
Relevant US Technology Patents Granted
Generator And Improved Coil Therefor Having Electrodynamic Properties, Patent number: 10103591 https://patents.justia.com/patent/10103591
Bi-Toroidal Topology Transformer, Patent number: 9230730 https://patents.justia.com/patent/9230730
Flyback Mode Process Harnessing Generator Action In Electric Motor, Patent number: 10291162 https://patents.justia.com/patent/10291162
Thane C. Heins
CEO Potential +/- Difference inc.
thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology & Charging Ahead...
"Discovery is simply seeing what everyone else has seen - but thinking what no-one else has thought."
~ Albert Szent-Györgyi Nobel prize-winning Hungarian scientist
Discussion Document RE: Complete Potential Difference Innovations Test ProgramThane Heins
Introduction:
Permanent magnet (PM) generator and motor technologies are receiving increased attention due to their promising performance features. A PM motor/generator prototype invented by Thane Heins of Potential Difference inc. has been presented for testing and analysis.
The goal of this test program is to confirm the efficiency and performance features of the ReGenX Inverter Generator, ReGen-X Quantum Motor, Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology and the Bi-Toroid Step Down Transformer.
This report presents findings of the test program.
Relevant US Technology Patents Granted
Generator And Improved Coil Therefor Having Electrodynamic Properties, Patent number: 10103591 https://patents.justia.com/patent/10103591
Bi-Toroidal Topology Transformer, Patent number: 9230730 https://patents.justia.com/patent/9230730
Flyback Mode Process Harnessing Generator Action In Electric Motor, Patent number: 10291162 https://patents.justia.com/patent/10291162
Thane C. Heins
CEO Potential +/- Difference inc.
thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
1.613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology & Charging Ahead...
"Discovery is simply seeing what everyone else has seen - but thinking what no-one else has thought."
~ Albert Szent-Györgyi Nobel prize-winning Hungarian scientist
The document discusses excitation in generators and loss of excitation (LOE). It begins by explaining what excitation is, why it is required, and how it is provided in generators of different sizes. It then discusses what will happen if excitation is lost, including potential overspeeding, abnormal heating, and loss of synchronization. Several protection schemes for LOE are presented, including impedance-based R-X schemes which monitor changes in generator terminal impedance during LOE. Settings for typical LOE relays are also calculated and described.
This document discusses different types of wind turbine generators (WTGs) including direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) synchronous and asynchronous generators, and switched reluctance generators. It provides details on the principles and technologies of each type, including their advantages and disadvantages. Some key considerations for WTG design are also outlined such as choice of machine, drive train type, rated speeds and torques, cooling arrangement, and cost.
Electric Generators in Wind Power Plants.pptxutkalpatil2
This document discusses different types of electric generators used in wind power plants. It focuses on three main types: squirrel cage induction generators (SCIG), wound rotor induction generators (WRIG), and wound rotor synchronous generators (WRSG).
For SCIG, it provides details on its simple construction, use of a gearbox and capacitor banks for reactive power control. WRIG uses a variable resistance connected to the rotor for speed/slip control instead of slip rings. WRSG uses a back-to-back power converter with rectifier and inverter to allow independent control of active and reactive power flow and connect directly to the grid without a gearbox.
The document discusses permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motors. It describes the basic components and working principle of PMDC motors, including how torque is produced via the interaction between current in the armature coils and the magnetic field from permanent magnets. The document also discusses motor performance curves, efficiency calculations, motor sizing based on load requirements, and applications of PMDC motors.
IRJET- Application of Small Wind Turbine in Small Grid using Permanent Magnet...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) for small wind turbines connected to small grids. It first provides background on PMSGs and their advantages over other generator types for wind applications. It then describes the methodology of using a PMSG connected to a voltage source converter and low pass filter to integrate the output of a small wind turbine into a small grid. The document concludes that using small electrical machines modified as PMSGs can provide a low-cost alternative for generating power from small wind turbines and connecting it to small grids or microgrids.
INTRODUCTION:
Permanent magnet (PM) generator and motor technologies are receiving increased attention due to their promising performance features. A PM motor/generator prototype invented by Thane Heins of Potential Difference inc. was delivered to Design 1st for testing and analysis.
The goal of this test program is to confirm the efficiency and performance features of the ReGenX Inverter Generator, ReGen-X Quantum Motor, Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology and the Bi-Toroid Step Down
Transformer.
This report presents findings of the test program.
Relevant US Technology Patents Granted
Generator and improved coil therefor having electrodynamic properties, Patent number: 10103591
https://patents.justia.com/patent/10103591
Bi-toroidal topology transformer, Patent number: 9230730 https://patents.justia.com/patent/9230730
Flyback mode process harnessing generator action in electric motor, Patent number: 10291162
https://patents.justia.com/patent/10291162
INTRODUCTION:
Permanent magnet (PM) generator and motor technologies are receiving increased attention due to their promising performance features. A PM motor/generator prototype invented by Thane Heins of Potential Difference inc. was delivered to Design 1st for testing and analysis.
The goal of this test program is to confirm the efficiency and performance features of the ReGenX Inverter Generator, ReGen-X Quantum Motor, Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology and the Bi-Toroid Step Down
Transformer.
This report presents findings of the test program.
Relevant US Technology Patents Granted
Generator and improved coil therefor having electrodynamic properties, Patent number: 10103591
https://patents.justia.com/patent/10103591
Bi-toroidal topology transformer, Patent number: 9230730 https://patents.justia.com/patent/9230730
Flyback mode process harnessing generator action in electric motor, Patent number: 10291162
https://patents.justia.com/patent/10291162
The document describes Thor Power Corporation's Trezium power system. The system consists of a patented microelectronic power converter and permanent magnet power unit called Grismir. The power converter uses vector control for high efficiency and torque control. Grismir is a brushless, slotless, sensorless AC motor that can operate as a motor, generator, or alternator with over 90% efficiency. The Trezium system provides benefits like universality, high efficiency, compact size, and wide input voltage range.
This document describes an enhanced method to control real and reactive power variations in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It presents a control strategy for a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator-based standalone variable-speed wind turbine. The control strategy regulates the generator-side converter to maximize power extraction from fluctuating winds. It also controls the output voltage and frequency of the load-side converter to deliver stable power to variable loads. A battery storage system with converter and inverter is used to provide continuous power when wind levels fluctuate or cannot boost the voltage sufficiently. Simulation results show the control strategy effectively regulates voltage and frequency under sudden load variations.
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
The document reports on a study of the dynamic behavior of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) during three-phase voltage dips. DFIGs are commonly used in large wind turbines. While they provide benefits, they are very sensitive to grid disturbances like voltage dips. The paper develops a theoretical analysis of the machine's behavior during voltage dips to better understand the problem. Experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis, validating the proposed model. The analysis provides insight that can help improve protections and solutions for DFIGs during grid faults.
Modeling and simulation of dfig to grid connected wind power generation using...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on modeling and simulating a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to the power grid using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to DFIGs and their advantages over other wind turbine generator types. It then describes the components and control of a DFIG system, including the AC/DC/AC converter. The document outlines the modeling of wind turbine and DFIG components in MATLAB/Simulink. It presents equations for calculating wind power capture and discusses modeling the variable speed capability of DFIGs. Finally, it summarizes simulation results showing DFIG operation and integration with the electric grid.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on wind energy technology. It discusses:
1. The status and development of wind energy in India, including installed capacity and leading states.
2. The key components and aerodynamics of wind turbines, including blades, generators, foundations and towers.
3. The different types of wind electric generators and their operating principles.
4. The control and safety systems used in wind turbines and their important functions.
5. The integration of wind power into electrical grids and technical regulations for connecting wind farms to the grid.
This document proposes a direct torque control strategy for doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbines that can operate under voltage dips without crowbar protection. The control strategy generates a rotor flux amplitude reference to control the torque of the wind turbine and reduce stator and rotor overcurrents during faults. It also provides fast dynamic response. While the control does not eliminate the need for crowbar protection entirely, it can prevent the crowbar from activating during low-depth voltage dips. The direct torque control approach maintains machine connection to the grid and reduces torque oscillations during faults.
This document summarizes test results from prototypes of a ReGenX generator, ReGen-X quantum motor, electric vehicle regenerative acceleration technology, and bi-toroid transformer. Key findings include:
1) The ReGenX generator was found to require zero mechanical input power when generating electricity and produced a complementary electromagnetic torque that increased system kinetic energy.
2) The ReGen-X quantum motor required zero electrical input power to produce mechanical output power.
3) Testing confirmed the prototypes performed as predicted by producing output power without requiring direct energy input.
4) Data from multiple prototypes demonstrated innovations that aim to improve generator and motor efficiency.
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2. Contents
1. EL Sewedy Electric & SWEG
1 EL Sewedy Electric & SWEG
2. Wind Turbines’ components and generator types
3. Wind Turbines’ drive systems advantages and
3 Wi d T bi ’ d i d d
disadvantages
4. Comparisons of Wind Turbines’ drive systems
5. Conclusions
6. Appendix
7. References
www.elsewedyelectric.com 2
7. I‐ TOWERS
SIAG Company Overview
• The leading tubular steel tower supplier in
Germany and Europe
• Market share more than 30%
• Leading technology in steel industry
• Nearly 1000 employees
• Proven track‐record
of growth in Europe
f th i E
www.elsewedyelectric.com 7
8. II‐ TURBINES
M‐Torres Company Overview
One of the most Innovative
Engineering companies in Spain
Started in the paper industries &
now one of the leaders in
supplying machines for the
aerospace industry
A total of 500 high skilled
employees
M‐Torres Wind Division
MT Wi d Di i i
2001 the first innovative
1.5 MW prototype
MTOI engineering,
MTOI engineering
manufacturing,
development, O&M
www.elsewedyelectric.com 8
9. III BLADES
Wind Rotor Blades Factory in Egypt
State of the art production
State of the art production
technology transfer from a
leading German manufacturer.
State of the art Blades Design
licensed by leading Dutch and
licensed by leading Dutch and
German Designers
The factory will be equipped
with the most advanced
Fiberglass moulds and
Fib l ld d
equipment to produce 200 sets
of blades in stage 1 expandable
to 500 sets
Nearly 500 employees and
technicians will be employed in
the first stage
9 www.elsewedyelectric.com 9
12. Wind Turbine System Main
Wind Turbine System Main
Components
Mechanical P
M h i l Power Electrical P
El t i l Power
Wind Power Gearbox Power Converter Transformer Grid
Rotor (Optional) Generator (Optional)
Gearless Systems
Gearless Systems Geared Systems
Geared Systems
Electrical Excited Squirrel Cage
Synchronous Induction Generator
Generator (EESG)
Generator (EESG)
Types of (
(SCIG)
)
Generators
Permanent Magnet (AC Machines) Double Feed
Synchronous Induction Generator
Generator (PMSG)
Generator (PMSG) (DFIG)
www.elsewedyelectric.com 12
13. Wound Rotor IM
Squirrel Cage IM
Induction Machine
+ve
T
Grid
Motor Generator
Generator
Sub Synch (+ve slip) Super synch (‐ve slip)
‐ve T
‐ve T
Motor
Operating Torque T
Synch
Speed =
120 f/ p
/p
www.elsewedyelectric.com 13
14. Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Generator
Wound Rotor Permanent Magnet
Generator
Freq = P x n
/
/120
Vdc
www.elsewedyelectric.com 14
15. Wind Turbines’ Drive Systems,
advantages and disadvantages
g g
www.elsewedyelectric.com 15
16. The Typical Types of Drive Systems for Large
The Typical Types of Drive Systems for Large
Wind Turbines
Fixed Speed
Squirrel C
S i l Cage
Induction Generator
(SCIG)
Variable Speed
Double Feed Induction
Generator (DFIG)
Variable Speed
Electrical Excited
Synch Generator
(EESG)
Variable Speed
Permanent Magnet
Synch Generator
(PMSG)
www.elsewedyelectric.com 16
17. Squirrel C
S i l Cage Induction G
I d ti Generatort
Geared, (SCIG)
Directly connected to grid ‐ve
A gearbox is required in the drive train Torque
Almost a Fixed speed. Operates in narrow
Al Fi d d O i
P=4 P=2
range of speed
The only speed control is through pole
changing which leads two rotation speeds. % of Synch Speed
www.elsewedyelectric.com 17
18. Advantages of Geared SCIG
Cost
(SCIG) is a very popular machine, it has Low
specific mass (kg/kW) and smaller outer
diameter (low number of poles)hence lower
di t (l b f l )h l
cost.
Mechanical, Maintenance & Reliability
h i l i & li bili
Mechanical simplicity, robust structure
www.elsewedyelectric.com 18
19. Disadvantages of Geared SCIG
Mechanical, Reliability & Maintenance Control
A gearbox in the drive train is required: No possibility of speed control, only a pole‐
Electrical & Power Quality changeable can be used ,which leads two
Directly connected to the grid
Directly connected to the grid rotation speeds.
p
SCIG would disconnect from the grid The turbine speed cannot be adjusted to the
even during quite small disturbances. wind speed to optimize the aerodynamic
They did not have any fault ride‐
Th did t h f lt id efficiency.
efficiency.`
through capability, Wind speed fluctuations are directly
The machine always requires reactive translated into electromechanical torque
power, and its value cannot be variations (no damping control), This causes
variations (no damping control) This causes
controlled. This makes it impossible to high mechanical and fatigue stresses on the
support grid voltage control therefore system (P = T . W)
no grid support,
Need different gearboxes for different
grid frequencies 50Hz / 60 Hz
www.elsewedyelectric.com 19
20. Double Fed Induction Generator,
Geared, (DFIG)
Power flow in
Power flow in O
Operating
i
+ve Speed
T
Power flow out
N3 N1 N2
Directly connected to grid
Motor
‐ve Generator
Rotor Connected to grid via power T
converter Operating
Torque T
A gearbox is required in the drive train
Variable speed, Speed can be controlled
Variable speed, Speed can be controlled
within a +/‐ 30% around synchronous
speed (The converter is Feeding or
Absorbing power from/to the grid)
Absorbing power from/to the grid)
www.elsewedyelectric.com 20
21. Advantages of Geared DFIG
Cost
Low specific mass (kg/kW) and smaller outer diameter (low number of
Low specific mass (kg/kW) and smaller outer diameter (low number of
poles) hence lower cost.
The converter for a DFIG is small (30% of rated power). Therefore it is
cheaper than for a direct‐drive generator.
h th f di t d i t
More complex structure than SCIG
Electrical & Power Quality
The reactive power can be controlled by controlling the rotor currents with
the converter, this allows the supply of voltage support towards the grid.
However reactive power is limited by the converter 30% rating.
However reactive power is limited by the converter 30% rating.
Control
DFIG supports a wide speed range operation, depending on the size of the
frequency converter. Typically Variable speed range is +30% around the
f t T i ll V i bl d i +30% d th
synchronous speed
In DFIG, wind gusts lead to variations in the speed without large torque
variations.
www.elsewedyelectric.com 21
22. Disadvantages of Geared DFIG
Mechanical, Reliability & Maintenance
A gearbox in the drive train is required which show a reliability
negative record.
DFIG have brushes, which need regular inspection and replacement.
DFIG have brushes which need regular inspection and replacement
They are a potential cause of machine failure and losses.
Electrical & Power Quality
Stator directly connected to grid
d l d d
According to grid connection requirements for wind turbines, in case
of grid disturbances, a ride‐through capability of DFIG is required, so
that the corresponding control strategies may be complicated.
Under grid fault conditions, on the one hand, large stator currents
result in large rotor currents, so that the power electronic converter
g , p
needs to be protected
Need different gearboxes for different grid frequencies 50Hz /60 Hz
www.elsewedyelectric.com 22
23. Electrical Excited Synchronous
Generator, Gearless (EESG)
No Gearbox is required
No Gearbox is required
No direct connection to the grid,
Connected through a power converter
The amplitude and frequency of the
supplied voltage can be fully controlled
The flux is fully controlled to minimize
losses in different operating ranges
Operate in a wide range of speed even
to a very low speed
to a very low speed
www.elsewedyelectric.com 23
24. Advantages of Gearless EESG
Mechanical, Maintenance & Reliability The full power converter totally
The full power converter totally
No Gearbox so high reliability, less noise, decouples the generator from the
less cost, grid. Hence, grid disturbances have
DFIG have brushes, which need regular
DFIG have brushes which need regular no direct effect on the generator
no direct effect on the generator
inspection and replacement. They are a Control
potential cause of machine failure and The converter offers a wide range of
losses.
losses d l l
speed control even at very low speed d
Electrical & Power Quality therefore a higher energy yield
The converter permits flexible full control The amplitude and frequency of the
of active and reactive power in case of voltage can be fully controlled by the
normal and disturbed grid conditions. this converter
allows the supply of voltage support EESG has the opportunities of
pp
towards the grid. controlling the flux for a minimized
The same generator suitable for different loss in different power ranges
grid frequencies 50Hz / 60 Hz
www.elsewedyelectric.com 24
25. Disadvantages of Gearless EESG
Cost
High specific mass (kg/kW) and Large outer diameter (high number
of poles) hence Higher cost and more weight. This weight is
partially balanced by the elimination of the gearbox.
partially balanced by the elimination of the gearbox
The converter is 100% of rated power. it is more expensive than for
a DFIG. This extra cost is balanced by the elimination of the gearbox
More complex structure than SCIG
Mechanical, Reliability & Maintenance
Mechanical, Reliability & Maintenance
EESG have brushes, which need regular inspection and
replacement. They are a cause of machine failure and losses.
www.elsewedyelectric.com 25
26. Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator, Gearless (PMSG)
No Gearbox is required
No Gearbox is required
No direct connection to the grid,
Connected through a power converter
The amplitude and frequency of the
supplied voltage can be fully controlled
No flux control and no slip rings
because of permanent magnets
Operate in a wide range of speed even
to a very low speed
to a very low speed
www.elsewedyelectric.com 26
27. Advantages of Gearless PMSG
Mechanical, Maintenance & Reliability
No Gearbox and brushes so higher The converter permits very flexible full
reliability, less noise, less cost, control of the active and reactive power in
improvement in the thermal
p case of normal and disturbed grid
characteristics of the PM machine due conditions. this allows the supply of voltage
to the absence of the field losses, support towards the grid.
Electrical & Power Quality
Electrical & Power Quality Control
The full power converter totally The converter offers a wide range of speed
decouples the generator from the grid. control even at very low speed therefore a
Hence, grid disturbances have no direct
Hence grid disturbances have no direct higher energy yield
higher energy yield
effect on the generator The amplitude and frequency of the voltage
The same generator suitable for can be fully controlled by the converter
different grid frequencies 50Hz / 60 Hz
/ PMSG has the opportunities of controlling
PMSG h th t iti f t lli
No additional power supply for the the flux for a minimized loss in different
magnet field excitation, power ranges
www.elsewedyelectric.com 27
28. Disadvantages of Gearless PMSG
Cost
High cost of PM material and Large outer diameter (high number of
poles), however this is balanced through a lower specific mass
(kg/kW) and the elimination of the gearbox.
(kg/kW) and the elimination of the gearbox
The converter is 100% of rated power. it is more expensive than for
a DFIG. This extra cost is balanced by the elimination of the gearbox
Mechanical, Reliability & Maintenance
Demagnetization of PM at high temp due to sever loading or short
circuit.
Difficulties to handle in manufacture and in transportation,
www.elsewedyelectric.com 28
30. Summary Comparison
Summary Comparison
Comparison base SCIG DFIG EESG PMSG If in the middle
Investment Cost, size and weight (++) (+) (-) (-)
of a desert with
Mechanical and structure Simplicity (++) (+) (-) (-)
hot sandy, and
Reliability d
R li bilit and maintenance t l
i t to lower
dusty weather
maintenance cost and increase (-) (--) (+) (++) or if offshore
availability(Gearbox and brushes)
Grid support and LVRT (-) (+) (++) (++)
Suitability for 50HZ & 60 HZ (-) (-) (+) (+)
If the point of
Speed control to damp mechanical common
(-) (+) (++) (++)
stresses connection in
Speed control to optimize
p p
aerodynamic efficiency to maximize (-) (+) (++) (++) the middle of a
energy yield complex grid
Sourcing of material and handling in
(+) (+) (-) (--)
manufacturing and transportation
Annual Energy Yield due to control ,
reliability and less down time (-) (+) (++) (++)
Cost of Kwh (Levelized Energy Cost) (-) (+) (++) (++)
www.elsewedyelectric.com 30
31. Wind turbine Top Ten manufacturers and their
Wind turbine Top Ten manufacturers and their
generator types
Current
manufacturers of
Direct Drives
Turbines
3.6 MW
3.5
3 5 MW
Companies who
p
recognized the
DD concept and
now Joiningg
www.elsewedyelectric.com 31
32. Conclusions
The multiple stage geared drive DFIG systems is still
The multiple‐stage geared drive DFIG systems is still
dominating the current market,
The market shows interest in the direct‐drive systems with a
full‐scale power converter. New companies recognized their
advantages and already started,
Weight, size and initial cost are higher in direct drive systems.
Weight size and initial cost are higher in direct drive systems
Overall efficiency, reliability and availability are higher in
direct drive systems because of omitting the gearbox,
Maintenance cost is higher in geared drive systems specially in
ruler area, desert, and offshore also in hot and dusty weather,
The cost of KWh is less in direct drive systems,
The cost of KWh is less in direct drive systems
In terms of grid support direct drive wind turbines with a full‐
scale power converter may be more effective and less
complicated to deal with grid‐related problems,
www.elsewedyelectric.com 32
37. Gearboxes and Reliability
• Gearboxes are one of the most expensive components of the wind turbine system,
• The higher ‐ than‐expected failure rates are adding to the cost of wind energy.
• The future uncertainty of gearbox life expectancy is contributing to wind turbine
price escalation.
• Turbine manufacturers add large contingencies to the sales price to cover the
warranty risk due to the possibility of premature gearbox failures.
• Owners and operators build contingency funds into the project financing and
income expectations for problems that may show up after the warranty expires.
Improving Wind Turbine Gearbox Reliability , Conference Paper NREL/CP‐500‐41548, May 2007
• For example, replacing a gearbox in a 1.5‐MW turbine can cost a company more
than $500,000 when you add in the price of a new gearbox, labor, crane rental, and
lost revenue from turbine downtime.
lost revenue from turbine downtime.
http://www.windpowerengineering.com/maintenance/how-to-keep-them-worki... 3/17/2010
www.elsewedyelectric.com 37
38. Electrical & Power Quality
• The ideal voltage source provides a
g p
perfectly balanced voltage in the three
phases, a pure sine wave with a constant
frequency and magnitude.
q y g
• When these conditions are not met, it is
said that the ‘power quality’ of the grid is
deteriorated.
deteriorated
• The requirements set by the Transmission
System Operators (TSOs), are being
constantly reviewed and expanded:
constantly reviewed and expanded:
•Power quality (Constant voltage,
harmonics, flickers)
•reactive power control (power factor)
•fault ride‐through (voltage dips and
voltage swells)
g )
www.elsewedyelectric.com 38
42. References
H. Polinder,, Sjoerd W.H. de Haan, M. R. Dubois, Johannes G. Slootweg, “Basic Operation Principles and
Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines“,
J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, “Interaction between Electrical Grid Phenomena and the Wind Turbine's
Behaviour”, PROCEEDINGS OF ISMA 2004,
H.Li*Z.Chen, “Overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons” Published in IET
Renewable Power Generation Received on 24th January 2007 Revisedon 23rd August 2007 doi:10 1049/iet
Renewable Power Generation Received on 24 January 2007 Revisedon August 2007 doi:10.1049/iet‐
rpg:20070044,
G Newman, S Perera, V Gosbell and V Smith, “VOLTAGE SAG RIDE THROUGH IMPROVEMENT , OF MODERN
AC DRIVES: REVIEW OF METHODS AND A CASE STUDY”, Integral Energy Power Quality Centre,
C. Rahmann, H. J. Haubrich, L. Vargas and M. B. C. Salles, Investigation of DFIG with Fault Ride Through
C. Rahmann, H.‐J. Haubrich, L. Vargas and M. B. C. Salles, “Investigation of DFIG with Fault Ride‐Through
Capability in Weak Power Systems”, International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2009) in
Kyoto, Japan June 3‐6, 2009,
, K.S.Sandhu, D.K.Jain , “LVRT of Grid Interfaced Variable Speed Driven PMSG for WECS during Fault
Rajveer Mittal”, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, October, 2009
1793‐8163,
Anca D. Hansen*, Nicolaos A. Cutululis*, Poul Sørensen*, Florin Iov+, Torben J. Larsen, *Simulation of a
flexible wind turbine response to a grid fault”, Risø National Laboratory in cooperation with Aalborg
University,
Marta Molinas, Bjarne N
M t M li Bj Naess, William Gullvik, Tore “Cage Induction Generators for Wind Turbines with
Willi G ll ik T “C I d ti G t f Wi d T bi ith
Power Electronics Converters in the Light of the New Grid Codes”, Undeland NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
www.elsewedyelectric.com 42