Cancer begins when cells in the body start to grow out of control. It can form tumors that are either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Some common causes of cancer include tobacco use, certain infections, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer type but may include lumps, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Cancer develops through genetic mutations that cause cells to multiply uncontrollably and evade the body's normal checks and balances.

1. Cancer
Presented by:
Mukarram Sharif

2. CANCER
• A Term for diseases in which abnormal cells reproduce rapidly
,maintaining their ability to replicate and grow , can invade nearby
tissues.
• This unchecked cell growth results in the development of masses of
tissues or tumors
• The tumors continue to grow and some , known as malignant tumors, can
spread from one location to another.

3. Benign tumors
Benign tumors are generally slow
growing
Depending upon the location , may
asymptomatic or may produce
serious symptoms.
•Malignant tumors
Grow rapidly
• Invade locally into deeper tissues
• May spread to distant
sites(metastasis)
• Also produce systematic features as
such as weight loss, anorexia and
anemia.

5. IS A TUMOR BE A CANCER
• A tumors is an abnormal growth of cells that have no purpose . A
benign tumors is not a malignant tumors , which is cancer . It does not
invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body the way
cancer can.
• In most cases, the outlook with benign tumors is very good

6. TYPES OF CANCER
• Carcinoma carcinoma is a cancer
that begins in the skin or in tissues or cover internals organs.it develops in epithelial
tissue which covers the outside of the body and lines organs , vessels and cavities.
• Sarcoma sarcoma is
cancer that begins in bone ,cartilage ,fat, muscle, blood vessels ,or other connective tissue.
• Leukemia leukemia is a
cancer that starts in blood forming tissues ,such as the bone marrow and causes large
numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produce and enter the blood.

7. •Lymphoma
Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are the cancers that begin in the cells
of the immune system .lymphoma develops in white blood cells called
lymphocytes.
• This type of cancer affects B and T cells.
•Central nervous system (malignancy)
central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissue of the
brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.

8. •Cancer in males
The most common types of cancer in
male are lung cancer ,prostate
cancer ,colorectal cancer and
stomach cancer .
•Cancer in females
The most common types of cancer in
females are breast cancer
colorectal cancer , lung cancer
and cervical cancer.

9. CAUSES OF CANCER
The following are the main causes of cancer:
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol use
• Overweight
• Dietary factor ,including insufficient fruit and vegetables intake
• Physical inactivity
• Chronic infections from helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV),hepatitis C
virus(HCV)
• Environmental and occupational risks including ionizing and non ionizing
radiation.
• Hormonal changes ( in females excess estrogen promotes uterine cancer
• Viral and bacterial infections(liver cancer due to hepatitis B and C infections)

10. SYMPTOMS OF CANCER
• Sign and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what
part of the body is affected . some symptoms are :
• Fatigue
• Lump and area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
• Weight changes , including unintended loss or gain
• Skin changes such as yellowing ,darkening or redness of the skin ,
sores that won’t heal , or changes to existing moles
• Changes in bladder habits

11. • Persistent cough or trouble breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
• Persistent or unexplained joint pain
• Bleeding or bruising

12. MUTAGENESIS AND CANCER
• Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organisms
is changed ,resulting in mutation .It may occur spontaneously in nature or
as result of exposure to natural mutagens such as ultraviolet(UV)light ,to
industrial or environmental mutagens such as benzene or asbestos are lead
to cancer

13. TYPES OF MUTATION
• There are several different types DNA can altered.
• Point mutation
• In point mutation changes occur in a few nucleotides along a DNA strand . When ribosomes
read a messenger RNA molecules ,every three nucleotides is interpreted as a amino acid .These
three letters called codon .
• The three letters codon read by ribosomes may changed by mutation in one of three ways
1. Nonsense mutations
2. Missense mutations
3. frameshift mutations

15. TRANSLOCATIONS
• Another category of mutation involves alteration of larger amounts of DNA at the
level of chromosomes.
• These involve the breakage and movement of chromosomes fragments.
•GENE AMPLIFICATION An
increase in the number of copies of a gene .There may also increases in the RNA
and protein made from that gene .
• Gene amplification is very common in cancer cells, and some amplified genes may
grow cancer or become resistant to anticancer drugs.

16. HOW CAN WE STOP CANCER

17. HOW WE CAN STOP CANCER
1. Maintain body weight within the normal range
2. Be physically active for at least 30 minutes every day
3. Limit consumption of calorie dense foods.
4. Eat mostly foods of plants origin.
5. Limit intake of red meat and avoid processed meat.
6. Eat an anti cancer anti-inflammatory diet rich in cancer fighting superfoods, herbs.
7. Eat a low glycemic diet that keeps insulin and blood sugar in normal ranges

18. I WISH CANCER WOULD JUST GET
CANCER AND DIE