The stomach J-shaped. It has two surfaces (the anterior & posterior), two curvatures (the greater & lesser), two orifices (the cardia & pylorus). It has fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Blood supply
The left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years.
It could be:
malignant or benign
primary or secondary
The stomach J-shaped. It has two surfaces (the anterior & posterior), two curvatures (the greater & lesser), two orifices (the cardia & pylorus). It has fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Blood supply
The left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years.
It could be:
malignant or benign
primary or secondary
Cancer of liver usually results from metastasis from a primary cancer at a distant location.
The liver is likely area of involvement i.e. cancer originated in the esophagus, lungs ,breast, stomach, colon, pancreas, kidney, bladder etc.Hepatic tumor may be malignant or benign.
Cancer of liver usually results from metastasis from a primary cancer at a distant location.
The liver is likely area of involvement i.e. cancer originated in the esophagus, lungs ,breast, stomach, colon, pancreas, kidney, bladder etc.Hepatic tumor may be malignant or benign.
All you need to know about peri-ampullary cancer
Periampullary cancer is a common diagnosis with patient with progressive jaundice in northern part of India
Timely diagnosis and proper treatment in a way towards cure
A lecture on endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, exploring the etiology, clinical features, types, investigations, management and treatment options and prognosis.
This was presented to undergraduate medical students at Livingstone Central Teaching Hospital, Livingstone, Zambia, department of Obstetrics and Gynecology by Nghitukuhamba T.E Kalipi (final year student) Cavendish University Zambia, School of Medicine.
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that affects thousands of people around the world, and India is no exception. However, in recent years, there have been significant advancements in pancreatic cancer treatment in India, offering new hope to patients and their families. From innovative surgical techniques to targeted therapies and personalized medicine, the journey of courage and healing for pancreatic cancer patients in India has come a long way.
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that affects thousands of people around the world, and India is no exception. However, in recent years, there have been significant advancements in pancreatic cancer treatment in India, offering new hope to patients and their families.
Read More: https://gomedii.com/blogs/english/doctors-hospitals/pancreatic-cancer-treatment-in-india/
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
3. Anatomy of Pancreas
Derived from ‘Pan’ – all ‘Kreas’ – flesh
15-20cm long, 2.5 – 3.8cm broad, 1.2 – 1.8cm thick
Weighs 80g
Situated in retro-peritoneum region
Head of pancreas (30%)- right side of the abdomen
(behind where the stomach meets the duodenum).
Body of pancreas (Body & Tail, 70%)- behind the
stomach.
Tail of the pancreas- left side of the abdomen next to
the spleen.
9. Physiology
In response to food – secretes digestive enzymes in an alkaline
(bicarbonate) rich fluid.
Secretions enhanced by: Secretin, Cholecystokinin & Vagal
Stimulation.
Within cells enzymes are in inactive form.
Composition of Pancreatic secretions:
Electrolytes: Cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+
Anions: HCO3-, Cl- and traces of SO42-, HPO42
Enymes: Pancreatic alpha-amylase, Pancreatic lipase &
Pancreatic esterase
Proteolytic enymes: Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsin, Pro-
carboxypeptidase, Ribonuclease & Deoxy-ribonuclease.
10.
11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Estimated 278,684 cases of CA pancreas occur annually worldwide.
13th most common cancer globally.
Up to 60% of cases are diagnosed in developed countries.
Incidence is highest in the U.S., Western Europe and lowest in parts of
Africa and South Central Asia.
It is associated with poor survival and ranks as the 4th or 5th most
common cause of cancer mortality.
India-Incidence of CA pancreas is 0.5–2.4 per 100,000 men and
0.2–1.8 per 100,000 women.
(Thapa,P. (2015). Epidemiology of Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancer.)
12. CANCER OF THE PANCREAS
Cancer is caused by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of
cells in the pancreas.
It may arise in any portion of the pancreas.
It can also be the site of metastasis from other tumors.
Clinical manifestations vary depending on the location of lesion.
CA Pancreas has only a 2-5% survival rate at 5 years regardless
of stage of disease at diagnosis.
Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas, account for the vast majority
of cases arising most frequently in the head of pancreas.
13. VARIOUS TYPES OF PANCREATIC CANCERS
1) Tumors of the Head of the Pancreas (75%)
Tumors producing the obstruction may arise from:
The pancreas, the common bile duct, or the Ampulla of Vater.
2) Exocrine pancreatic cancers (most common type)
• Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (90%): Starts in ducts of
pancreas.
• Acinar cell carcinomas: From pancreatic enzyme making cells.
• Less common types of exocrine cancer:
Adenosquamous carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, signet ring
cell carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and undifferentiated
carcinomas with giant cells.
14.
15.
16. VARIOUS TYPES OF PANCREATIC CANCERS
3) Pancreatic endocrine tumors or Islet Tumors
(neuroendocrine tumors-NETs)
Two types of tumors of pancreatic islet cells are known:
Insulinoma-Those that secrete insulin and
“Nonfunctioning” islet cell cancer-Those in which insulin secretion
is not increased.
4) Ampullary cancer (Carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater)
They often block the bile duct, which leads to jaundice.
They are usually found earlier than most pancreatic cancers.
Therefore, have a better prognosis.
29. STAGING OF TUMOUR
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC):
Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging of pancreatic cancer.
It takes into account-
• The location and size of tumor,
• The involvement of lymph nodes and
• Distant metastasis.
From a practical standpoint, grouping is done as:
• Resectable,
• Locally advanced (unresectable, but without distant spread), or
• Metastatic (with distant spread).
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER
Resectable Disease
Localized non-metastatic disease (10%) is best for surgical resection.
• Rl resection (microscopic residual disease)
• RO resection (no microscopic or macroscopic residual tumor)
Tumors of pancreatic head or uncinate process-
The standard surgical procedure is a pylorus-preserving
pancreaticoduodenectomy (modified Whipple's procedure).
• The common duct is sutured to end of jejunum, and
• The remaining portion of the pancreas and the end of stomach are
sutured to the side of jejunum.
39. TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER
For tumors of the pancreatic body and tail-
Distal pancreatectomy (includes splenectomy).
When tumor cannot be excised- To relieve jaundice
anastomosis of jejunum to gallbladder, known as
cholecystojejunostomy.
Adjuvant chemotherapy (6 cycles of gemcitabine).
Adjuvant radiotherapy (bulky tumors of pancreatic head).
• Metastatic Disease (60%)
5-FU/FA, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX)
• Inoperable Locally Advanced Disease (30%)
Chemotherapy + consolidation radiotherapy
40.
41.
42.
43. Studies of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Resected Pancreatic Cancer
Study Comparator Arm No. of
patients
Survival
PFS/DFS (Months) Median Survival
(Months)
ESPAC-1, Neoptolemos
et al: N Engl J Med
350:1200,2004
Chemotherapy
(folinic acid + bolus
5-FU) vs no
chemotherapy
289 PFS 15.3 vs 9.4.
(p=0.02)
20.1 vs 155 (HR
0.71,95%CI 055-
0.92; P=0.009)
CONKO 001, Oettle et
al: JAMA 297:267,2007
Gemcitabine vs
observation
368 Median DFS 13.4 vs
6.9 (p<0.001)
22.1 vs 20.2
(p= 0.06)
ESPAC-3, Neoptolemos
et al: JAMA 304:1073,
2010
5-FU/LV vs
gemcitabine
1088 23 vs 23.6 (HR
0.94; 95% CI 0.81-
1.08,p=39)
Abbreviations: CI-Confidence Interval; CONKO- Charité Onkologie; DFS- Disease-free
survival; ESPAC- European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer; 5-FU- 5-fluorouracil;
HR- Hazard ratio; LV- Leucovorin; PFS- Progression-free survival.
44. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nursing Diagnosis for Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnosis 1: Chronic abdominal pain related to tumor growth
secondary to progressive pancreatic cancer.
Diagnosis 2: Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements,
related to anorexia, cachexia, malabsorption or nausea and vomiting
secondary to chemotherapy.
Diagnosis 3: Impaired skin integrity related to erythematous and wet
desquamation reactions to radiation therapy.
Diagnosis 4: Impaired tissue integrity related to alopecia secondry to
chemotherapy.
45. Nursing Diagnosis for Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnosis 5: Activity intolerance related to fatigue or weakness
secondary to chemotherapy or surgical intervention.
Diagnosis 6: Potential complications (risk for GI bleeding) related
to diseased condition.
Diagnosis 7: Risk for infection related to altered immunologic
response secondary to chemo-radiation therapy.
Diagnosis 8: Disturbed body image and situational low self-
esteem related to changes in appearance, function, and roles
secondary to surgical interventions (Whipple’s procedure).
49. Nursing Interventions
Pain management- Use of opioids or patient controlled
analgesia (PCA) for severe or escalating pain.
Nutritional and fluid requirements- To overcome anorexia
and profound weight loss.
Skin care- Use of Specialty mattresses and skin hygiene.
Teaching Patients Self-Care
Chemotherapy- Teaching on prevention of side effects and
complications of agents used.
Surgery- Management of drainage system and monitoring for
complications.
Continuing Care- Arrange palliative care (hospice services).
50.
51. SUMMARY
The various topics discussed are as follows:
Location of the pancreas
Various types of pancreatic cancers
Risk factors for the pancreatic cancer
Clinical manifestations of pancreatic cancer
Diagnostic evaluation for pancreatic cancer
Treatment modalities for pancreatic cancer
Nursing management for pancreatic cancer
52. CONCLUSION
• Incidence of CA Pancreas has decreased slightly over past
25 years in non-Caucasian men.
• Diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis, and hereditary
pancreatitis are associated with pancreatic cancer.
• Pancreas can also be site of metastasis from other tumors.
• In fact, pancreatic carcinoma has only a 2% to 5% survival
rate at 5 years regardless of stage of disease at diagnosis or
treatment.
• Patients should have surgery in dedicated pancreatic centers
that have lower postoperative morbidity and mortality rates.