Cancer & its prevention

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Cancer &
It’s
Prevention
University Of Sulaymani-
College Of Medicine
Prepared By:
Rezhwan Omer
Muhammad Yassen
Sahand Alan
Rabar Hamid
Omar Riyadh

CONTENTS:
•Introduction.
•Epidemiology
•Etiology
•Strong evidences on what increases the rate of cancer
•Strong evidences on what decreases the rate of cancer
•Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of cancer
•Conclusion
2

INTRODUCTION
4
• Cancer is the 2nd leading cause
of death in US.

• Cancer is a genetic disorder
caused by DNA mutations that are
acquired spontaneously or
induced by environmental insults.

INTRODUCTION
5
•Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world:

•1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer

•1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer

• The most common cancers among males are Lung cancer

•Among the females are Breast cancers

•There are over 100 diﬀerent forms of cancer

INTRODUCTION
6
•Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells.

•Cancer is caused by external factors and internal factors which
may act together to initiate or promote carcinogenesis.

•External Factors – chemicals, radiation, viruses, and
lifestyle..etc.

•Internal Factors – hormones, immune condition, and inherited
mutations

INTRODUCTION
7
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC):
•Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
•Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to
humans
•Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
•Group 3: Unclassifiable as to
carcinogenicity in humans
•Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to
humans

8
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Estimated new cases of cancer in US-2015
cancergrace.org

EPIDEMIOLOGY
9
Leading causes of Cancer Deaths In the US
All others
Colorectal
Lung
Lung Colorectal Breast Pancreatic Prostate Leukemia Lymphoma Liver
Bladder Esophagial Ovarian Brain Kidney All others

EPIDEMIOLOGY
10
Cancer Survival Rates in 2012

ETIOLOGY
11
What Causes Cancer?
1-Life style

ETIOLOGY
12
2-Environmental factors
•Second hand smokers
•Air pollution
•Industrial pollution
•Chemical Exposure

ETIOLOGY
14
3-Inherited Risks
•Less than 15% of cancers are inherited

•Gene mutations are linked to some inherited cancers

•Cancers that may be caused by inherited gene mutations are:

•Colon cancer
•Breast cancer
•Ovarian
•Prostate cancer
•Skin cancer

ETIOLOGY
15
Cancer is caused by changes in a cell’s DNA – its genetic “blueprint.” Some of
these changes may be inherited from our parents. Others may be caused by
outside exposures, which are often referred to as environmental factors.
Environmental factors can include a wide range of exposures, such as:
Lifestyle factors (nutrition, tobacco use, physical activity, etc.)
Naturally occurring exposures (ultraviolet light, radon gas, infectious agents,
etc.)
Medical treatments (radiation and medicines including chemotherapy,
hormone drugs, drugs that suppress the immune system, etc.)
Workplace exposures
Household exposures
Pollution

ETIOLOGY
16
• Environmental/ Industrial
Carcinogens Include:
• Asbestos
• Aromatic amines
• Polycyclic hydrocarbons
• Drug induced cancers ; alkylators
such as melphalan

ETIOLOGY
17
• Environmental/ Industrial
Carcinogens Include:
• Vinyl chloride
• Isopropyl alcohol
• Immunodeficiency ; HIV
associated with Kaposi sarcoma
• Genetic susceptibility syndromes
Vinyl chloride

ETIOLOGY
18
•Nickel carcinogenic
substance which
found in coins and
jewelry and they are
carcinogenic to
human
Nickel

Strong evidences on what increases the rate of cancer
19
Risk factors (RF)
• A logical way to identify cancer control opportunities
we know about RF. For common cancer
• Then consider how easy or difficult it is to eliminate
or modify them to in way to reduce cancer
incidence
• Some of the risk factors are preventable and some of
them not

20
Being Overweight increases 11 ca.
• Bowel(Colorectum)
• Breast
• Gall bladder
• Kidney
• Liver
• Esophagus-(oesophageal adenocarcinoma)
• Ovary
• Pancreas
• Prostate(advanced)
• Stomach(cardia)
• Womb(endometrium)

21
Foods that preserved by salt INCREASE the risk of :
-Stomach cancer , and foods that
preserved by salt include
-fish, vegetables that preserved
traditionally in eastern asia

22
Arsenic In tap water:
Arsenic increases the risk of:
-Bladder ca.
-Lung ca.
-Skin ca.

23

24

25
Alcohol INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
-Bowel ca.(colorectum)
-Breast(pre & post menopause )
-Liver
-Oropharynx
-Oesophagus(squamous cell carcinoma)
-Stomach

26
Processed meat INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
-Stomach(Non cardia)
example:Bacon,Salami and ham

27
Red meat INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
example: beef, pork and goat meat

28
A high glycaemic load INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
-Endometrium

29
Being tall INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
-Bowel(colorectum)
-Breast(pre & post menopause)
-Kidney
-Ovary
-Pancrease
-Prostate

30
Greater birth weight INCREASES the risk of cancer of:
-Breast(pre menopause)
the heavier a baby at birth , the
greater risk

31
• Other Risk Factors include :
• AGE
• Tobacco
• Radiation
• Infection
• Hormone:Hormone related cancer
• Vitamin & Mineral deficiency
• Chemical substance : As Aflatoxin , alkalizing agent..

Strong evidences on what decreases the risk of ca.
32
Strong evidences on what
decreases the risk of cancer
Prevention

Cancer Prevention
33
Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are
preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-
effective long-term strategy for the control of
cancer. National policies and programs should
be implemented to raise awareness, to reduce
exposure to cancer risk factors and to ensure
that people are provided with the information
and support they need to adopt healthy
lifestyles

Tobacco
34
Avoiding tobacco — or deciding
to stop using it — is one of the
most important health decisions
you can make. It's also an
important part of cancer
prevention. If you need help
quitting tobacco, ask your doctor
about stop-smoking products
and other strategies for quitting.

Infection & its prevention
35
Infectious agents such as Helicobacter
pylori, (HPV), hepatitis B and C, and
Epstein-Barr virus. Vaccines are available
for hepatitis B virus and some types of
HPV and can reduce the risk of liver and
cervical cancers, respectively.

Alcohol Use
36
Alcohol use is a risk factor for many
cancer types including cancer of the oral
cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver,
colorectum and breast. Risk of cancer
increases with the amount of alcohol
consumed. For several types of cancer,
heavy drinking of alcohol combined with
tobacco use substantially increases the
risks of cancer. In 2010, alcohol-
attributable cancers were estimated to
be responsible for 337,400 deaths
worldwide, predominantly among men.

Occupational Carcinogen
37
More than 40 agents, mixtures and exposure
circumstances in the working environment are
carcinogenic to humans and are classified as
occupational carcinogens. Occupational
cancers are concentrated among specific
groups of the working population, for whom the
risk of developing a particular form of cancer
may be much higher than for the general
population. It is well documented that
occupational carcinogens are causally related
to lung cancer, mesothelioma, and bladder
cancer. For example, mesothelioma (cancer of
the outer lining of the lung or chest cavity) is to
a large extent caused by work-related exposure
to asbestos

Radiation and its protection
38
Radiation is used in medicine and can
help save lives as well as prevent the
need for more invasive procedures.
However, inappropriate use may cause
harm because of unnecessary and
unintended radiation doses for
patients. Radiologic tests and
procedures should be appropriately
prescribed and properly performed to
reduce unnecessary radiation doses,
particularly in children.

Environmental Protection
39
Pollution of air, water and soil with carcinogenic
chemicals contributes to the cancer burden to
differing degrees depending on the geographical
settings. Outdoor air pollution is classified as
carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, for humans. It has
been estimated that outdoor air pollution
contributed to 3.2 million premature deaths
worldwide in 2012 including more than 200,000 lung
cancer deaths. Additionally, over 4 million people
die prematurely from illness attributable to the
household air pollution from cooking with solid
fuels, 6% of these deaths are from lung cancer.
Indoor air pollution from coal fires doubles the risk
of lung cancer, particularly among non-smoking
women. Exposure to carcinogens also occurs via
the contamination of food, such as aflatoxins or
dioxins

Physical inactivity, dietary factors, obesity and being
overweight 40
Dietary modification is another important
approach to cancer control. There is a link
between overweight and obesity to many types of
cancer such as oesophagus, colorectum, breast,
endometrium and kidney. Diets high in fruits and
vegetables may have an independent protective
effect against many cancers. Regular physical
activity and the maintenance of a healthy body
weight, along with a healthy diet, considerably
reduce cancer risk. In addition, healthy eating
habits that prevent the development of diet-
associated cancers will also lower the risk of
other noncommunicable diseases.

41
Researches On Cancer prevention

42
Melatonin
for the prevention
and treatment of
cancer
Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of cancer

43
•The research was published in 2017 Mar18
•From china (School of public health)
•Indicate oncostatic property of melatonin on different
types of tumor
•Melatonin could exert growth inhibition on some human
tumor cell in vitro & in animal.

44
•Mechanism:Antioxidant activity , modulation of MT1 &
MT2 receptors , stimulation of apoptosis and tumor
metabolism.
•Also can be used as therapy and to reduce side effects of
chemotherapy
•So it can be an excellent candidate for prevention of
cancer of :Breast , Prostate , Gastric and colorectal

45
•Melatonin is indolic compound
produced by pineal body and its
secretion stimulated at nighttime ,
therefore Light at night could disrupt
the circadian rhythm and it’s
production which could contribute to
promotion and profession of cancers

46
So
Melatonin is not just a hormone
BUT ALSO
a Cell Protector

47
Epidemiological
Studies

48
Cancer Study type association
Breast dose-response analysis
of observational
studies
Reduce By 14%
Breast Case control Mel<39.5pg/ml——->15fold
Breast Case control Mel>39.5pg/ml——->15 fold
Prostate Case-cohort MT6<NR——>4fold
Prostate Case-cohort MT6>NR———>4fold
Prostate Case-control Mel-sulf/cortisol less
likely to get advanced ca.
Ovarian retrospective Mel<control—P<0.05-signif
Solid tumor Meta-analysis 1yr of suvival and
symptom of chem.therapy

49

50
Nude Male Rats
Daytime Blue Light could increase
nocturnal melatonin secretion and
enhances inhibition on human prostate
cancer growth on male nude rats

51
Also melatonin supplements lowers the
risk of prostate cancer

52

53
Turkey

54
Conclusion
In the future cancer will be a
preventable disease and need
more research on it with
appropriate clinical trials
…….

References
56
http://cancergrace.org/lung/2016/03/09/gcvl_lu_lung_cancer_demographics_epidemiology/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
https://www.wcrf.org
pubmed.com
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php

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