This document discusses various camera techniques used in filmmaking including: - Shots like long shots, medium shots, and close-ups which show different levels of framing and distance. - Camera movements like tilting, panning, zooming, and tracking. - Angles like low angles, high angles, and establishing shots. - Focus techniques like shallow focus, deep focus, rack focus, and focus pulling which control image sharpness.

1. Camerawork AS
media
By Jaime Lopez

2. Framing/Distance:
• Long shot: a view of a scene that is shot from a
considerable distance
“Whiplash” 2014
intro scene

3. Framing/Distance
• Extreme Long Shot: a view from an even greater distance,
in which people appear as small dots in the landscape if
at all. Covers a wide area. Shows the whole figure of your
subject as well as his surroundings. Provides context for
your scene.

4. Framing/Distance
• Medium shot: a camera shot in which the
subject is in the middle distance, permitting
some of the background to be seen.
“Skyfall” 2012

5. Framing/Distance
• Medium Long Shot: Medium long shots
include a character or characters from
approximately the knees up in the frame,

6. Framing/Distance:
• Close Up : a shot taken from a close distance in
which the scale of the object is magnified, appears
relatively large and fills the entire frame to focus
attention and emphasize its importance or show a
characters emotion and feeling.
“The Dark Knight” 2008

7. Framing/Distance
• Extreme Close up: Any shot that zooms in very
close to a particular part of a subject is known
as an extreme close up. They vary considerably
but usually focus on a particular part of a
person—the face, mouth, eyes, hands.
“Dawn of the planet of the apes”
2014

8. Framing/Distance
• Dynamic: the camera moves or changes its aim within
the shot.

9. Shots:
• Establishing: is usually the first shot of a new scene,
designed to show the audience where the action is
taking place. It is usually a very wide shot or extreme
wide shot.

10. Shots:
• Point of view: is a shot that shows what a character (the
subject) is looking at (represented through the camera).

11. Movement:
Whip panning: is a type of pan shot in which the camera
pans so quickly that the picture blurs into indistinct
streaks. It is commonly used as a transition between
shots, and can indicate the passage of time or a frenetic
pace of action

12. Movement:
Tilting: camera movement on the
vertical (up or down)

13. Movement:
Zoom in: altering the focal length of the
lens to give the illusion of moving closer
to or further away from the action.

14. Movement:
Handheld: a shaky movement that
follows the movement of the camera
operator. Used to create realism and
sudden figure movement

15. Movement:
Tracking: camera tracks the movement
of an object

16. Movement:
Crane: the camera is mounted on to a crane so
that it can dramatically move up or down and
from side to side.

17. Angles
• Types of camera angles: Low angle, high angle, birds eye view,
worms eye view and establishing shot.

18. Angles
• The purpose of using a variety of angles is
because it allows you to do various things
such as display a characters emotions on
screen, establish a setting or atmosphere or
emphasising a certain object.
• For example an establishing shot is usually
the first shot of a new scene, designed to
show the audience where the action is
taking place. It is usually a very wide shot or
extreme wide shot. This allow the audience
to see the setting of a scene.

19. Effects
• An in-camera effect is any
special effect in a video or
movie that is created solely
by using techniques in and
on the camera. Camera
effects are used on screen
and not edited in
afterwards. For example the
lighting in a scene is a
camera effects.

20. Being In Focus
• To allow your image to be sharp, or to allow you to intentionally
not focus, the camera and lens work together to change the
distance of the lens from the sensor or film in order to control
where the captured light converges. When the light converges
precisely at the plane of the film or sensor, the image is in
focus.

21. Soft Focus
• In photography, soft focus is a lens flaw, in which the lens
forms images that are blurred due to spherical aberration.
A soft focus lens deliberately introduces spherical aberration in
order to give the appearance of blurring the image while
retaining sharp edges; it is not the same as an out-of-
focus image, and the effect cannot be achieved simply by
defocusing a sharp lens.
This is an example
of a Soft Focus
shot because you
can tell by the
image being
slightly blurred all
over.

22. Sharp Focus
• If an image or a camera, telescope, or
other instrument is in focus, the edges of what
you see are clear and sharp.
This is an example
of a sharp focus
shot, where the shot
has been focused on
a specific thing, in
this case the tennis
ball, making it clear
and sharp.

23. Shallow Shots
• Shallow focus is
a photographic and cinematographic technique incorporating a
small depth of field. In shallow focus one plane of the image is
in focus while the rest is out of focus. Shallow focus is typically
used to emphasize one part of the image over another.
Photographers sometimes refer to the aesthetic character of
the area that is out of focus as bokeh.
This is an example
of shallow shot
used within a
movie.

24. Deep Focus Shots
• Deep focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique
using a large depth of field. Depth of field is the front-to-back
range of focus in an image - that is, how much of it appears
sharp and clear. In deep focus the foreground, middle-ground
and background are all in focus.
This is a Deep
Focus Shot and
you can tell this
because they
focus on all
aspects of the
background,
foreground and
middle-ground
within the film
scene.

25. Fixed Focus Shots
• A photographic lens for which the focus is not adjustable is
called a fixed-focus lens or sometimes focus-free. The focus is
set at the time of lens design, and remains fixed. It is usually
set to the hyper focal distance, so that the depth of
field ranges all the way down from half that distance to infinity,
which is acceptable for most cameras used for capturing
images of humans or objects larger than a meter.
This is a fixed focus shot,
where the camera has to be
moved to focus because
there is no adjustable focus
available.

26. Racking Focus Shots
• A rack focus in filmmaking and television production is the
practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot. The
term can refer to small or large changes of focus.
This is a Rack Focus
Shot where originally
the camera shows
everything but the
cameraman has
been taught to adjust
and focus on a
singular item within
the set.

27. Focus Pulling Shots
• A focus puller, or 1st assistant camera, is a member of a film
crew's camera department whose primary responsibility is to
maintain image sharpness on whatever subject or action is
being filmed.
• Examples of this include, Establishing, POV and Associated
POV.
This is an example of a the
cameramen working together
to help focus the shot
depending on what they want
such as an Establishing shot,
POV or an Associated POV
Shot.