California 9
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California had close ties to the military throughout the 19th century after being seized by the U.S. in the Mexican-American War of 1846. In the early 1900s, the U.S. Navy established its Pacific Fleet in San Diego and tensions rose with Japanese immigrants in California. During World War 2, which began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 drew the U.S. into the war and California's Bay Area became a major military center for the Pacific theater.
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SuperStock/Everett Collection
This illustration from 1900 shows Uncle Sam standing
between departing American soldiers and American
missionaries who are arriving to Westernize the Filipino
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Pre-Test
1. U.S. imperialism resulted in the annexation or control of Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the
Philippines. T/F
2. Though Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish–American War a “splendid little
war” in which the United States won, it resulted in no significant land gains for the
nation. T/F
3. The main commodity traded between the United States and Cuba was cotton. T/F
4. The American Anti-Imperialist League managed to prevent the United States from
annexing territory after the Spanish–American War. T/F
5. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer provoked American support for
intervention in Cuba with the publication of sensational newspaper articles about
atrocities in Cuba. T/F
Answers can be found at the end of the chapter.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define imperialism and explain its significance in the late 19th century.
• Discuss how issues of race influenced how some Americans and Europeans perceived
imperialism.
• Understand how the Monroe Doctrine shaped U.S. foreign policy.
• Explore the different ways the United States practiced imperialism.
• Consider the ways that new technology and means of communication influenced
U.S. imperialism.
• Explore how American interactions on the world stage changed or developed once the
nation possessed an “empire.”
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discovering a lush paradise and a native population of Polynesian descent. British adventurer
James Cook dubbed the island chain the Sandwich Islands after his sponsor, the Earl of Sand-
wich, and published multiple accounts of his visits in 1778 and 1779. Early in the 19th century,
American missionaries arrived. They established schools and, working among the local inhabit-
ants, brought Western culture and customs to the nation located about 2,000 miles southwest of
the U.S. mainland. In many ways American cultural imperialism, the policy of extending power
and influence, touched Hawaii long before the age of expansion in the late 19th century.
Americans also held dominant economic and political interests in the islands that evolved into
almost total control by 1890. Starting in the 1840s some saw Hawaii as a natural Pacific outpost
for America, and in 1842 President John Tyler declared that the United States would protect its
independence against foreign threats. Significant production of cane sugar made the islands an
important trading partner. By 18 ...
Battle on the High Seas- Ottoman vs. USA
The Barbary Wars: America's Path to Global Dominance
During the reigns of Sultan Bayezid II and Sultan Selim I, the Ottoman Navy experienced significant expansion. This growth led to the appointment of Barbaros Hayreddin as Grand Admiral in 1534. With strategic prowess, the Ottomans achieved dominance at sea, earning the moniker "Sultans of the Seas." Their naval might extended to the Atlantic, compelling even Britain to pay tribute.
Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States faced minimal threats from Barbary pirates until 1785. It was during this year that Algerian pirates seized the Maria and the Dauphin, prompting diplomatic appeals and ransom demands.
In 1795, after failed negotiations and tragic losses, the United States signed a treaty with Algiers. This treaty signaled the nation's resolve to protect its maritime interests. Subsequent conflicts with Tripoli and the decisive actions of leaders like Thomas Jefferson and Commodore Edward Preble marked the beginning of America's rise as a maritime power.
The first Barbary War saw daring raids led by Captain William Eaton, culminating in the capture of Tripoli's second city, Derna. Peace settlements followed, showcasing America's commitment to free trade and diplomacy.
The Second Barbary War, fought in 1815, marked a decisive victory for the United States against Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers. Commodore Stephen Decatur's treaty with Algeria solidified America's position in the Mediterranean, ending the era of Barbary piracy.
After the war ended, the United States and European countries ceased giving money to the pirate states. This change signaled the decline of piracy in the region, which had been a significant problem during the Ottoman Empire's rule from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
The Barbary Wars epitomize America's journey from maritime triumphs to global power status. Through strategic alliances, diplomatic negotiations, and decisive military action, the United States challenged piracy, safeguarded its economic interests, and asserted its dominance on the world stage. These conflicts marked pivotal moments in American history, shaping its trajectory towards becoming a dominant force in international affairs.
Geo
The Balangiga massacre occurred in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. Around 500 Filipino civilians and guerrillas from Balangiga, Samar launched a surprise attack on the 74 American soldiers stationed in the town, killing around 48. In retaliation, the American general ordered the killing of all males over 10 years old on the island of Samar, leading to many civilian deaths. The bells of Balangiga church, taken by Americans after the attack, remain a point of contention between the Philippines and US.
Geo
The Balangiga massacre occurred in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. Around 500 Filipino civilians and guerrillas from Balangiga, Samar launched a surprise attack on the 74 American soldiers stationed in the town, killing 48. In retaliation, U.S. General Jacob Smith ordered the killing of all Filipino males over 10 years old. This resulted in widespread killing of civilians and destruction across Samar island. The Balangiga massacre remains controversial and is an important event in the history of conflict between the Philippines and United States.
California part 1
The document discusses the history of California over multiple time periods. It begins with the mythical story of Queen Calafia and the island of California. It then describes the landscape of California and the native tribes that inhabited the region. It discusses the Treaty of Guadalupe that transferred California to the US and the discovery of gold which led to a major population increase and gold rush. It also describes the internment of Japanese Americans during World War 2 and the opening of Disneyland in 1955.
California part 1
The document discusses the history of California over multiple time periods. It begins with California originally being the name of a mythical island inhabited by black Amazons in a story. When Hernán Cortés discovered California, he thought it was an island. California was inhabited by many native tribes who spoke over 135 languages and respected the bear. The Treaty of Guadalupe in 1848 gave the US control over California after the Mexican-American War. James Marshall's discovery of gold in 1848 triggered the California Gold Rush, increasing the population dramatically. During World War 2, over 110,000 Japanese people were placed in internment camps in California due to racism and fears after Pearl Harbor. Disneyland opened in 1955 and helped develop Orange County as a
American expansion, Imperialism, and WW I
During the 19th century, while European powers did not view the United States as an important military power, the US was growing economically through exports of wheat, cotton, and whale products. The US also began attracting large numbers of immigrants seeking opportunities. By the late 19th century, through acquisitions like Alaska, Hawaii, and victories in wars against Spain and Native Filipinos, the US emerged as a colonial power and began extending its political and economic influence abroad under policies like the Roosevelt Corollary.
Kevin starr
The document provides details about California's involvement in World War II. It discusses how some Californians supported isolationism initially. It describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor caused panic on the West Coast. It mentions that a Japanese submarine shelled an oil storage facility near Santa Barbara in 1942. It provides context about anti-Japanese sentiment in California in the early 20th century. It notes that California was working to assimilate Japanese culture despite tensions.
Kevin starr
The document provides details about California's involvement in World War II. It discusses how some Californians supported isolationism initially. It describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor caused panic on the West Coast. It mentions that a Japanese submarine shelled an oil storage tank in Santa Barbara in 1942. It provides context about anti-Japanese sentiment in California in the early 20th century. It notes that California admired aspects of Japanese culture prior to WWII.
Modern History of Hawaii :World War II:Japanese Internment & the Korematsu Case
1) After the attack on Pearl Harbor, over 110,000 Japanese Americans and their children were forcibly removed from their homes and incarcerated in internment camps, despite no evidence of disloyalty.
2) Fred Korematsu refused the government's order to report to internment camps and was convicted, but his conviction was later overturned when it was revealed the government withheld evidence showing no disloyalty by Japanese Americans.
3) The internment of Japanese Americans during World War II is now recognized as a great injustice and a violation of civil rights, though it was justified at the time as a "military necessity" despite no acts of treason by those incarcerated.
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Modern History of Hawaii :World War II:Japanese Internment & the Korematsu Case
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Album of the american colonies
The document summarizes information from various sources about the history and colonization of North America. It discusses the first European explorers finding distinct cultures in the Americas. It also describes how the English sought to Christianize Native Americans by making them economic subordinates and how the colonial leaders saw themselves as culturally superior. Further, it addresses the Aztec empire expanding through warfare and diplomacy and their practice of large-scale human sacrifice.
Album of the american colonies
The document summarizes information from various sources about the history and colonization of North America. It discusses the first European explorers finding distinct cultures in the Americas. It also describes how the English sought to Christianize Native Americans by making them economic subordinates and how the colonial leaders saw themselves as culturally superior. Further, it addresses the Aztec empire expanding through warfare and diplomacy and their practice of large-scale human sacrifice.
Peoples and empires 4
The document discusses the exploration of the final frontier of the Pacific in the 18th century, with European powers exploring and colonizing Pacific islands. It also discusses the rise and fall of European empires from the 18th to 20th centuries, how concepts of nation and race played a role in British rule in India, and how the modern world needs to move past hostility created by long historical memories between religions and civilizations.
Peoples and empires 2
The Holy Roman Empire was maintained through an uneasy peace between political groups, with princes using their positions of power to control their vast and diverse territories. Charles's claims of universalism and cosmopolitanism in his empire were matched only by other great Roman rulers. Henry the Navigator sponsored early Portuguese voyages to Africa in the 15th century, changing European ambitions and society. Under Christian rule, Rome became the ultimate political expression of Christianity's universal message, with the Christian world order intended to endure as long as Earth itself. Las Casas wrote and advocated extensively against the injustices of colonialism from an intellectual rather than political perspective.
Peoples and empires 4
The document discusses the exploration of the final frontier in the 18th century. It then discusses the rise and fall of European empires from that period through the 20th century. It notes how Cook's voyages helped establish British national identity and how the concept of race played a role in British rule in India. Finally, it cautions that long historical memories can create hostility and that Christianity and Islam, while sharing Jewish roots, are different faiths in important ways.
Peoples and empires 2
The Holy Roman Empire was maintained through an uneasy peace between political groups, with princes using their positions of power to control their vast and diverse territories. Charles's claims of universalism and cosmopolitanism in his empire were matched only by other great Roman rulers. Henry the Navigator sponsored early Portuguese voyages to Africa in the 15th century, changing European ambitions and society. Under Christian rule, Rome became the ultimate political expression of Christianity's universal message, with the Christian world order intended to endure as long as Earth itself. Las Casas wrote and advocated extensively against the injustices of colonialism from an intellectual rather than political perspective.
Peoples and empires 1
The document discusses the history of empires from ancient times to the Roman Empire, noting how empires imposed stability over diverse groups and how Alexander the Great and the Romans in particular built large empires through military conquest and innovation. It also analyzes how the Roman Empire developed over centuries from a small city-state into a vast republic and empire that spread Roman law and unified a large community.
Struggle & survival 4
The document summarizes biographies of five historical figures: Jacob Young, a Dutch Indian trader in Maryland in the late 1600s; Red Shoes, a 1700s Choctaw warrior and diplomat; Joseph Rachell, an 18th century shopkeeper from Barbados; Rachael Pringle-Polgreen, one of the earliest freedwoman tavern keepers from Barbados in the late 1700s; and Thomas Peters, an 18th century man from Nigeria who was kidnapped into slavery but later gained freedom.
Struggle & survival 3
The document summarizes biographical information on 6 individuals from history:
1. Juan de Morga - a 17th century mulatto man from central Mexico who was born into slavery and rebelled to gain freedom after being severely beaten.
2. Gertrudis de Escobar - a 1645 born mulatto woman from Mexico City who was initially free but later enslaved and sought help from the Inquisition to be freed from her owner.
3. Cristobal Bequer - a wayward priest born in 1693 in Lima, Peru who held a prestigious but low-level position in the church hierarchy.
4. Beatriz de Padilla - a moris
Struggle & survival 2
The document summarizes the lives of 7 individuals who lived between the 16th-18th centuries across Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Peru and Brazil. Antonio de Gouveia was a 16th century priest from the Azores with interests in astrology and alchemy. Enrico Martinez was a 16th century Spanish printer and engineer interested in astronomy, astrology and mathematics. Miguel Hernandez was a 16th century Mexican mulatto who became a community leader after acquiring an education and expanding his horizons.
Struggle & survival april 1
This document discusses the lives of 6 individuals who lived in Latin America between 1496-1750. It provides brief biographies of Martin Ocelotl, an Aztec priest who predicted the fall of the Aztec Empire and was later imprisoned; Isabel Moctezuma, a daughter of Aztec ruler Moctezuma II who was important to the Christianization of Mexico; Catarina de Monte Sinay, a nun in Brazil during a period of economic depression; Diego Vasicuio, a native priest in Spanish South America who spread Christian teachings; Francisca, a slave woman in Amazonia who petitioned for freedom after 20 years of service; and Micaela Angela Carrillo, a woman in a
California 8
California's diversified economy helped soften the impact of the Great Depression, allowing sectors like agriculture, industry, entertainment and tourism to continue providing jobs. Labor unions also grew in strength in California in the mid-19th century, with the first two being organized in San Francisco in 1859, setting the stage for increased labor agitation and clashes in later decades as workers fought for better conditions. Further economic troubles in 1893 spurred additional labor unrest, coming at a time when new laws were restricting union activities.
California 7
California underwent several expansions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries related to water infrastructure and irrigation. Key events included the 1878 Drainage Act that established water studies, engineers who envisioned using water from the Colorado River to expand Southern California, and the illegal 1904 cutting of a canal from the Colorado River into Imperial Valley which helped fully develop Southern California by 1929.
California 7
California underwent several expansions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to increased irrigation and water projects. Key figures like William Hall and Charles Rockwood conducted studies on how to bring water from the Colorado River to Southern California to enable further growth and agriculture. The Imperial Valley was promoted as a new agricultural region like Egypt's delta, made possible by canals diverting water from the Colorado River despite one canal being built illegally across Mexico in 1904. These expansions transformed Southern California into a major economic region by 1929.
America Compared X
The Cold War started at the end of World War II and lasted almost 50 years. Russia walked out of the Marshall Plan meeting in 1947, making peace impossible. Both the US and Russia rejected the idea of dividing the world into spheres of influence, as they believed it could lead to a third world war. Russia wanted to expand its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe for security reasons.
America Compared Ix
The document discusses events leading up to World War II. By the early 1930s, the world economy had collapsed and Japan took Manchuria from China in 1931 while Germany rearmed under Hitler. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935 while Britain and America watched from the sidelines as they recovered from the Great Depression. Roosevelt believed the US could ensure world peace but Congress did not want to get involved in another war. Britain had to balance peace with maintaining its trade routes as its army was reduced after World War I. Japan attacked China in 1937 in violation of treaties as Germany and Japan continued expanding aggression leading up to World War II.
America Compared VIII
The Great Depression began on October 29, 1929, known as "Black Thursday", when the Wall Street stock market crashed. From 1929 to 1933, over 11,000 American banks failed, 13 million people lost their jobs, and national production was cut in half. Some European economies still recovering from World War I were hit even harder by the Depression. By 1933, when the Depression reached its lowest point, Germany and the United States were among the hardest hit. That year, Hitler became the chancellor of Germany and Roosevelt became the president of the United States, each elected with the hope that their leadership would help improve the struggling economic conditions.
America Compared V
The document discusses America's imperialism compared to European imperialism. It notes that imperialism has had an elastic definition used against expansionary powers. While initially popular in Britain, it became less reputable. The US initially expanded internally across North America rather than seeking overseas colonies like European nations. The US war with Spain began in 1898 due to tensions in Cuba, culminating in the US declaring war on April 25th after the USS Maine exploded and the Spanish response was deemed inadequate. Early battles included Manila Bay. Anti-imperialists in the US were Democrats.
Antietam Midterm
1) In May 1861, the Confederacy established a functioning government in Richmond and controlled virtually all of the territory of the 11 secessionist states, about 750,000 square miles.
2) After the Union defeat at Bull Run, Abraham Lincoln appointed 34-year-old George McClellan to command the Army of the Potomac. McClellan's goal was to preserve the Union.
3) The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 was the bloodiest single-day battle of the American Civil War and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides. It halted Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
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California 9
- 1. California9 War and Peace Holly Hampton History 141
- 3. In 1914 the Navy established its Pacific Fleet, supported by a growing naval presence in San Diego.
- 4. The Second World War formally began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland.
- 5. On December 7th 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked.
- 6. Ever since the early 1900’s a sector of California had been at war with the state’s Japanese immigrants.
- 7. The White California movement was gaining strength, and in 1913 the legislature passed the Alien Land Act prohibiting Japanese immigrants from owning land in the state.
- 8. As 1942 edged into 1943, the San Francisco Bay Area was emerging as the premier military command center and port of embarkation and supply on the Pacific Coast.