Covers the final years of the nineteenth century, focusing on the annexation of Hawaii as well as the annexation of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, all as a result of American victory in the Spanish-American War.
Covers the final years of the nineteenth century, focusing on the annexation of Hawaii as well as the annexation of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, all as a result of American victory in the Spanish-American War.
Step 1 Read Paul Kramers article The Water Cure.see below.docxrafaelaj1
Step 1: Read Paul Kramer's article "The Water Cure".
see below
Step 2: After reading the article, answer the following questions.
Use a word processor to write your response to the following questions:
What was the "water cure"?
How did American politicians respond to it?
How does this compare to recent debates about torture in Iraq and Afghanistan?
A picture of a “water detail,” reportedly taken in May, 1901, in Sual, the Philippines. “It is a terrible torture,” one soldier wrote.
Keywords
Torture
;
Water Cure
;
Philippines
;
Philippine-American War
;
Interrogations
;
Riley, Charles S.
;
Glenn, Edwin
Many Americans were puzzled by the news, in 1902, that United States soldiers were torturing Filipinos with water. The United States, throughout its emergence as a world power, had spoken the language of liberation, rescue, and freedom. This was the language that, when coupled with expanding military and commercial ambitions, had helped launch two very different wars. The first had been in 1898, against Spain, whose remaining empire was crumbling in the face of popular revolts in two of its colonies, Cuba and the Philippines. The brief campaign was pitched to the American public in terms of freedom and national honor (the U.S.S. Maine had blown up mysteriously in Havana Harbor), rather than of sugar and naval bases, and resulted in a formally independent Cuba.
The Americans were not done liberating. Rising trade in East Asia suggested to imperialists that the Philippines, Spain’s largest colony, might serve as an effective “stepping stone” to China’s markets. U.S. naval plans included provisions for an attack on the Spanish Navy in the event of war, and led to a decisive victory against the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in May, 1898. Shortly afterward, Commodore George Dewey returned the exiled Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo to the islands. Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces on land, declared the Philippines independent in June, and organized a government led by the Philippine élite.
During the next half year, it became clear that American and Filipino visions for the islands’ future were at odds. U.S. forces seized Manila from Spain—keeping the army of their ostensible ally Aguinaldo from entering the city—and President William McKinley refused to recognize Filipino claims to independence, pushing his negotiators to demand that Spain cede sovereignty over the islands to the United States, while talking about Filipinos’ need for “benevolent assimilation.” Aguinaldo and some of his advisers, who had been inspired by the United States as a model republic and had greeted its soldiers as liberators, became increasingly suspicious of American motivations. When, after a period of mounting tensions, a U.S. sentry fired on Filipino soldiers outside Manila in February, 1899, the second war erupted, just days before the Senate ratified a treaty with Spain securing American sovereignty over the islands in exchange for twenty million dollars. In.
1. California : A History by Kevin Starr ThunyarathMunyukong
2. War And Peace The WWII formally began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Californians in support of the “America First” movement, dedicated to keeping the U.S. out of war, included: Publisher William Randolph Hearst Novelist Kathleen Norris Film and stage star Lillian Gish Stanford University president Ray Lyman Wilbur.
3. War And Peace The War Department had been increasing its presence in California, upgrading its installations, purchasing property, commissioning the construction of fifty thousand war planes in an effort to make the U.S. the “Arsenal of Democracy.” The attack of Pearl Harbor threw California, indeed the entire Pacific Coast, into a panic—a state compounded on February 23, 1942, when Submarine I-17 of the Japanese Imperial Navy, under Commander Kozo Nishino, surfaced in the Santa Barrbara Channel and fired 25 inch shells across the Pacific Coast Highway into oil storage tanks at Elwood, causing minor damage but effecting a psychological blow of some magnitude.
4. War And Peace This California-Japanese War, as Carey McWilliams described it, was part of a larger “Yellow Peril” movement that brought with it a virulent “White California” crusade led by former San Francisco mayor James Duval Phelan, who was elected to te U.S. Senate in 1914. Politicians such as Phelan took a hard line against the Japanese to please de Young and the Chronicle. In early 1905 the Chronicle led a campaign to segregate Japanese children in the public schools of San Francisco through a series of virulently racist editorials that one dare not even quote.
5. War And Peace Through the 1930s, despite the fact that in other ways Californians admired Japan and—in architecture and landscape design especially—were doing their best to assimilate its culture. David Starr Jordan, the founding president of Stanford and an ardent Nipponophile, traveled to Japan in 1900 and 1911 to recruit Japanese students. Japanese immigrants to California didwell. They worked effectively as agricultural laborers, skillfully brokering their contracts through appointed leaders.
6. Arnold! In the nineteenth century, California Republicanism was conservative and oligarchic. The California Progressives distrusted big government, big corporations, and big labor. Thanks to the Progressive reforms of the pre-World War I era, the voters of California could place proposed laws directly on the ballot through petition, express their opinion on laws passed by the legislature, or recall public officials without cause or judicial procedure.
7. Arnold! By 1964 the radical component of the Bay Area identity, aroused by resistance to the Vietnam War, had taken root on the UC Berkeley campus, as the eruption there of the Free Speech Movement in September 1964. This provocative restriction tapped into a magma of dissent among many Berkeley students, arising in mixed degrees from their opposition to the Vietnam War, their fear of being drafted, their espousal of various critiques of capitalist society, their desire for more sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll, and their general antipathy for what a great big uncaring place UC Berkeley seemed to have become.
8. Arnold! In modern times, the most significant environmental wakeup call was the Santa Barbara oil spill of January 28, 1969, when an oil drilling platform five miles offshore malfunctioned, creating a sea of ooze that extended thirty-five miles in diameter and polluted twenty miles of the Santa Barbara coast.
