War And Peace
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mo22California has had close military ties since being seized after the Mexican-American War in 1846. The state's role grew in the early 20th century with the establishment of the Pacific Fleet in San Diego in 1914. The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan in 1941 drew the United States into World War 2 and caused panic in California and on the Pacific Coast, as it was the first attack on U.S. soil by another nation.
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California 9
California had close ties to the military throughout the 19th century after being seized by the U.S. in the Mexican-American War of 1846. In the early 1900s, the U.S. Navy established its Pacific Fleet in San Diego and tensions rose with Japanese immigrants in California. During World War 2, which began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 drew the U.S. into the war and California's Bay Area became a major military center for the Pacific theater.
California
California has a long history of connections to the military and wartime activity. The U.S. military governed California after seizing it from Mexico in 1846 and maintained important naval shipyards and army outposts throughout the 19th century. During World Wars I and II, California became a major center for military activity, with the expansion of bases, aircraft production, and the internment of Japanese Americans in the 1940s under military order. War and the military played a significant role in California's history over the 19th and 20th centuries.
Oct. 29 Notes (Foreign Policy circa 1900)
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It outlines the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 which opposed European colonization in the Western Hemisphere. It then discusses how under Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt from 1897-1909, U.S. imperialism increased as it acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines and sought to protect economic interests through interventions backed by its growing navy. It also discusses Roosevelt's role in developing the Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Report in humanities
The American colonial period in the Philippines had two phases. The first from 1898-1935 established political organizations and a legislature to prepare the country for independence. However, the US continued to control the economy. The second phase from 1936-1946 saw the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines but was interrupted by the Japanese occupation during World War 2. The Philippines gained full independence in 1946 after decades under US rule.
A government under america
The document provides a timeline and overview of the political development of the Philippines under American rule from 1900-1935. It describes the establishment of the first congressional law governing the Philippines in 1902 under William McKinley. It outlines the founding of several Filipino nationalist political parties in opposition to American control. It also discusses laws passed by the American administration like the Sedition Law of 1901 that criminalized advocacy for independence. The timeline concludes with the passage of the Jones Law in 1916 that set up a bicameral legislature and the Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 that established a 10 year path to full independence.
American and Japanese Occupation
The document provides an overview of key events in Philippine history from the Spanish colonial period through World War II. It discusses the Spanish-American War and Battle of Manila Bay in 1898 which led to U.S. occupation. It also covers the Philippine Declaration of Independence, Philippine-American War, capture of Aguinaldo, and establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth. During World War II, it summarizes the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941-1944, including the Bataan Death March and formation of resistance groups like the Hukbalahap.
Kevin starr
The document provides details about California's involvement in World War II. It discusses how some Californians supported isolationism initially. It describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor caused panic on the West Coast. It mentions that a Japanese submarine shelled an oil storage facility near Santa Barbara in 1942. It provides context about anti-Japanese sentiment in California in the early 20th century. It notes that California was working to assimilate Japanese culture despite tensions.
The commonwealth of the philippines
The document discusses three ways Filipinos fought for independence after losing the war to Americans in 1901:
1) Through theater and literature that banned zarzuelas and promoted dramas championing freedom.
2) Peasant revolts led by groups like the Communist Party of the Philippines against the American government.
3) Peaceful pressure from Filipino politicians that led to laws establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 as a transitional government before full independence in 1946.
Recommended
California 9
California had close ties to the military throughout the 19th century after being seized by the U.S. in the Mexican-American War of 1846. In the early 1900s, the U.S. Navy established its Pacific Fleet in San Diego and tensions rose with Japanese immigrants in California. During World War 2, which began with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 drew the U.S. into the war and California's Bay Area became a major military center for the Pacific theater.
California
California has a long history of connections to the military and wartime activity. The U.S. military governed California after seizing it from Mexico in 1846 and maintained important naval shipyards and army outposts throughout the 19th century. During World Wars I and II, California became a major center for military activity, with the expansion of bases, aircraft production, and the internment of Japanese Americans in the 1940s under military order. War and the military played a significant role in California's history over the 19th and 20th centuries.
Oct. 29 Notes (Foreign Policy circa 1900)
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It outlines the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 which opposed European colonization in the Western Hemisphere. It then discusses how under Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt from 1897-1909, U.S. imperialism increased as it acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines and sought to protect economic interests through interventions backed by its growing navy. It also discusses Roosevelt's role in developing the Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Report in humanities
The American colonial period in the Philippines had two phases. The first from 1898-1935 established political organizations and a legislature to prepare the country for independence. However, the US continued to control the economy. The second phase from 1936-1946 saw the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines but was interrupted by the Japanese occupation during World War 2. The Philippines gained full independence in 1946 after decades under US rule.
A government under america
The document provides a timeline and overview of the political development of the Philippines under American rule from 1900-1935. It describes the establishment of the first congressional law governing the Philippines in 1902 under William McKinley. It outlines the founding of several Filipino nationalist political parties in opposition to American control. It also discusses laws passed by the American administration like the Sedition Law of 1901 that criminalized advocacy for independence. The timeline concludes with the passage of the Jones Law in 1916 that set up a bicameral legislature and the Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 that established a 10 year path to full independence.
American and Japanese Occupation
The document provides an overview of key events in Philippine history from the Spanish colonial period through World War II. It discusses the Spanish-American War and Battle of Manila Bay in 1898 which led to U.S. occupation. It also covers the Philippine Declaration of Independence, Philippine-American War, capture of Aguinaldo, and establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth. During World War II, it summarizes the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941-1944, including the Bataan Death March and formation of resistance groups like the Hukbalahap.
Kevin starr
The document provides details about California's involvement in World War II. It discusses how some Californians supported isolationism initially. It describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor caused panic on the West Coast. It mentions that a Japanese submarine shelled an oil storage facility near Santa Barbara in 1942. It provides context about anti-Japanese sentiment in California in the early 20th century. It notes that California was working to assimilate Japanese culture despite tensions.
The commonwealth of the philippines
The document discusses three ways Filipinos fought for independence after losing the war to Americans in 1901:
1) Through theater and literature that banned zarzuelas and promoted dramas championing freedom.
2) Peasant revolts led by groups like the Communist Party of the Philippines against the American government.
3) Peaceful pressure from Filipino politicians that led to laws establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 as a transitional government before full independence in 1946.
American Occupation in the Philippines
The Spanish-American War lasted from April 1898 to August 1898 and resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories from Spain in the western Pacific and Latin America. This included the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Fighting then broke out between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899-1902 as the Filipinos did not want to be ruled by the U.S. after the Treaty of Paris transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to America. This Philippine-American War involved conventional battles in 1899 followed by guerrilla warfare and resulted in over 20,000 Filipino and 4,300 American deaths, many from disease. The U.S. gained control of the Philippines by 1902,
Commonwealth and Japanese Period
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Commonwealth Period in Philippine history. It discusses the passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Acts which granted Philippine independence. The 1935 Constitution was then approved. Additionally, the document outlines the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War 2, including the Bataan Death March and fall of Corregidor, as well as the economic hardships under Japanese rule.
Philippine independence from the americans
The document summarizes the history of Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule and later from the United States. It discusses the Philippine revolution against Spain in 1896 led by Jose Rizal, the declaration of independence from Spain in 1898 under Emilio Aguinaldo, and the subsequent Philippine-American War when the U.S. refused to recognize Philippine independence. It then covers the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935 and the granting of full independence on July 4, 1946, though some felt June 12, the original declaration date, was more significant.
American Government in the Philippines
These are the list of Military Governors, Civil Governors and High Commissioners during the American Rule in the Philippines
The Philippine Commonwealth
Quezon arrived in Washington D.C. in December 1933 to negotiate independence for the Philippines. In January 1934, he proposed either independence within 2-3 years with limited free trade, or independence in 6 years with autonomy and special trade relations after. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed in 1934, establishing a 10 year transition period to full independence for the Philippines in 1946 and a new constitution was ratified in 1935. Quezon and Osmena were elected as the first president and vice president of the new Philippine Commonwealth. However, economic difficulties emerged as the country struggled with inadequate education systems and unfulfilled promises of land reform during this interim period of self-governance.
Point
The document summarizes key events in Philippine history from the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1934 to the end of World War II and liberation from Japanese occupation. It discusses the Tydings-McDuffie Act which created the Commonwealth, Quezon becoming the first Filipino president, tenant farmer issues, the selection of Tagalog as the national language, the economy, the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941-1945, and the exiled Philippine government.
NukeA4beginning of war
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the US. Before WWII, he dealt with the Great Depression and its economic impact. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, killing over 2,000 US soldiers and injuring 1,000 more. This prompted Roosevelt to declare war on Japan. The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between Roosevelt and Winston Churchill that outlined a vision for the post-war world, including disarmament and freedom from fear.
The Japanese Internments
The Japanese Internments saw approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans forcibly relocated and interned in camps during World War II. This was in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces in 1941, after which President Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing for exclusion zones and internment. Japanese Americans were held in poor conditions in internment camps until 1945, when internees were released with little support. In later decades, Japanese American advocacy groups pursued redress for the injustice of the internments, culminating in presidential apologies and reparations being issued in the 1980s and 1990s.
Philippine independence
On June 12, 1898, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from Spanish colonial rule in Cavite el Viejo. This came after the Philippine Revolution against Spain began in 1896 and Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898. However, the proclamation of independence was not recognized by the United States or Spain, and Spain later ceded the Philippines to the United States. This led to the Philippine-American War as the revolutionary government fought against U.S. sovereignty, ultimately being defeated. Full independence was granted by the U.S. via the Treaty of Manila in 1946.
Benevolent Assimilation
“If you don't know history, then you don't know anything. You are a leaf that doesn't know it is part of a tree. ”
― Michael Crichton
yeah! XD
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking Education courses. Good luck!
A proper credit would be appreciated.
• Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao
Assignment 6 powerpoint
The document discusses Emiliano Zapata and his role in the Mexican Revolution that began in 1910 against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. It describes how Zapata, a leader of the Anencuilco people, joined forces with Francisco Madero to lead the Liberation Army of the South during the revolution. After Díaz fell, the revolution descended into civil war, culminating in a ten day siege in Mexico City known as La Decena Trágica that ended with the assassination of Madero.
American period
The document summarizes key events in Philippine history during the American period from 1898 to 1946. It discusses the Spanish-American War and Treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded control of the Philippines to the US. This led to the Philippine-American War as Filipinos resisted American rule. The US established a military government and then an Insular Government. Filipino nationalist movements grew and the US passed laws gradually granting more autonomy, leading to a Commonwealth period and full independence being established after World War 2.
Forms of Resistance
Filipinos thought that the coming of the Americans was an immediate step toward Independence. That the Americans fought Spain to give the Filipinos their freedom. Truth was, Filipinos were winning the war against Spain in many fronts outside Manila. America intervened presumably to help prepare Philippine government rule on its own. But after many years, the Americans became the new colonizers; the Philippines became economically dependent on America but the fruits of progress went only to a few and to the many American corporations that flourished in the Philippines. Filipinos, inferior in military arms, used many ways to fight colonialism. One way, the Sakdal approach and the other, through Arts and Literature. We can learn many things about the character of the Filipinos through his struggle for independence.
the Japanese occupation of the philippines
The Japanese occupied the Philippines from 1942-1945 during World War II. They faced significant resistance from Filipino and American guerrilla fighters, who were able to control about 60% of the islands by the end of the occupation. General MacArthur kept his promise to return and liberated the Philippines starting in October 1944 through heavy fighting that left many cities in ruins. It is estimated that between 500,000 and 1 million Filipinos died during the Japanese occupation.
Presentation1
This document summarizes key events during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945. It describes how Japan invaded the Philippines in 1941, taking control of Manila in January 1942. General Douglas MacArthur retreated American and Filipino troops to Bataan and later Corregidor island before escaping to Australia. In April 1942, 76,000 Filipino and American soldiers surrendered after the fall of Bataan and endured the brutal Bataan Death March. The document also notes that Filipino resistance groups organized as the Hukbalahap guerilla army to fight the Japanese occupation.
Unit 4 Powerpoint the U.S. Becomes a World Power
United States imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved expanding overseas through annexing territories like Hawaii and building influence in Latin America and Asia. This was driven by notions of Manifest Destiny and bolstered by emerging American naval and economic power under presidents like Theodore Roosevelt. The Spanish-American War marked the U.S. emergence as a world power, gaining control of former Spanish colonies. However, Woodrow Wilson's calls for postwar peace and self-determination were only partly realized, and the U.S. returned to isolationism after World War I.
Chapter 17: The First Philippine Republic and the Filipino-American War
CHAPTER 17: THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
AND THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
– was the first independent republic in in Asia by Asians.
- It was born during a war for independence.
- Lived only for two years because the Filipinos lost the war against the United States. (From January 23,1899 to March 23, 1901).
- Ended on the day when Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans.
MALOLOS CONGRESS AND MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
85 Filipinos – met in a revolutionary congress at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan starting September 15, 1898. They were the most intelligent men in the country.
Dr. Pedro A. Paterno – the president of the Malolos Congress.
Malolos Congress – approved the independence of the Philippines. It also started the making of a new constitution for the Philippines.
Constitution – the basic law of the government.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
January 23,1899 – the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. It was a solemn and happy time.
Women – wore long, beautiful ternos.
Men – dressed in top hats, white gloves, and black coat tails.
Emilio Aguinaldo – was sworn in as president of the First Republic at the church altar. “Great is the day, glorious this date, and forever memorable this moment in which our beloved people are raised to the joy of independence.”
El Heraldo de la Revolution – the official newspaper of the government.
La Independencia – an independent newspaper ran by General Antonio Luna and other Filipinos.
Felipe Agoncillo – the first Filipino diplomat sent to Paris and Washington to work for recognition of Philippine Independence.
Other diplomats in Japan, France, England and Australia.
THE AMERICANS STARTED THE WAR
Americans wanted the Philippines to become a colony of the United States.
Strategy: Americans pretended that the Filipinos had brutally attacked them.
February 4, 1899 – at 8pm, an American sharpshooter, Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers, shot and killed a Filipino soldier crossing the San Juan Bridge.
February 6, 1899 – the American Senate passed the Treaty of Paris, making the Philippines a colony of the United States. It was approved by only one vote majority.
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
- Filipinos fought a war of independence again. This time, against the Americans, their former allies. It was the second fight for independence by the Filipinos.
February 5, 1899 – the American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila.
March 31, 1899 – the Americans captured Malolos, which was then the Capital of the First Philippine Republic.
November 27, 1898 – Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the “Republic of Negros”.
December 19, 1899 – the famous hero of the American Civil War, General Henry C. Lawton was killed by the Filipino troops during the Battle in San Mateo, Rizal.
American and malolos
My report on the American Occupation in the Philippines and the Malolos Constitution. It was report during the Philippine History subject.
Chapter 18 ni mardita
The Philippines was an American colony from 1898 to 1946, with interruptions during wartime. Under American rule, the territory of the Philippines changed and expanded. The Americans established civilian rule and gradually increased Filipino participation in government. This included the creation of an elected Philippine Assembly in 1907 and the Philippine Legislature in 1916. The Filipinos cooperated with and remained loyal to the Americans with the understanding that independence would be granted.
The blueprint
The document summarizes the history, present, and future of a congregation. It details that the congregation began in the 1950s and has had several ministers over the years. Property was acquired and buildings constructed to serve the growing congregation. Currently under the leadership of Bro. Aldanzo L. Pratt since 2004, membership has grown to over 50 people. Future goals include completing the building with a steeple, audiovisual equipment, and signage, as well as developing a multi-purpose fellowship facility to support various activities. To fund these plans, the congregation aims to make a large payment on the mortgage and begin a capital fundraising campaign.
Wind Power
Wind power converts energy from wind turbines into usable electricity as an alternative to fossil fuels. It has advantages as it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean and produces no greenhouse gases. While some countries like Denmark rely on wind for 19% of power, wind also has disadvantages as it can create noise pollution, power levels are unpredictable, and turbines pose dangers to birds. Offshore wind power is also being explored.
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American Occupation in the Philippines
The Spanish-American War lasted from April 1898 to August 1898 and resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories from Spain in the western Pacific and Latin America. This included the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Fighting then broke out between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899-1902 as the Filipinos did not want to be ruled by the U.S. after the Treaty of Paris transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to America. This Philippine-American War involved conventional battles in 1899 followed by guerrilla warfare and resulted in over 20,000 Filipino and 4,300 American deaths, many from disease. The U.S. gained control of the Philippines by 1902,
Commonwealth and Japanese Period
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Commonwealth Period in Philippine history. It discusses the passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Acts which granted Philippine independence. The 1935 Constitution was then approved. Additionally, the document outlines the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War 2, including the Bataan Death March and fall of Corregidor, as well as the economic hardships under Japanese rule.
Philippine independence from the americans
The document summarizes the history of Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule and later from the United States. It discusses the Philippine revolution against Spain in 1896 led by Jose Rizal, the declaration of independence from Spain in 1898 under Emilio Aguinaldo, and the subsequent Philippine-American War when the U.S. refused to recognize Philippine independence. It then covers the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935 and the granting of full independence on July 4, 1946, though some felt June 12, the original declaration date, was more significant.
American Government in the Philippines
These are the list of Military Governors, Civil Governors and High Commissioners during the American Rule in the Philippines
The Philippine Commonwealth
Quezon arrived in Washington D.C. in December 1933 to negotiate independence for the Philippines. In January 1934, he proposed either independence within 2-3 years with limited free trade, or independence in 6 years with autonomy and special trade relations after. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed in 1934, establishing a 10 year transition period to full independence for the Philippines in 1946 and a new constitution was ratified in 1935. Quezon and Osmena were elected as the first president and vice president of the new Philippine Commonwealth. However, economic difficulties emerged as the country struggled with inadequate education systems and unfulfilled promises of land reform during this interim period of self-governance.
Point
The document summarizes key events in Philippine history from the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1934 to the end of World War II and liberation from Japanese occupation. It discusses the Tydings-McDuffie Act which created the Commonwealth, Quezon becoming the first Filipino president, tenant farmer issues, the selection of Tagalog as the national language, the economy, the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941-1945, and the exiled Philippine government.
NukeA4beginning of war
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the US. Before WWII, he dealt with the Great Depression and its economic impact. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, killing over 2,000 US soldiers and injuring 1,000 more. This prompted Roosevelt to declare war on Japan. The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between Roosevelt and Winston Churchill that outlined a vision for the post-war world, including disarmament and freedom from fear.
The Japanese Internments
The Japanese Internments saw approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans forcibly relocated and interned in camps during World War II. This was in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces in 1941, after which President Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing for exclusion zones and internment. Japanese Americans were held in poor conditions in internment camps until 1945, when internees were released with little support. In later decades, Japanese American advocacy groups pursued redress for the injustice of the internments, culminating in presidential apologies and reparations being issued in the 1980s and 1990s.
Philippine independence
On June 12, 1898, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from Spanish colonial rule in Cavite el Viejo. This came after the Philippine Revolution against Spain began in 1896 and Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898. However, the proclamation of independence was not recognized by the United States or Spain, and Spain later ceded the Philippines to the United States. This led to the Philippine-American War as the revolutionary government fought against U.S. sovereignty, ultimately being defeated. Full independence was granted by the U.S. via the Treaty of Manila in 1946.
Benevolent Assimilation
“If you don't know history, then you don't know anything. You are a leaf that doesn't know it is part of a tree. ”
― Michael Crichton
yeah! XD
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking Education courses. Good luck!
A proper credit would be appreciated.
• Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao
Assignment 6 powerpoint
The document discusses Emiliano Zapata and his role in the Mexican Revolution that began in 1910 against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. It describes how Zapata, a leader of the Anencuilco people, joined forces with Francisco Madero to lead the Liberation Army of the South during the revolution. After Díaz fell, the revolution descended into civil war, culminating in a ten day siege in Mexico City known as La Decena Trágica that ended with the assassination of Madero.
American period
The document summarizes key events in Philippine history during the American period from 1898 to 1946. It discusses the Spanish-American War and Treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded control of the Philippines to the US. This led to the Philippine-American War as Filipinos resisted American rule. The US established a military government and then an Insular Government. Filipino nationalist movements grew and the US passed laws gradually granting more autonomy, leading to a Commonwealth period and full independence being established after World War 2.
Forms of Resistance
Filipinos thought that the coming of the Americans was an immediate step toward Independence. That the Americans fought Spain to give the Filipinos their freedom. Truth was, Filipinos were winning the war against Spain in many fronts outside Manila. America intervened presumably to help prepare Philippine government rule on its own. But after many years, the Americans became the new colonizers; the Philippines became economically dependent on America but the fruits of progress went only to a few and to the many American corporations that flourished in the Philippines. Filipinos, inferior in military arms, used many ways to fight colonialism. One way, the Sakdal approach and the other, through Arts and Literature. We can learn many things about the character of the Filipinos through his struggle for independence.
the Japanese occupation of the philippines
The Japanese occupied the Philippines from 1942-1945 during World War II. They faced significant resistance from Filipino and American guerrilla fighters, who were able to control about 60% of the islands by the end of the occupation. General MacArthur kept his promise to return and liberated the Philippines starting in October 1944 through heavy fighting that left many cities in ruins. It is estimated that between 500,000 and 1 million Filipinos died during the Japanese occupation.
Presentation1
This document summarizes key events during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945. It describes how Japan invaded the Philippines in 1941, taking control of Manila in January 1942. General Douglas MacArthur retreated American and Filipino troops to Bataan and later Corregidor island before escaping to Australia. In April 1942, 76,000 Filipino and American soldiers surrendered after the fall of Bataan and endured the brutal Bataan Death March. The document also notes that Filipino resistance groups organized as the Hukbalahap guerilla army to fight the Japanese occupation.
Unit 4 Powerpoint the U.S. Becomes a World Power
United States imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved expanding overseas through annexing territories like Hawaii and building influence in Latin America and Asia. This was driven by notions of Manifest Destiny and bolstered by emerging American naval and economic power under presidents like Theodore Roosevelt. The Spanish-American War marked the U.S. emergence as a world power, gaining control of former Spanish colonies. However, Woodrow Wilson's calls for postwar peace and self-determination were only partly realized, and the U.S. returned to isolationism after World War I.
Chapter 17: The First Philippine Republic and the Filipino-American War
CHAPTER 17: THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
AND THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
– was the first independent republic in in Asia by Asians.
- It was born during a war for independence.
- Lived only for two years because the Filipinos lost the war against the United States. (From January 23,1899 to March 23, 1901).
- Ended on the day when Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans.
MALOLOS CONGRESS AND MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
85 Filipinos – met in a revolutionary congress at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan starting September 15, 1898. They were the most intelligent men in the country.
Dr. Pedro A. Paterno – the president of the Malolos Congress.
Malolos Congress – approved the independence of the Philippines. It also started the making of a new constitution for the Philippines.
Constitution – the basic law of the government.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
January 23,1899 – the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. It was a solemn and happy time.
Women – wore long, beautiful ternos.
Men – dressed in top hats, white gloves, and black coat tails.
Emilio Aguinaldo – was sworn in as president of the First Republic at the church altar. “Great is the day, glorious this date, and forever memorable this moment in which our beloved people are raised to the joy of independence.”
El Heraldo de la Revolution – the official newspaper of the government.
La Independencia – an independent newspaper ran by General Antonio Luna and other Filipinos.
Felipe Agoncillo – the first Filipino diplomat sent to Paris and Washington to work for recognition of Philippine Independence.
Other diplomats in Japan, France, England and Australia.
THE AMERICANS STARTED THE WAR
Americans wanted the Philippines to become a colony of the United States.
Strategy: Americans pretended that the Filipinos had brutally attacked them.
February 4, 1899 – at 8pm, an American sharpshooter, Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers, shot and killed a Filipino soldier crossing the San Juan Bridge.
February 6, 1899 – the American Senate passed the Treaty of Paris, making the Philippines a colony of the United States. It was approved by only one vote majority.
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
- Filipinos fought a war of independence again. This time, against the Americans, their former allies. It was the second fight for independence by the Filipinos.
February 5, 1899 – the American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila.
March 31, 1899 – the Americans captured Malolos, which was then the Capital of the First Philippine Republic.
November 27, 1898 – Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the “Republic of Negros”.
December 19, 1899 – the famous hero of the American Civil War, General Henry C. Lawton was killed by the Filipino troops during the Battle in San Mateo, Rizal.
American and malolos
My report on the American Occupation in the Philippines and the Malolos Constitution. It was report during the Philippine History subject.
Chapter 18 ni mardita
The Philippines was an American colony from 1898 to 1946, with interruptions during wartime. Under American rule, the territory of the Philippines changed and expanded. The Americans established civilian rule and gradually increased Filipino participation in government. This included the creation of an elected Philippine Assembly in 1907 and the Philippine Legislature in 1916. The Filipinos cooperated with and remained loyal to the Americans with the understanding that independence would be granted.
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Chapter 17: The First Philippine Republic and the Filipino-American War
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The blueprint
The document summarizes the history, present, and future of a congregation. It details that the congregation began in the 1950s and has had several ministers over the years. Property was acquired and buildings constructed to serve the growing congregation. Currently under the leadership of Bro. Aldanzo L. Pratt since 2004, membership has grown to over 50 people. Future goals include completing the building with a steeple, audiovisual equipment, and signage, as well as developing a multi-purpose fellowship facility to support various activities. To fund these plans, the congregation aims to make a large payment on the mortgage and begin a capital fundraising campaign.
Wind Power
Wind power converts energy from wind turbines into usable electricity as an alternative to fossil fuels. It has advantages as it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean and produces no greenhouse gases. While some countries like Denmark rely on wind for 19% of power, wind also has disadvantages as it can create noise pollution, power levels are unpredictable, and turbines pose dangers to birds. Offshore wind power is also being explored.
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Non-verbal intercultural communication involves nonverbal stimuli generated by a source and their environment that can convey messages to receivers. Some universal non-verbal signals relate to time and space, while others like gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact may differ across cultures. Paralanguage elements in speech such as vocal qualities, accents, and dialects can also vary between cultures and affect intercultural communication.
Newspapers Power Point
Newspapers have played an important role in shaping American society and democracy over centuries. The first newspaper, Publick Occurrences, was published in 1690 in America. Throughout history, newspapers championed social causes like emancipation and fought against racism. In the late 19th century, yellow journalism popularized sensationalist stories and tabloid style to increase sales. While newspaper circulation has declined in recent decades due to the rise of internet, publications continue adapting to new media landscapes.
Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age was a period of global cooling that occurred between the 13th and 19th centuries. It led to colder winters in parts of Europe and North America, with glaciers advancing and freezing of rivers and harbors. Farmers experienced failed harvests and food shortages during this time, leading to widespread famine, disease, and loss of life. Significant historical events like the French invasion of the Netherlands were made possible by unusually cold winters and frozen waterways during the Little Ice Age.
California
Through the 1860s, San Francisco continued to flourish as the solitary epicenter of urbanism and artistic creativity on the Pacific Coast. During this time, important figures like John Muir and Samuel Clemens arrived in California, with Muir going directly to Yosemite Valley and Clemens joining his brother in Carson City, Nevada after fleeing the Civil War. The literature of 1850s California was characterized by humor, history, and memoir, shifting in the 1860s to focus more on local color, literary journalism, and poetry.
Presentation For Digipak
The student created a mood board for a digipak for a rock/alternative band called The Kills. They explored different colors, patterns and designs to portray the band's genre. Images from the band's black and white music video were used because they linked well to the narrative and style of the band. The student changed their design multiple times before settling on a black and white theme to make all images cohesive. Brushed textures were added to images to make them look like grungy posters fitting the theme. Lyrics from the band's song "LULLABYE" were used on the back to directly link to the music.
Jordans Party
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Gallery Services Profile
Gallery Services has been working with the architectural and design community for over 25 years. They provide complete artwork programs and installations for clients. Their staff of framers and installers allow them to control every aspect of a project. They provide expert, on-budget and on-time installations to complete turnkey art services for their clients.
Good English
This document presents a simple test to check one's ability to pronounce English words properly by repeating combinations of "woof", "wolf", and "roof". It asks the reader to repeat the combinations shown and then provides mock results, telling the reader they passed the test and should get back to work if they were able to correctly pronounce the words.
11.) Video Director
1) Richard Ayoade is an English comedian, actor, writer and director best known for his role in the TV show The IT Crowd.
2) He has directed music videos for several bands including Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, and Yeah Yeah Yeahs. His directorial style is surreal and humorous.
3) Ayoade first got into directing music videos after mentioning his interest to a film company and then being connected to Arctic Monkeys, for whom he directed the video for "Fluorescent Adolescent."
Correlation[1]
The document discusses correlation in investment management. It defines correlation as a statistical measure of how investment returns move in relation to each other. Anticipating correlations correctly is key for investment decisions and risk management, as falsely predicting low correlations can result in unexpectedly high portfolio risk if correlations rise. While past or ex-post correlation can be observed, ex-ante or future correlation is difficult to predict and requires sophisticated risk models as relationships between assets may change over time.
16.) Research On the Band
The Lucky Last is a rock/indie/garage band from Norwich, UK that formed in 2008 as a 3-piece band before adding another guitarist and vocalist. They write songs influenced by the state of their country and celebrity culture, with more grit and integrity. The band created a MySpace page to promote themselves, where they have posted two songs called "Lullabye" and "No Home".
AEB Business Quarterly 07.2009
page 26. TRENDS & TALENT IN INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING
IN CEE COUNTRIES, GREECE AND TURKEY
AFTER THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
Convertible Basics
This document provides an overview of convertible bonds, including:
- Convertible bonds offer bond-like coupon payments but also allow conversion to equity, giving bondholders choice.
- Terminology around conversion ratios, prices, and premiums is explained.
- Convertible bonds take on characteristics of bonds or equities depending on whether the underlying share price rises or falls.
- Various convertible bond structures are discussed, ranging from equity-like to debt-like.
8.) Power Point Presentation
I have chosen videos from Muse, Air Traffic, and Rise Against, as their music video appealed a lot to me.
Exect Partners Group - Exect Right People
Exect Partners Group is a company that provides human resources services to help businesses improve performance and achieve their goals. They have international and Russian experts who use proven HR technologies to help clients attract the right talent, develop their employees, and align their people with corporate objectives. Exect can customize solutions to meet a client's specific needs and provide results quickly and cost-effectively.
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California assig#4 history 141
California was named after Queen Calafia, the ruler of a mythical island of black Amazons in a 1510 Spanish romance novel. In 1533, Spanish explorers sailing from Mexico landed in what they believed was an island but was actually a peninsula, naming it California. Native Americans had lived in the region for centuries before European contact. During World War II, over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from California and incarcerated due to racism and fears of sabotage. California's population and economy boomed in the postwar years due to developments in industries like aviation, electronics, and biotechnology that were pioneered in the state. Today California leads the nation in biotech research and manufacturing.
Californiapptx
This document summarizes key events in California's history related to war, the military, immigration, and governance. It discusses how California was governed by the military after being seized in the Mexican-American War in 1846. It then discusses California's growing ties to the military through naval bases and how World War II transformed the state's economy and population. The document also summarizes Arnold Schwarzenegger's recall of Governor Davis and his leadership as governor of California.
California ch.6 and 13
California has had a long history with the military dating back to the Mexican-American War when it was seized in 1846. The US Navy established its Pacific fleet in San Diego in 1914, formally making California an Asia-Pacific power. During World War 2, California experienced panic after the Pearl Harbor attack and hundreds of Japanese immigrants were detained. After the war, the University of California transformed into a top public university globally. California was predominantly Republican until the recall of Governor Davis in 2003, which led to Arnold Schwarzenegger becoming governor and implementing reforms. Despite injustices over time under Spanish, Mexican and US rule, California continues striving for the best of the American experiment.
Kevin starr
The document provides details about California's involvement in World War II. It discusses how some Californians supported isolationism initially. It describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor caused panic on the West Coast. It mentions that a Japanese submarine shelled an oil storage tank in Santa Barbara in 1942. It provides context about anti-Japanese sentiment in California in the early 20th century. It notes that California admired aspects of Japanese culture prior to WWII.
Geo
The Balangiga massacre occurred in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. Around 500 Filipino civilians and guerrillas from Balangiga, Samar launched a surprise attack on the 74 American soldiers stationed in the town, killing around 48. In retaliation, the American general ordered the killing of all males over 10 years old on the island of Samar, leading to many civilian deaths. The bells of Balangiga church, taken by Americans after the attack, remain a point of contention between the Philippines and US.
Geo
The Balangiga massacre occurred in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. Around 500 Filipino civilians and guerrillas from Balangiga, Samar launched a surprise attack on the 74 American soldiers stationed in the town, killing 48. In retaliation, U.S. General Jacob Smith ordered the killing of all Filipino males over 10 years old. This resulted in widespread killing of civilians and destruction across Samar island. The Balangiga massacre remains controversial and is an important event in the history of conflict between the Philippines and United States.
Part 1: California
This document discusses California's history during World War 2 and the postwar period. It notes that after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese people were removed from military zones in California, Oregon, and Washington under an executive order. It also discusses the large presence of uniformed military personnel in California during the war as well as social unrest and riots among enlisted men. After the war, it outlines issues around racial tensions, immigration, and diversity that California grappled with in the latter 20th century.
California starr
Chapter 9 discusses California during WWII, when the US established itself as an Asia-Pacific power and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Japanese immigrants were prohibited and later interned in camps. California servicemen fought in the war while social changes upended the roles of ethnic groups. After the war, California faced population and housing shortages. Chapter 13 discusses California politics shifting left in the 1960s with dissent and social movements like the Beats and hippies challenging values. Arnold Schwarzenegger was later elected to govern financially troubled, immigrant California.
US Navy's Pacific War session i
Problems of the Pacific. The interwar years. Why the struggle for Pacific dominance? The Navy realized that if we were to defend the Philippines from Japanese anti-colonialist "liberation" moves we would need to develop three new capabilities.
Modern History of Hawaii :World War II:Japanese Internment & the Korematsu Case
1) After the attack on Pearl Harbor, over 110,000 Japanese Americans and their children were forcibly removed from their homes and incarcerated in internment camps, despite no evidence of disloyalty.
2) Fred Korematsu refused the government's order to report to internment camps and was convicted, but his conviction was later overturned when it was revealed the government withheld evidence showing no disloyalty by Japanese Americans.
3) The internment of Japanese Americans during World War II is now recognized as a great injustice and a violation of civil rights, though it was justified at the time as a "military necessity" despite no acts of treason by those incarcerated.
Attack In Pearl Harbor Essay
The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 had devastating effects:
1) It destroyed or damaged 21 American ships and over 300 airplanes, and killed over 2,400 Americans.
2) It ended American isolationism and brought the US into World War II, as President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan the next day.
3) While the Japanese failed to destroy the all-important American aircraft carriers, the attack crippled the US Pacific fleet and shifted the balance of power in the Pacific to Japan.
American expansion, Imperialism, and WW I
During the 19th century, while European powers did not view the United States as an important military power, the US was growing economically through exports of wheat, cotton, and whale products. The US also began attracting large numbers of immigrants seeking opportunities. By the late 19th century, through acquisitions like Alaska, Hawaii, and victories in wars against Spain and Native Filipinos, the US emerged as a colonial power and began extending its political and economic influence abroad under policies like the Roosevelt Corollary.
Chapter 12 - American Intervention
The document summarizes the Pact of Biaknabato between Spanish colonial authorities and Emilio Aguinaldo's rebel forces in 1897. Key points:
- Aguinaldo agreed to exile himself to Hong Kong in exchange for 800,000 pesos, with the goal of ending hostilities and gaining reforms
- However, neither side fully upheld the agreement. Aguinaldo deposited all funds in Hong Kong instead of distributing to his men, while Spain did not implement reforms.
- In 1898, Aguinaldo met with U.S. officials who may have promised independence, though this is disputed. He then allied with U.S. forces against Spain during the Spanish-American War.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR4 8 5Reversal of FortuneThis rev.docx
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
4 8 5
Reversal of Fortune
This reversal of the two nations’ positions initially led to
a diminishment of the importance of Spanish-American
relations. Early in the new century, Americans were fo-
cused on events in Asia and the Western Hemisphere,
precisely the areas from which Spain had been expelled.
When World War I broke out in 1914, both nations de-
clared their neutrality. While Spain’s caution led it to
maintain that stance throughout the war, in 1917 the ex-
panding interests of the United States drew it into the
conflictandtentatively intoEuropeanpowerpolitics,thus
setting the scene for the next stage in Spanish-American
relations.
Just as theAmericanRevolutionposedadilemmafor
the Spanish, so too did the outbreak of the Spanish Civil
War in 1936 for the Americans. The rebellion of Fran-
cisco Franco and his generals against the Spanish repub-
lican government was amicrocosmof the ideological fer-
mentof interwarEurope.Francoreceivedassistancefrom
Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, and the Republicans re-
ceived assistance from the Soviet Union. Most democ-
racies, including the United States, observed a formal
neutrality thathad theeffectofdoomingtheSpanishgov-
ernment to defeat.
Franco remained technically neutral throughout
World War II, but he favored the Axis when it seemed in
command early on and tipped back toward the Allies as
the war drew to a close. American policy during the war
was to buy Spain’s neutrality by overpaying the Spanish
for goods with military significance (such as tungsten) in
order tokeep theSpanishnonbelligerentandthesupplies
out of German hands.
U.S. policy toward Spain grew harsher with the suc-
cess of D-Day in 1944 and the growing likelihood of a
Germandefeat.Citing the roleplayedby theAxispowers
inFranco’s rise topower, inearly1945FranklinRoosevelt
declared that the United States could not have normal
relations with his government. The United States joined
its allies in barring Spain from the United Nations and
recalled its chiefs of mission from Madrid.
Franco blunted American pressure to yield power to
a more democratic regime by appealing to growing con-
cern about the Soviet Union. While his quasi-fascist re-
gime remained an international pariah, American leaders
gradually reached the conclusion that Franco was pref-
erable to a potential communist government in Spain.
TheUnitedStates didnot includeSpain in either its eco-
nomicormilitary plans forwesternEurope (theMarshall
Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), but
after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950,
Spain’s potential military value in aEuropeanwar against
the Soviets overrode the Truman administration’s ideo-
logical aversion to Franco.
The rehabilitation of Franco culminated in the Pact
of Madrid, signed in September 1953. While Spain re-
mained outside NATO, the agreement (which gave the
United States air and naval bases in Spain) effectively al-
lied the two nations during the remainder of t.
History
The document provides an overview of World War II, including its origins, key events, and conclusion. It discusses rising tensions in Europe and Asia in the 1930s due to totalitarian regimes and fascist movements. While the US initially took an isolationist stance, Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 drew Britain and France into war. The US gradually became involved through Lend-Lease and entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war was fought on two major fronts, as the Allies battled German and Italian forces in Europe and American forces engaged the Japanese in the Pacific. The war ended in 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender.
The philippines under japan
During WWII, Japan occupied the Philippines from 1942 to 1945. Key events included the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 which drew the Philippines into the war, the fall of Bataan and Corregidor in 1942 after prolonged battles, the infamous Bataan Death March where thousands of Filipino and American POWs died, and the establishment of a brutal Japanese military administration over the islands. The Philippines were eventually liberated after intense fighting, culminating in Japan's surrender in August 1945.
The philippine american war
This document provides a timeline and overview of key events during the Philippine-American War from 1899-1902. It details the surrender of Spanish forces in Manila Bay in 1898, the U.S. decision to occupy the Philippines, Aguinaldo's proclamation of Philippine independence, and the outbreak of conflict between U.S. and Filipino forces in February 1899 marking the beginning of the Philippine-American War. The timeline then covers major battles, resistance efforts, and the eventual U.S. declaration of victory in 1902, though Filipino resistance continued until 1910.
Japanese occupation
The Japanese occupied the Philippines during World War II from 1942 to 1945. They attacked to gain control of resources and military staging areas. The U.S.-led forces in the Philippines were unprepared after the Pearl Harbor attack and were defeated. The Japanese established a puppet government led by President Laurel. There was widespread resistance from guerrilla groups like the Huks. MacArthur eventually returned and recaptured the Philippines in 1945, forcing the Japanese surrender.
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The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 was a devastating surprise that brought the United States into World War II. The Japanese targeted the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor to neutralize American naval power and advance Japanese imperial ambitions. While U.S. forces were unprepared for the attack, it had significant strategic consequences by galvanizing the U.S. for war against Japan and Germany. The bombing of Pearl Harbor remains one of the most infamous events in American history that shaped the country's emergence as a global superpower.
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Modern History of Hawaii :World War II:Japanese Internment & the Korematsu Case
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An Imagined Place
California became the center of the entertainment industry in the 20th century with the development of film, radio, and television technologies. While motion pictures did not initially establish themselves in California, experiments by photographer Eadweard Muybridge in the 1870s proved that horses lift all feet off the ground when trotting, contributing to later developments. In the early 1900s, many filmmakers reluctant to pay tribute to trusts arrived in Los Angeles, establishing the city as the center of the film industry, with major studios employing large staffs on a corporate, industrialized model by the 1920s.
An Imagined Place
California became the center of the entertainment industry in the 20th century with the development of film, radio, and television technologies. Although the first motion pictures were not made in California, experiments by Eadweard Muybridge in the 1870s proved that horses lift all feet off the ground when trotting, laying the foundations for motion pictures. In the early 1900s, many filmmakers moved to Los Angeles to escape control by trusts, and Hollywood established itself as the industrial center for film production through the 1920s as studios employed large staffs of writers, directors, actors and technicians.
Make It Happen
The document discusses the history of labor in California. It notes that the Great Depression impacted California less severely than other areas due to its diversified economy. It also discusses how the Gold Rush era saw men of all backgrounds seeking fortunes through physical labor. Finally, it mentions the growth of the unionist movement in San Francisco during an economic depression in the 1860s that left many former railroad workers unemployed.
The Cold War
The Cold War began between the Soviet Union and United States even during WWII due to differing political ideologies of communism and democracy. After WWII, instead of peace, the Cold War emerged as America felt threatened by the spread of communism in Asia, especially in China, and wanted to promote democracy while opposing communism and its authoritarian governing style. This Cold War between the two superpowers lasted over 50 years.
World War Ii
The document discusses World War 2 and the Nazi regime in Germany. It describes how Adolf Hitler and the Nazis took over many European countries, believing the white race was supreme. They built concentration camps and murdered 6 million innocent Jewish families. While the war raged in Europe from 1933, the US did not enter until 1941 when it became a world war. The US then helped eliminate Hitler and the Nazi party as the dominant power.
Imperialism
At the end of the 19th century, the United States became a world power by dividing Samoa with Germany, annexing Hawaii, taking control of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain, and establishing the Panama Canal Zone, separating it from Colombia. However, Americans did not want to admit to being an imperialist country like Britain, France and Germany and their modern empires.
Immigrants And Cities
Immigrants arrived in American cities in large numbers from the 1870s through the 1920s, providing much of the population growth as the country became more urbanized and industrialized. They mostly settled in ethnic neighborhoods within cities where jobs were available, although they had been farmers in their home countries. However, their arrival led native-born Americans to fear that traditional American culture and society would fade away in favor of European styles, causing tensions between the groups.
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The document summarizes Latin American independence movements from 1807-1824 as Spain and Portugal's colonies gained independence. It discusses the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Brazil. While the empires functioned well for three centuries, grievances among colonists regarding economic restrictions and taxes imposed by imperial powers grew in the mid-1700s. The first decades of independence saw increased political participation but fundamental social and economic structures changed little.
Crossroads%20 Of%20 Freedom
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- 3. The attack on Pearl Harbor threw California, indeed the entire Pacific Coast, into a panic. The Japanese had hit U.S. soil. Ever since 1900s, a sector of California had been at war with the state’s Japanese immigrants. The White California movement was gaining strength, and in 1913 the legislature passed the Alien Land Act prohibiting Japanese immigrants from owning land in the state. Details