The document discusses limits and their applications. It defines a limit as our best prediction of a value we cannot directly observe. Limits are useful for scenarios in mathematics that involve division by zero or going to infinity. Real-world objects move continuously between positions, so limits allow us to make accurate predictions. The document provides examples of using limits to predict the position of a soccer ball in a video and discusses how limits apply in areas like physics, engineering, and natural phenomena.
This document discusses rational functions and provides examples of representing rational functions through tables of values, graphs, and equations. It defines a rational function as a function of the form f(x) = p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) is not the zero function. Examples are given of using rational functions to model speed as a function of time for running a 100-meter dash and calculating winning percentages in a basketball league.
This document discusses solving rational equations and inequalities. It begins with definitions of rational equations and inequalities. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to solve rational equations by multiplying both sides by the least common denominator to eliminate fractions. The document notes that extraneous solutions may arise and must be checked. Methods for solving rational inequalities using graphs, tables, and algebra are presented. Practice problems are included for students to test their understanding.
This document is the learner's material for precalculus developed by the Department of Education of the Philippines. It was collaboratively developed by educators from public and private schools. The document contains the copyright notice and details that it is the property of the Department of Education and may not be reproduced without their permission. It provides the table of contents that outlines the units and lessons covered in the material.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a textbook on basic calculus. It discusses the purpose and structure of the book, which aims to explain key concepts in calculus through examples and exercises. The book covers topics like limits, derivatives, integrals, and their applications. It also includes a chapter reviewing prerequisite algebra and geometry topics to refresh students' knowledge before beginning calculus. The overview explains how each chapter builds upon the previous ones to develop an understanding of calculus.
It is a powerpoint presentation that will help the students to enrich their knowledge about Senior High School subject of General Mathematics. It is comprised about Rational functions and its zeroes. It is also comprised of some examples and exercises to be done for the said topic.
The document defines logarithmic functions and provides examples of converting between logarithmic and exponential forms. It discusses the properties of logarithmic equality and solving logarithmic equations by rewriting them in exponential form. Key points include: logarithmic and exponential forms are inverses; the exponent becomes the logarithm; logarithmic functions have a domain of positive real numbers; and solving logarithms involves setting arguments equal when bases are the same.
Probability distribution of a random variable moduleMelody01082019
This document provides an overview of a module on statistics and probability for senior high school students. It covers basic concepts of random variables and probability distributions through two lessons. The first lesson defines random variables and distinguishes between discrete and continuous variables. The second lesson defines discrete probability distributions and shows how to construct a histogram for a probability mass function. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. Learning competencies focus on understanding and applying random variables and probability distributions to real-world problems.
The document discusses limits and their applications. It defines a limit as our best prediction of a value we cannot directly observe. Limits are useful for scenarios in mathematics that involve division by zero or going to infinity. Real-world objects move continuously between positions, so limits allow us to make accurate predictions. The document provides examples of using limits to predict the position of a soccer ball in a video and discusses how limits apply in areas like physics, engineering, and natural phenomena.
This document discusses rational functions and provides examples of representing rational functions through tables of values, graphs, and equations. It defines a rational function as a function of the form f(x) = p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) is not the zero function. Examples are given of using rational functions to model speed as a function of time for running a 100-meter dash and calculating winning percentages in a basketball league.
This document discusses solving rational equations and inequalities. It begins with definitions of rational equations and inequalities. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to solve rational equations by multiplying both sides by the least common denominator to eliminate fractions. The document notes that extraneous solutions may arise and must be checked. Methods for solving rational inequalities using graphs, tables, and algebra are presented. Practice problems are included for students to test their understanding.
This document is the learner's material for precalculus developed by the Department of Education of the Philippines. It was collaboratively developed by educators from public and private schools. The document contains the copyright notice and details that it is the property of the Department of Education and may not be reproduced without their permission. It provides the table of contents that outlines the units and lessons covered in the material.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a textbook on basic calculus. It discusses the purpose and structure of the book, which aims to explain key concepts in calculus through examples and exercises. The book covers topics like limits, derivatives, integrals, and their applications. It also includes a chapter reviewing prerequisite algebra and geometry topics to refresh students' knowledge before beginning calculus. The overview explains how each chapter builds upon the previous ones to develop an understanding of calculus.
It is a powerpoint presentation that will help the students to enrich their knowledge about Senior High School subject of General Mathematics. It is comprised about Rational functions and its zeroes. It is also comprised of some examples and exercises to be done for the said topic.
The document defines logarithmic functions and provides examples of converting between logarithmic and exponential forms. It discusses the properties of logarithmic equality and solving logarithmic equations by rewriting them in exponential form. Key points include: logarithmic and exponential forms are inverses; the exponent becomes the logarithm; logarithmic functions have a domain of positive real numbers; and solving logarithms involves setting arguments equal when bases are the same.
Probability distribution of a random variable moduleMelody01082019
This document provides an overview of a module on statistics and probability for senior high school students. It covers basic concepts of random variables and probability distributions through two lessons. The first lesson defines random variables and distinguishes between discrete and continuous variables. The second lesson defines discrete probability distributions and shows how to construct a histogram for a probability mass function. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. Learning competencies focus on understanding and applying random variables and probability distributions to real-world problems.
The document discusses solving rational inequalities. It defines interval and set notation that can be used to represent the solutions to inequalities. It then presents the procedure for solving rational inequalities, which involves rewriting the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol and 0 on the other side, and determining the intervals where the fraction is positive or negative. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving rational inequalities and applying the solutions to word problems.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS Module 1: Review on FunctionsGalina Panela
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to functions, including:
- Definitions of functions and relations.
- Examples of functions represented as ordered pairs, tables, and graphs.
- Evaluating functions by inputting values for variables.
- Determining the domain and range of functions.
- Performing operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and composition.
- Identifying whether functions are even, odd, or neither based on their behavior when the variable x is replaced by -x.
Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational FunctionReimuel Bisnar
This document discusses polynomial and rational functions. It provides examples of polynomial functions in the forms of p(x) = 5t^5 - 2t^3 + 7t and a rational function representing drug concentration over time of the form c(t) = 5t/(t^2+1). It also shows a table of values for the rational function for t = 1, 2, 5, 10 that is used to graph the relationship.
Gen. math g11 introduction to functionsliza magalso
This document contains:
1. An outline for a mathematics course covering functions and their graphs, basic business mathematics, and logic.
2. Lessons on identifying functions from relations, evaluating functions, and representing real-life situations using functions including piecewise functions.
3. Examples of evaluating functions, operations on functions, and determining whether a relation is a function.
4. An activity drilling students on identifying functions and non-functions.
The document shows the steps to calculate the mean of a probability distribution. A table lists the possible values (X) of a random variable, their respective probabilities (P(x)), and the product of each x and P(x). These products are summed to obtain 1.7, which is equal to the mean (μ) of the probability distribution.
1) One-sided limits describe the value a function approaches as the input gets closer to a number from the left or right.
2) The limit of a function exists if and only if the one-sided limits are equal as the input approaches the number.
3) Limits at infinity describe the value a function approaches as the input increases without bound toward positive or negative infinity.
introduction to functions grade 11(General Math)liza magalso
This document contains:
1. An outline for a mathematics course covering functions and their graphs, basic business mathematics, and logic.
2. Lessons on identifying functions from relations, evaluating functions, and representing real-life situations using functions including piecewise functions.
3. Examples of evaluating functions, operations on functions, and determining whether a relation is a function based on its graph or ordered pairs.
4. An activity drilling students on identifying functions versus non-functions.
The document defines and provides examples of polynomial functions. It discusses that a polynomial is a sum of monomials with whole number exponents. A polynomial function can be written in standard form as a polynomial equation with variables and coefficients. The degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent, and the leading coefficient is the coefficient of the term with the highest degree. Examples are provided of evaluating polynomial functions for different variable values.
Stocks represent partial ownership in a company and entitle the owner to a share of the company's profits. Bonds are debt instruments used by companies and governments to raise funds, with the bond owner lending money to the issuer in exchange for regular interest payments and the promise of repayment of the principal at maturity. The document provides examples of how stock ownership is calculated based on the number of shares purchased and discusses how bonds can help companies and governments finance projects.
The document provides an introduction to the precise definition of a limit in calculus. It begins with a heuristic definition of a limit using an error-tolerance game between two players. It then presents Cauchy's precise definition, where the limit is defined using epsilon-delta relationships such that for any epsilon tolerance around the proposed limit L, there exists a corresponding delta tolerance around the point a such that the function values are within epsilon of L when the input values are within delta of a. Examples are provided to illustrate the definition. Pathologies where limits may not exist are also discussed.
Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Functions.pptxEdelmarBenosa3
This document discusses polynomial and rational functions. A polynomial function of degree n can be written as p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0, where the coefficients a0, a1, ..., an are real numbers and an ≠ 0. A rational function is defined as f(x) = p(x)/q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and q(x) ≠ 0. Several examples are provided of using rational functions to model real-world situations involving distance-time, concentration of a drug over time, and allocating a budget amount per child based on the total number of children.
The document provides an overview of basic calculus concepts including:
- Exponents and exponent rules for multiplying, dividing, and raising to powers.
- Algebraic expressions including monomials, binomials, polynomials, and equations.
- Common identities for exponents, polynomials, trigonometric functions.
- The definition of a function as a correspondence between variables where each input has a single output.
- Examples of basic functions including power, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.
The concept of limit formalizes the notion of closeness of the function values to a certain value "near" a certain point. Limits behave well with respect to arithmetic--usually. Division by zero is always a problem, and we can't make conclusions about nonexistent limits!
The document discusses parabolas and their key properties:
- A parabola is defined as the set of points equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix).
- The vertex is the point where the axis of symmetry intersects the parabola. The focus and directrix are a fixed distance (p) from the vertex.
- The latus rectum is the line segment from the focus to the parabola, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Its length is determined by the equation of the parabola.
It is a powerpoint presentation that will help the students to enrich their knowledge about Senior High School subject of General Mathematics. It is comprised about functions and its operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition. It is also comprised of some examples and exercises to be done for the said topic.
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit: Limitations and TranscendenceAntonio Delgado
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit with limitations. It explains that human existence is embodied, and consciousness and embodiment are necessary for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought, and social interaction. It outlines three main limitations of humans as embodied spirits: 1) facticity, which refers to the unchangeable aspects of one's life and circumstances; 2) being spatial-temporal beings with limitations of time and an inability to be in two places at once; and 3) the body acting as an intermediary between our minds and the world in a limiting way.
This document discusses hyperbolas. It defines a hyperbola as the set of points where the difference between the distance to two fixed points (the foci) is constant. A hyperbola has two branches and two asymptotes. The asymptotes contain the diagonals of a rectangle centered at the hyperbola's center. The document provides characteristics and equations for translating and graphing horizontal transverse axis hyperbolas. It includes examples of graphing hyperbolas from their standard form equations. Exercises at the end ask the reader to find standard forms and graph hyperbolas given certain properties.
This document discusses graphing rational functions. It defines key concepts like domain, range, intercepts, zeros, and asymptotes. An example rational function f(x)=x-2/(x+2) is used to demonstrate how to find these values and graph the function. The domain is all real numbers except -2, the x-intercept is 2, and the y-intercept is -1. The vertical asymptote is at x=-2. Horizontal asymptotes occur when the degree of the numerator is less than, equal to, or greater than the degree of the denominator.
Draft Two:
This report looks at one approach to the standard scheduling problem by constructing a model for use by high schools and small colleges/universities. This iteration of the model builds up an integer programming optimization model, aiming to maximize credit hours following constraints: 1) required class hours per course-week; 2) instructor preference for teaching-free days; 3) restricting group-room assignments to Integer: (0,1); 4) restricting number of instructors per group-room to Integer:(0,1); and other constraints. The model searches through two thousand variable fields: 1) ten instructors; with potential to occupy: 2) eight group-room assignments; over 3) five potential course time slots per day; over five days each week – vis. 10 X 8 X 5 X 5. But the model has capability beyond the two thousand variables. For instance, if the system limits a department teaching hours to two time slots per day (or different days), the system could accommodate several departments to minimize scheduling conflicts while maximizing satisfaction for instructors and students.
This project uses the robust solver mechanism in OpenSolver, an open source project developed by Andrew Mason in the Department of Engineering Science at the University of Auckland. The standard solver issued with Microsoft Excel is limited to only 200 variable fields. The OpenSolver mechanism does not impose artificial limits to the number of potential variable fields.
Operational research (OR) is a discipline that deals with applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. OR uses scientific methods and especially mathematical modeling to study complex problems. It is considered a subfield of applied mathematics. Some key applications of OR include scheduling, facility planning, planning and forecasting, credit scoring, marketing, and defense planning. OR takes a systems approach, uses interdisciplinary teams, and aims to optimize objectives subject to constraints through quantitative modeling and analysis.
The document discusses solving rational inequalities. It defines interval and set notation that can be used to represent the solutions to inequalities. It then presents the procedure for solving rational inequalities, which involves rewriting the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol and 0 on the other side, and determining the intervals where the fraction is positive or negative. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving rational inequalities and applying the solutions to word problems.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS Module 1: Review on FunctionsGalina Panela
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to functions, including:
- Definitions of functions and relations.
- Examples of functions represented as ordered pairs, tables, and graphs.
- Evaluating functions by inputting values for variables.
- Determining the domain and range of functions.
- Performing operations on functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and composition.
- Identifying whether functions are even, odd, or neither based on their behavior when the variable x is replaced by -x.
Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational FunctionReimuel Bisnar
This document discusses polynomial and rational functions. It provides examples of polynomial functions in the forms of p(x) = 5t^5 - 2t^3 + 7t and a rational function representing drug concentration over time of the form c(t) = 5t/(t^2+1). It also shows a table of values for the rational function for t = 1, 2, 5, 10 that is used to graph the relationship.
Gen. math g11 introduction to functionsliza magalso
This document contains:
1. An outline for a mathematics course covering functions and their graphs, basic business mathematics, and logic.
2. Lessons on identifying functions from relations, evaluating functions, and representing real-life situations using functions including piecewise functions.
3. Examples of evaluating functions, operations on functions, and determining whether a relation is a function.
4. An activity drilling students on identifying functions and non-functions.
The document shows the steps to calculate the mean of a probability distribution. A table lists the possible values (X) of a random variable, their respective probabilities (P(x)), and the product of each x and P(x). These products are summed to obtain 1.7, which is equal to the mean (μ) of the probability distribution.
1) One-sided limits describe the value a function approaches as the input gets closer to a number from the left or right.
2) The limit of a function exists if and only if the one-sided limits are equal as the input approaches the number.
3) Limits at infinity describe the value a function approaches as the input increases without bound toward positive or negative infinity.
introduction to functions grade 11(General Math)liza magalso
This document contains:
1. An outline for a mathematics course covering functions and their graphs, basic business mathematics, and logic.
2. Lessons on identifying functions from relations, evaluating functions, and representing real-life situations using functions including piecewise functions.
3. Examples of evaluating functions, operations on functions, and determining whether a relation is a function based on its graph or ordered pairs.
4. An activity drilling students on identifying functions versus non-functions.
The document defines and provides examples of polynomial functions. It discusses that a polynomial is a sum of monomials with whole number exponents. A polynomial function can be written in standard form as a polynomial equation with variables and coefficients. The degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent, and the leading coefficient is the coefficient of the term with the highest degree. Examples are provided of evaluating polynomial functions for different variable values.
Stocks represent partial ownership in a company and entitle the owner to a share of the company's profits. Bonds are debt instruments used by companies and governments to raise funds, with the bond owner lending money to the issuer in exchange for regular interest payments and the promise of repayment of the principal at maturity. The document provides examples of how stock ownership is calculated based on the number of shares purchased and discusses how bonds can help companies and governments finance projects.
The document provides an introduction to the precise definition of a limit in calculus. It begins with a heuristic definition of a limit using an error-tolerance game between two players. It then presents Cauchy's precise definition, where the limit is defined using epsilon-delta relationships such that for any epsilon tolerance around the proposed limit L, there exists a corresponding delta tolerance around the point a such that the function values are within epsilon of L when the input values are within delta of a. Examples are provided to illustrate the definition. Pathologies where limits may not exist are also discussed.
Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Functions.pptxEdelmarBenosa3
This document discusses polynomial and rational functions. A polynomial function of degree n can be written as p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0, where the coefficients a0, a1, ..., an are real numbers and an ≠ 0. A rational function is defined as f(x) = p(x)/q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and q(x) ≠ 0. Several examples are provided of using rational functions to model real-world situations involving distance-time, concentration of a drug over time, and allocating a budget amount per child based on the total number of children.
The document provides an overview of basic calculus concepts including:
- Exponents and exponent rules for multiplying, dividing, and raising to powers.
- Algebraic expressions including monomials, binomials, polynomials, and equations.
- Common identities for exponents, polynomials, trigonometric functions.
- The definition of a function as a correspondence between variables where each input has a single output.
- Examples of basic functions including power, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.
The concept of limit formalizes the notion of closeness of the function values to a certain value "near" a certain point. Limits behave well with respect to arithmetic--usually. Division by zero is always a problem, and we can't make conclusions about nonexistent limits!
The document discusses parabolas and their key properties:
- A parabola is defined as the set of points equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix).
- The vertex is the point where the axis of symmetry intersects the parabola. The focus and directrix are a fixed distance (p) from the vertex.
- The latus rectum is the line segment from the focus to the parabola, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Its length is determined by the equation of the parabola.
It is a powerpoint presentation that will help the students to enrich their knowledge about Senior High School subject of General Mathematics. It is comprised about functions and its operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition. It is also comprised of some examples and exercises to be done for the said topic.
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit: Limitations and TranscendenceAntonio Delgado
The document discusses the human person as an embodied spirit with limitations. It explains that human existence is embodied, and consciousness and embodiment are necessary for subjectivity, emotion, language, thought, and social interaction. It outlines three main limitations of humans as embodied spirits: 1) facticity, which refers to the unchangeable aspects of one's life and circumstances; 2) being spatial-temporal beings with limitations of time and an inability to be in two places at once; and 3) the body acting as an intermediary between our minds and the world in a limiting way.
This document discusses hyperbolas. It defines a hyperbola as the set of points where the difference between the distance to two fixed points (the foci) is constant. A hyperbola has two branches and two asymptotes. The asymptotes contain the diagonals of a rectangle centered at the hyperbola's center. The document provides characteristics and equations for translating and graphing horizontal transverse axis hyperbolas. It includes examples of graphing hyperbolas from their standard form equations. Exercises at the end ask the reader to find standard forms and graph hyperbolas given certain properties.
This document discusses graphing rational functions. It defines key concepts like domain, range, intercepts, zeros, and asymptotes. An example rational function f(x)=x-2/(x+2) is used to demonstrate how to find these values and graph the function. The domain is all real numbers except -2, the x-intercept is 2, and the y-intercept is -1. The vertical asymptote is at x=-2. Horizontal asymptotes occur when the degree of the numerator is less than, equal to, or greater than the degree of the denominator.
Draft Two:
This report looks at one approach to the standard scheduling problem by constructing a model for use by high schools and small colleges/universities. This iteration of the model builds up an integer programming optimization model, aiming to maximize credit hours following constraints: 1) required class hours per course-week; 2) instructor preference for teaching-free days; 3) restricting group-room assignments to Integer: (0,1); 4) restricting number of instructors per group-room to Integer:(0,1); and other constraints. The model searches through two thousand variable fields: 1) ten instructors; with potential to occupy: 2) eight group-room assignments; over 3) five potential course time slots per day; over five days each week – vis. 10 X 8 X 5 X 5. But the model has capability beyond the two thousand variables. For instance, if the system limits a department teaching hours to two time slots per day (or different days), the system could accommodate several departments to minimize scheduling conflicts while maximizing satisfaction for instructors and students.
This project uses the robust solver mechanism in OpenSolver, an open source project developed by Andrew Mason in the Department of Engineering Science at the University of Auckland. The standard solver issued with Microsoft Excel is limited to only 200 variable fields. The OpenSolver mechanism does not impose artificial limits to the number of potential variable fields.
Operational research (OR) is a discipline that deals with applying advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. OR uses scientific methods and especially mathematical modeling to study complex problems. It is considered a subfield of applied mathematics. Some key applications of OR include scheduling, facility planning, planning and forecasting, credit scoring, marketing, and defense planning. OR takes a systems approach, uses interdisciplinary teams, and aims to optimize objectives subject to constraints through quantitative modeling and analysis.
Management science uses analytical methods and decision-making techniques to help organizations operate efficiently and manage risk. It draws from fields like applied mathematics, statistics, and computer modeling to solve problems in areas such as production, inventory management, and scheduling. Some common techniques include linear programming, nonlinear programming, integer programming, stochastic programming, queuing theory, and simulation modeling.
Operations Management VTU BE Mechanical 2015 Solved paperSomashekar S.M
The document provides information about operations management concepts including scientific management, productivity, ABC analysis, economic order quantity, and materials requirements planning. It defines each concept and provides examples to illustrate how they are applied. Scientific management aims to improve efficiency through systematic analysis of work processes. Productivity is a measure of output per unit of input. ABC analysis categorizes inventory items based on their value and usage to determine appropriate control methods. Economic order quantity and ordering cycle determine optimal replenishment amounts and frequencies to minimize total inventory costs. Materials requirements planning is a technique to plan material needs at different production levels based on a product structure tree.
- The physical-mathematical model of the actual natural or technological phenomena can include
different variables, the finite amount of which is defined by a researcher/conscious observer. The a priori
overall error inherent this model due its finiteness could be compared with the actual experimental measurement
error and should be useful in guiding future investigations. In this context, we propose a strategy relying on
thermodynamic theory of information processes, to estimate this error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small.
For the considered assumptions, the calculated error of the main researched variable, measured in conventional
field studies, should not be less than the error caused by the limited number of dimensional variables of the
physical-mathematical model. Examples of practical application of the proposed concept for spacecraft heating,
climate prediction, thermal energy storage and food freezing are discussed
Hi
we are student of Daffodil International University .
My teammate was Fatema Akter , Rashedul Islam And the respected teacher was Hasin rehana
Lecturer
Faculty of Science and Information Technology
The document discusses the importance of data quality, proper use of statistics, and correct interpretation of results in statistical analysis. It provides a 3 step approach: 1) Ensuring high quality data by addressing issues like missing values and outliers. 2) Appropriate use of statistical techniques after defining the variables and objectives clearly. Considering issues like correlation, normality, and model assumptions. 3) Careful interpretation of results while preserving the multidimensional nature of phenomena and considering partial correlations between variables. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between data miners, statisticians and domain experts for successful knowledge discovery.
The document discusses problem solving approaches and techniques in operations research. It defines operations research as using quantitative methods to assist decision-makers in designing, analyzing, and improving systems to make better decisions. The scientific approach involves studying differences between past and present cases while considering new environmental factors. Some quantitative techniques mentioned include break-even point analysis, financial analysis, and decision theory. The document also provides examples of linear programming models and their components.
1. The document proposes an approach to improve parametric estimation models when their assumptions are violated by analyzing estimation risk and uncertainty using a Bayesian discrimination function (BDF) neural network.
2. It applies the BDF within an Estimation Improvement Process (EIP) framework to mitigate estimation risks, improve models over time based on actual data, and evaluate model reliability.
3. A case study applies the approach to the NASA COCOMO dataset, analyzing errors to improve a model and reduce relative error magnitude.
The operation research book that involves all units including the lpp problems, integer programming problem, queuing theory, simulation Monte Carlo and more is covered in this digital material.
The document discusses numerical methods and their applications. Numerical methods provide approximate solutions to mathematical problems using arithmetic operations. They are used when analytical solutions cannot be found or are too complex. Numerical methods involve formulating a mathematical model, developing a numerical solution technique, implementing the technique, obtaining a solution, and validating the results. Engineering and science applications of numerical methods include modeling, scientific computing, modeling airflow over airplanes, estimating ocean currents, solving electromagnetics problems, and simulating shuttle tank separation.
ForecastingBUS255 GoalsBy the end of this chapter, y.docxbudbarber38650
Forecasting
BUS255
Goals
By the end of this chapter, you should know:
Importance of Forecasting
Various Forecasting Techniques
Choosing a Forecasting Method
2
Forecasting
Forecasts are done to predict future events for planning
Finance, human resources, marketing, operations, and supply chain managers need forecasts to plan
Forecasts are made on many different variables
Forecasts are important to managing both processes and managing supply chains
3
Key Decisions in Forecasting
Deciding what to forecast
Level of aggregation
Units of measurement
Choosing a forecasting system
Choosing a forecasting technique
4
5
Forecasting Techniques
Qualitative (Judgment) Methods
Sales force Estimates
Time-series Methods
Naïve Method
Causal Methods
Executive Opinion
Market Research
Delphi Method
Moving Averages
Exponential Smoothing
Regression Analysis
Qualitative (Judgment) methods
Salesforce estimates
Executive opinion
Market Research
The Delphi Method
Salesforce estimates: Forecasts derived from estimates provided by salesforce.
Executive opinion: Method in which opinions, experience, and technical knowledge of one or more managers are summarized to arrive at a single forecast.
Market research: A scientific study and analysis of data gathered from consumer surveys intended to learn consumer interest in a product or service.
Delphi method: A process of gaining consensus from a group of experts while maintaining their anonymity.
6
Case Study
Reference: Krajewski, Ritzman, Malhotra. (2010). Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, Ninth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. P. 42-43.
7
Case study questions
What information system is used by UNILEVER to manage forecasts?
What does UNILEVER do when statistical information is not useful for forecasting?
What types of qualitative methods are used by UNILEVER?
What were some suggestions provided to improve forecasting?
8
Causal methods – Linear Regression
A dependent variable is related to one or more independent variables by a linear equation
The independent variables are assumed to “cause” the results observed in the past
Simple linear regression model assumes a straight line relationship
9
Causal methods – Linear Regression
Y = a + bX
where
Y = dependent variable
X = independent variable
a = Y-intercept of the line
b = slope of the line
10
Causal methods – Linear Regression
Fit of the regression model
Coefficient of determination
Standard error of the estimate
Please go to in-class exercise sheet
Coefficient of determination: Also called r-squared. Measures the amount of variation in the dependent variable about its mean that is explained by the regression line. Range between 0 and 1. In general, larger values are better.
Standard error of the estimate: Measures how closely the data on the dependent variable cluster around the regression line. Smaller values are better.
11
Time Series
A time seri.
This document analyzes demand forecasting methods for four pharmaceutical products. Four forecasting methods - naive, cumulative mean, simple moving average, and exponential smoothing - were evaluated based on mean error, mean absolute percentage error, and mean squared error. Visual Basic for Applications was used to optimize parameters for simple moving average and exponential smoothing. The best method for each product was determined to be the one with the lowest mean squared error. Forecasts and 90% confidence intervals are presented for next-month demand.
This document summarizes the analysis of data from a pharmaceutical company to model and predict the output variable (titer) from input variables in a biochemical drug production process. Several statistical models were evaluated including linear regression, random forest, and MARS. The analysis involved developing blackbox models using only controlled input variables, snapshot models using all input variables at each time point, and history models incorporating changes in input variables over time to predict titer values. Model performance was compared using cross-validation.
This document discusses limitations and applications of statistics. It begins by covering limitations of statistics, such as it only dealing with quantitative data and groups/aggregates, and possible errors in statistical analysis. It then covers many fields that statistics can be applied to, such as actuarial science, biostatistics, econometrics, environmental statistics, epidemiology, and others. It concludes with sample multiple choice questions related to limitations and applications of statistics.
The document analyzes models for predicting loan default using a German credit dataset. It fits generalized linear models, generalized additive models, linear discriminant analysis, and classification trees to the data. Based on out-of-sample testing, the linear discriminant analysis model provided the best results with a minimum misclassification rate of 0.40 and maximum area under the ROC curve of 0.867. However, the performance of all the models was quite similar.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
The document discusses different types of mathematical models, including deterministic and probabilistic models. It provides examples of each. It also discusses building, verifying, and refining mathematical models. Additionally, it covers optimization models, their components including objective functions and constraints. Finally, it discusses specific types of optimization models like linear programming, network flow programming, and integer programming.
Similar to Calculus: Real World Application of Limits (20)
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. Team Members
BSSE 2020
Neha Haroon
BSSE 2020
Maheen Abdul
Wahid
BSSE 2020
Tatheer Zara
BSSE 2020
.
Abdur Rehman
47 24 66 6
Roll no.
COURSE: CALCULUS SUBMITTED TO: MISS HINA SALEEM
7-July-2020
3. Outline of Calculus
Why is Calculus Important ?
What is Limit?
Why do we need Limits?
Fields using Calculus Limits
01
02
03
04
05
Demonstration
Plan
4. Outline of Calculus
Calculus is the branch of mathematics that focuses on :
Limits
Functions
Derivatives
Integrals
And Infinite Series
5. Why Is Calculus Important?
As Calculus provides a mathematical model to many such experiments that are either practically impossible (.i.e.; speed of
light) or way too dangerous and expensive(Cancer treatment)
Calculus makes us able see through the future and the past, in endless dimensions.
We use calculus to explain everything that is in some kind of motion or change(WHICH IS PRETTY MUCH ALL THAT EXISTS
! )
Climate change or
Population growth
models
01
Spread of diseases
and preprations of
medicine
MEDICENE
03
Mechanisms to resolve
conflicts or deal with
Economic or Financial crisis
BUSINESS
02
Models to approximate
risk levels and
functionality
ENGINEERING
04
6. What Is a Limit ?
Our best prediction of a point we did’nt or cannot observe due to
mathematical black holes like :
Divide by
Zero
Complex
numbers
Infinity
(in any way)
General sense
It allows us to determine what value of a function is
approaching when we use a particular input
Rather than functions output, the value getting
close to is significant
7. 01
Limits let us ask ‘What if?’ for exceptional mathematical scenarios
The limits wonders’ if you can see everything except a single value, what
do you think ?
These are the questions the problem solvers ask for real world health,
business , mechenical, and civil problems
02
For things we want an accurate estimate or predication but we cant easily
measure as we can look beyond future etc
When do we use Limits in Real World ?
LIMITS REAL
REQUIREMNTS
Why do we need Limits ?
8. Implementations of Limits from Calculus
Weather Forecasting
Systems:
Meterologist use the numerical
approximation predications of Calculus
by numerous amount of Data collected
of current states
Medicine:
By using complex estimations
(approximation ) method of Calculus
Researchers evaluate the approximate .
Rate of disease shrink / growth
Sizes of a tumors or clots(increasing or decreasing)
Right timings for treatments
9. Implementations of Limits from Calculus
Complex Computations:
Limits are also used as real-life approximations
to calculating derivatives. It is very difficult to
calculate a derivative of complicated
motions in real-life situations. So, to make
calculations, engineers will approximate a
function using small differences in the a
function and then try and calculate
the derivative of the function by having
smaller and smaller spacing in the function
sample intervals.
Modern Physics and
Research:
Most of the modern physics principles
have grounds on Calculus as the
extraordinary experiments of
light and relativity are not
practically possible and
mathematical models provide a flexible
way of Research.
First real understanding of rates is
driven from limits
=> lim f(x) – f(xo)
x→xo x - xo
10. Implementations of Limits from Calculus:
Special Theory of Relativity:
Lorentz Factor relates the length contraction and
time dilation of an object to its velocity.
Anyway, the equation is :
1 = γ AND lim 1 = undefined
/1 – v² v→c / 1 - v²
√ c² √ c
∴ v ≠ c
Instantaneous Velocity:
As limits is tending certain value(s) to a veiled
or impossible value(tending= not practically, but
theoretically is achievable)
Example:
V(avg.)=dx/dt
V(inst.)=dx/dt where t → 0
here → (tending to) means velocity at an
exact certain point of time.
Some More Applications in Physics
This is also a sort of
mathematical proof that you
CANT DIVIDE BY ZERO(as you
can excede speed of light )
or the other way around.
11. Business:
Economist use the estimation methods of Calculus to all approximate all possibilities and limits to
the subtle behaviour of business by implementing bounded rationality concepts for
minimizing or maximizing the profit or loss
Limits of Calculus are also used for determining the most oppurtune times to buy or sell goods
or considering affects of price on the consumers purchase
Limits can be used when working on the concepts like Margins
Calculus can help us by providing a reasonable dependable way to record changes using
numbers and approximation
Probability and Statistics have there grounds on Calculus limits and functions
Implementations of Limits from Calculus
12. Architecture:
Architects use Limits as a means of
Analytical skills providing a reasonable
estimate of
Risk levels and Mathematical models on
grounds of the data provided . For
appropriate heights and loads which cannot
be computed in any other ways.
Implementations of Limits from Calculus
Engineers:
Almost all disciplines involve the mathematical
modeling which makes the work like for
aeronautical engineers for designing aircrafts is
completely based mathematical models and
testing using algorithms they measure the
limitations and measure the limits of the new
designs whether they can fly with load
appropriately before they practically crash them.
Model a gasoline, for a new car may be quite
complex for the designing team, as the
geometry of complex polynomials for the small
intervals called meshs. Whereas, as function
with the limits make the work quite simpler as
all the risks and approximations make the work
quite simpler.
13. THANK YOU
“Calculus is the most powerful weapon of thought yet devised by the wit of man”
~Wallace B. Smith~