This document presents the development of a microgrid central controller and hierarchical control system in the Intelligent Microgrid Lab at Aalborg University. The lab contains several inverter-based microgrid setups that can operate independently or be interconnected. Local primary control is implemented on dSPACE controllers while a LabVIEW-based central controller coordinates secondary and tertiary control functions. An example case of voltage/frequency restoration and voltage unbalance compensation is tested using hierarchical control across the different levels. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the overall control system.
IRJET- Impact and Control Study of LV Communication Networks with PV Pene...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact and control of low voltage communication networks with photovoltaic-integrated microgrids. The study designs a new smart microgrid system model using power line communication infrastructure. It contains distributed energy resources like photovoltaics and electric vehicles. The system is simulated in Matlab. Simulation results examine power quality under different microgrid situations when integrating photovoltaics as a distributed resource.
A Review Of Recent Development In Smart Grid And Micro Grid LaboratoriesJoaquin Hamad
This document summarizes recent developments in smart grid and micro-grid laboratories. It first discusses key features of smart grids, including their decentralized structure and integration of renewable energy. It then reviews several micro-grid laboratory projects in Europe, the US, and Japan that test control systems and other smart grid technologies at small scales. Finally, it outlines ongoing work at UTeM to develop a laboratory-scale micro-grid system to study issues like distributed energy emulation, synchronization with the main grid, and islanding detection.
An integrated framework_for_smart_microgrids_modeling_monitoring_control_comm...Premkumar K
The document proposes an integrated framework for modeling, monitoring, controlling, communicating, and verifying smart microgrids using service-oriented architectures. It discusses technical challenges in microgrid operation including dual grid-connected and islanding modes. The framework is intended to address issues like optimal generation scheduling, security assessment, demand management by enabling information exchange and integration with existing energy management systems. It aims to provide a platform, language, and vendor-independent solution.
This document describes a simulation model developed for testing microgrid and distributed energy resource (DER) control methods. The simulation model was built in PSIM software to emulate a hardware test bench consisting of a synchronous generator, DC motor prime mover, and CPT E13 inverter controller. The simulation allows development of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and governor control methods to regulate the generator's output voltage and frequency. Software controllers developed using the simulation model were then tested on the physical hardware system to validate the simulation as a design tool.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
Improving Control Performance in DC Micro-Grids with Distributed GenerationsIJAPEJOURNAL
DC micro-grids are attracting more and more attention due to their capability to lead to more efficient integration of distributed generation compared with traditional AC micro-grids. In this paper, a hierarchical control architecture is proposed to improve the control performance of DC micro-grid with distributed generations (DGs), which utilize a global controller (GC) to optimize the overall process and a number of distributed local controllers (LCs) associated with each subsystem. The measurement reliability of each LC is guaranteed by an associated measurement validation module which is developed based on Polynomial Chaos Theory (PCT). The system efficiency and robust is counted in the design of GC, where synergetic control theory is adopted. Numerical simulations have been done to verify the proposed method, and the simulation results show good consistency with theoretical analysis.
This document describes a smart home energy management system that monitors and schedules home appliances using Zigbee technology. The system consists of an energy management center (EMC) with a graphical user interface to view energy usage data and control appliances. It also includes a load scheduling algorithm based on the knapsack problem to optimize scheduling and reduce electricity costs by shifting loads to off-peak times. The system was implemented using hardware with a microcontroller and Zigbee transceiver to interface appliances and communicate with the EMC software.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS IN SMART GRIDS: STATE OF THE ART AND EMERGING TR...ijaia
The electric grid is radically evolving into the smart grid, which is characterized by improved energy
efficiency of available resources. The smart grid permits interactions among its computational and physical
elements thanks to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs provide
energy management algorithms and allow renewable energy integration and energy price minimization.
Given the importance of renewable energy, many researchers developed energy management (EM)
algorithms to minimize renewable energy intermittency. EM plays an important role in the control of users'
energy consumption and enables increased consumer participation in the market. These algorithms provide
consumers with information about their energy consumption patterns and help them adopt energy-efficient
behaviour. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the energy management algorithms. We define
a set of requirements for EM algorithms and evaluate them qualitatively. We also discuss emerging tools
and trends in this area.
IRJET- Impact and Control Study of LV Communication Networks with PV Pene...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact and control of low voltage communication networks with photovoltaic-integrated microgrids. The study designs a new smart microgrid system model using power line communication infrastructure. It contains distributed energy resources like photovoltaics and electric vehicles. The system is simulated in Matlab. Simulation results examine power quality under different microgrid situations when integrating photovoltaics as a distributed resource.
A Review Of Recent Development In Smart Grid And Micro Grid LaboratoriesJoaquin Hamad
This document summarizes recent developments in smart grid and micro-grid laboratories. It first discusses key features of smart grids, including their decentralized structure and integration of renewable energy. It then reviews several micro-grid laboratory projects in Europe, the US, and Japan that test control systems and other smart grid technologies at small scales. Finally, it outlines ongoing work at UTeM to develop a laboratory-scale micro-grid system to study issues like distributed energy emulation, synchronization with the main grid, and islanding detection.
An integrated framework_for_smart_microgrids_modeling_monitoring_control_comm...Premkumar K
The document proposes an integrated framework for modeling, monitoring, controlling, communicating, and verifying smart microgrids using service-oriented architectures. It discusses technical challenges in microgrid operation including dual grid-connected and islanding modes. The framework is intended to address issues like optimal generation scheduling, security assessment, demand management by enabling information exchange and integration with existing energy management systems. It aims to provide a platform, language, and vendor-independent solution.
This document describes a simulation model developed for testing microgrid and distributed energy resource (DER) control methods. The simulation model was built in PSIM software to emulate a hardware test bench consisting of a synchronous generator, DC motor prime mover, and CPT E13 inverter controller. The simulation allows development of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and governor control methods to regulate the generator's output voltage and frequency. Software controllers developed using the simulation model were then tested on the physical hardware system to validate the simulation as a design tool.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
Improving Control Performance in DC Micro-Grids with Distributed GenerationsIJAPEJOURNAL
DC micro-grids are attracting more and more attention due to their capability to lead to more efficient integration of distributed generation compared with traditional AC micro-grids. In this paper, a hierarchical control architecture is proposed to improve the control performance of DC micro-grid with distributed generations (DGs), which utilize a global controller (GC) to optimize the overall process and a number of distributed local controllers (LCs) associated with each subsystem. The measurement reliability of each LC is guaranteed by an associated measurement validation module which is developed based on Polynomial Chaos Theory (PCT). The system efficiency and robust is counted in the design of GC, where synergetic control theory is adopted. Numerical simulations have been done to verify the proposed method, and the simulation results show good consistency with theoretical analysis.
This document describes a smart home energy management system that monitors and schedules home appliances using Zigbee technology. The system consists of an energy management center (EMC) with a graphical user interface to view energy usage data and control appliances. It also includes a load scheduling algorithm based on the knapsack problem to optimize scheduling and reduce electricity costs by shifting loads to off-peak times. The system was implemented using hardware with a microcontroller and Zigbee transceiver to interface appliances and communicate with the EMC software.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS IN SMART GRIDS: STATE OF THE ART AND EMERGING TR...ijaia
The electric grid is radically evolving into the smart grid, which is characterized by improved energy
efficiency of available resources. The smart grid permits interactions among its computational and physical
elements thanks to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs provide
energy management algorithms and allow renewable energy integration and energy price minimization.
Given the importance of renewable energy, many researchers developed energy management (EM)
algorithms to minimize renewable energy intermittency. EM plays an important role in the control of users'
energy consumption and enables increased consumer participation in the market. These algorithms provide
consumers with information about their energy consumption patterns and help them adopt energy-efficient
behaviour. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the energy management algorithms. We define
a set of requirements for EM algorithms and evaluate them qualitatively. We also discuss emerging tools
and trends in this area.
Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta an...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the modeling and real-time digital simulation of two
microgrids: the malta college of arts, science and technology (MCAST) and the
german jordan university (GJU). The aim is to provide an overview of future
microgrid situation and capabilities with the benefits of integrating renewable
energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic panels, diesel generators and
energy storage systems for projects on both campuses. The significance of this
work starts with the fact that real measurements were used from the two pilots,
obtained by measuring the real physical systems. These measures were used to
plan different solutions regarding RES and energy storage system (ESS)
topologies and sizes. Also, the demand curves for the real microgrids of
MCAST and GJU have been parameterized, which may serve as a test bed for
other studies in this area. Based on actual data collected from the two pilots, a
real-time digital simulation is performed using an RT-LAB platform. The
results obtained by this tool allow the microgrid manager to have a very
accurate vision of the facility operation, in terms of power flow and default
responses. Several scenarios are studied, extracting valuable insight for
implementing both projects in the future. Eventually, the proposed models
would be a blueprint for training and research purposes in the microgrid field.
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical ...journalBEEI
Intelligent management of the electrical network is the implementation of an integrated system based on a reliable and secure communication architecture for transmitting end-to-end information between the equipment and the management system. The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent telecontrol solution for the electrical distribution network combining communication techniques and an intelligent reconfiguration strategy. The solution is based on a graphic model and a secure communication architecture using the internet of things to ensure flexibility in terms of management of the intelligent network. This intelligent multi-criteria solution uses a secure communication architecture and the MQTT protocol to ensure system interoperability and security. The tests were carried out on the IEEE 33 bus network and consequently, an optimization of the losses and a clear improvement in the nodal voltage were recorded despite the variation of the electric charge.
The document presents a novel approach for implementing secondary control in droop-controlled microgrids in a distributed manner rather than through a central microgrid controller. The proposed distributed secondary control approach is able to restore frequency and voltage deviations in the microgrid while also ensuring accurate reactive power sharing between distributed generation units. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the distributed secondary control approach. Communication latency and data dropouts are also studied to evaluate the impact on the control system performance.
Microgrid energy management system for smart home using multi-agent systemIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a multi-agent system for energy management in a microgrid for smart home applications, the microgrid comprises a photovoltaic source, battery energy storage, electrical loads, and an energy management system (EMS) based on smart agents. The microgrid can be connected to the grid or operating in island mode. All distributed sources are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate a dynamic model of each electrical component. The agent proposed can interact with each other to find the best strategy for energy management using the java agent development framework (JADE) simulator. Furthermore, the proposed agent framework is also validated through a different case study, the efficiency of the proposed approach to schedule local resources and energy management for microgrid is analyzed. The simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed approach using Simulink/JADE co-simulation.
This document discusses modelling and optimization in microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and differentiating them from similar network structures like standalone grids and hybrid power plants. It then describes the various layers of a microgrid system, including the component, communication, information, application, and business layers. The rest of the document focuses on simulating and optimizing a microgrid case study to aid in sizing the components.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel optimization framework to minimize power drainage in mobile devices using multicarrier-based communication. The framework aims to maintain equilibrium between maximizing data delivery and minimizing transmit power. An analytical model considers multiple radio antennas in mobile devices and includes constraints for data quality and threshold power. The outcome is evaluated based on the amount of power conserved. Testing found the approach offers maximum energy conservation while being compatible with existing mobile network systems.
Servant-ModLeach Energy Efficient Cluster Base Routing Protocol for Large Sca...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new routing protocol called Servant-MODLEACH (S-MODLEACH) to address some challenges in the MODLEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. S-MODLEACH introduces servant nodes that are responsible for data aggregation to reduce the workload on cluster heads. It also selects cluster heads based on residual energy rather than probability, allowing nodes with higher energy to serve as cluster heads for longer. Simulation results showed S-MODLEACH performs better than MODLEACH in terms of throughput, energy conservation, and extending network lifetime.
A Pilot Experience for the Integration of Distributed Generation in Active Di...davidtrebolle
The last years in Europe, the growing penetration of Distributed Generation (DG), (mainly q combination of heat and power (CHP) and renewable), has demonstrated the necessity of facing the impacts and opportunities of new distributed energy resources connected to medium and low voltage grids by means of research projects. The need of demonstration projects on voltage control with DG to increase the hosting capacity has been identified and a noteworthy number of initiatives have been carried out in the European Union. This paper presents the experience of Unión Fenosa Distribución in PRICE-GDI, a pilot project which aims for the integration of DG in active distribution systems. Besides the adopted solution for the monitoring and control of the generation, this paper explains the main results regarding the voltage control in low and medium voltage grids with distributed energy resources
A REVIEW OF SELF HEALING SMART GRIDS USING THE MULTIAGENT SYSTEMijiert bestjournal
This document reviews techniques for self-healing smart grids using multi-agent systems. It summarizes three papers that propose different multi-agent based approaches: 1) A distribution automation solution using substation, load, and restoration agents; 2) A cooperative agent architecture with bus, distributed generator, zone, and global agents; 3) An overload relief strategy using wide area measurements and a unified power flow controller. The techniques aim to automate fault detection, location, and restoration to improve grid reliability through self-healing capabilities.
Final year project ideas for electrical engineering eepowerschool.comMuhammad Sarwar
Final year project is the ultimate achievement of an electrical engineering graduate. The idea
of a final year project is to practically implement the technical and professional skills learned.
Graduates work on different final year project ideas. The title of an FYP should be novel and
the project must have a positive impact on the society. Many students choose their FYP topic
in a haste, and at the end of completion, it’s no good for them. So, choose your final year
project wisely and give a lot of thinking while choosing final year project ideas for your
electrical engineering degree.
This post gives a complete list of final year project ideas for electrical engineering students. A
short summary (or synopsis) of the project has also been given to get the complete
understanding of the project. The summary contains a short introduction, methodology and
project outcomes.
Undergraduate students of BSEE are encouraged to pick a topic that would implement a novel
research idea. Though, only simulations can also be used instead of a design project. Various
simulation softwares are available to implement the FYP e.g, Matlab/Simulink, Power World
Simulator, ETAP, Digsilent PowerFactory, PSCAD etc.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
The integration of smart meters into electrical grids bangladesh chapterAlexander Decker
This document discusses the integration of smart meters into electrical grids in Bangladesh. It proposes a design for smart metering in Bangladesh that uses existing communication infrastructure like GSM networks and fiber optic lines set up by power utilities. Key parts of the proposed system include a home area network to enable two-way communication between utilities and consumers, and the use of power line carrier technology for wired communication within homes and wireless local area networks for additional connectivity. The system is intended to provide utilities with energy usage data from consumers and allow control of appliances without requiring new construction.
11.the integration of smart meters into electrical grids bangladesh chapterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about integrating smart meters into electrical grids in Bangladesh. It discusses key aspects of smart metering technology including automated meter reading (AMR), automated metering infrastructure (AMI), and automated meter management (AMM). It proposes a design for Bangladesh that would use power line communication (PLC) and wireless technologies. It details the key components of smart meters including the metering unit, communication unit, and disconnect unit. It also discusses ensuring secure operation and implementing a variable tariff plan.
Energy Management System in Microgrid with ANFIS Control Scheme using Heurist...IRJET Journal
1. Premise: The document discusses an energy management system for a microgrid that uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control scheme.
2. Consequence: It is proposed that ANFIS control can efficiently manage power balancing in a microgrid system with renewable energy sources and an energy storage system. The ANFIS control scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate its effectiveness in mitigating power fluctuations during varying loads.
3. Resolution: The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed ANFIS control scheme can function as both an energy management system and battery management system for a microgrid system with renewable energy sources.
IEC 61850-9-2 based module for state estimation in co-simulated power grids IJECEIAES
This paper presents a research context on the virtualization of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and real-time power grids simulation with state estimation. In this research, real-time simulation is introduced to use powerful features for validating state estimation solutions with PMUs. Virtual and online measurement equipment are reviewed in this manuscript to develop an innovative integration of the OpenPMU incorporated with a real-time simulation power grid and additional virtualized PMUs. The implementation of the platform has useful features within the infrastructure that allows the user to reproduce a detailed modeled power grid with simulation software. The use of real-time simulation tools brings several possibilities for improving testing and prototype assessment with higher precision in different applications. In this case, 2 tests power systems are evaluated by realistic integration of IEC61850-9-2 data utilization to observe the performance of a customized state estimation approach. The study implements a versatile methodology for commissioning OpenPMU devices, interacting simultaneously with additional virtual PMUs within the same simulation through sampled values (SV) to validate the measurement frames and assess the estimation with the generated data. Finally, the proposed work identifies the potential of virtualizing PMUs and the features of the OpenPMU applied to state estimation in conjunction with real-time simulation data
IRJET- Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources for DC MicrogridIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization of renewable energy sources for DC microgrids. It proposes integrating wind and solar energy generation with battery storage in a microgrid connected to buildings. This hybrid system improves reliability by reducing storage needs when the generation sources have opposing output cycles. The document models and simulates such a system, showing the wind and solar outputs, storage controller, and grid connection. Integrating distributed renewable sources with storage in microgrids helps stabilize grids with intermittent generation and maximize use of transmission infrastructure.
First Steps Toward Scientific Cyber-Security Experimentation in Wide-Area Cyb...DETER-Project
Abstract: Steps towards an environment for repeatable and scalable experiments on wide-area cyber-physical systems. The cyber-physical systems that underlie the world's critical infrastructure are increasingly vulnerable to attack and failure. Our work has focused on secure and resilient communication technology for the electric power grid, a subset of the general cyber-physical problem. We have demonstrated tools and methodology for experimentation with GridStat, a middleware system designed to provide enhanced communication service for the grid, within the DeterLab cyber-security testbed. Experiment design tools for DeterLab and for GridStat will ease the creation and execution of relatively large experiments, and they should make this environment accessible to users inexperienced with cluster testbeds. This abstract presents brief overviews of DeterLab and of GridStat and describes their integration. It also describes a large scale GridStat/DeterLab experiment.
For more information, visit: http://www.deter-project.org
Defining Control Strategies for Micro Grids Islanded Operation with Maximum P...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper explains about an intelligent control method for the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with different
temperature and insolation conditions. This method uses a fuzzy logic
controller applied to a DC-DC converter. The different steps of the design of
this controller are presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of
control methods to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it
becomes isolated. Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode
with the medium voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation
can take place. In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to
operate stably and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage
devices and load to take off strategies is included in this paper. The MPPT of
a photovoltaic system for Micro Grid operaion using a Fuzzy logic control
scheme is successfully designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink
Software.
Optimal control in microgrid using multi agent reinforcement learningISA Interchange
This paper presents an improved reinforcement learning method to minimize electricity costs on the premise of satisfying the power balance and generation limit of units in a microgrid with grid- connected mode. Firstly, the microgrid control requirements are analyzed and the objective function of optimal control for microgrid is proposed. Then, a state variable ‘‘Average Electricity Price Trend’’ which is used to express the most possible transitions of the system is developed so as to reduce the complexity and randomicity of the microgrid, and a multi-agent architecture including agents, state variables, action variables and reward function is formulated. Furthermore, dynamic hierarchical reinforcement learning, based on change rate of key state variable, is established to carry out optimal policy exploration. The analysis shows that the proposed method is beneficial to handle the problem of ‘‘curse of dimensionality’’ and speed up learning in the unknown large-scale world. Finally, the simulation results under JADE (Java Agent Development Framework) demonstrate the validity of the presented method in optimal control for a microgrid with grid-connected mode.
This document summarizes a research paper on microgrid digital twins. It introduces the concept of a microgrid digital twin, which creates a virtual representation of a microgrid that mirrors the behavior of the physical system using real-time data exchange. The paper discusses how microgrid digital twins can be established through modeling physical components and processes, connecting real-time data sources, and continuously updating models. A variety of applications of microgrid digital twins are explored, including design, control, forecasting, fault diagnosis, and resilient operation management. Future trends around increasing data sources, analytics capabilities, and integration of artificial intelligence are also discussed.
Virtual power lines (VPLs) use energy storage systems, such as large batteries, to integrate renewable energy into electric grids and avoid or delay costly infrastructure upgrades. VPLs connect storage at two points - one near renewable generators to store excess power that cannot be transmitted, and another near demand centers to discharge stored power when transmission capacity is limited. This allows renewable power to be transmitted virtually along battery-supported pathways rather than building new wires. VPLs can integrate higher shares of renewable energy faster and more cost-effectively than traditional grid expansions.
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This paper presents the modeling and real-time digital simulation of two
microgrids: the malta college of arts, science and technology (MCAST) and the
german jordan university (GJU). The aim is to provide an overview of future
microgrid situation and capabilities with the benefits of integrating renewable
energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic panels, diesel generators and
energy storage systems for projects on both campuses. The significance of this
work starts with the fact that real measurements were used from the two pilots,
obtained by measuring the real physical systems. These measures were used to
plan different solutions regarding RES and energy storage system (ESS)
topologies and sizes. Also, the demand curves for the real microgrids of
MCAST and GJU have been parameterized, which may serve as a test bed for
other studies in this area. Based on actual data collected from the two pilots, a
real-time digital simulation is performed using an RT-LAB platform. The
results obtained by this tool allow the microgrid manager to have a very
accurate vision of the facility operation, in terms of power flow and default
responses. Several scenarios are studied, extracting valuable insight for
implementing both projects in the future. Eventually, the proposed models
would be a blueprint for training and research purposes in the microgrid field.
Implementation of a decentralized real-time management system for electrical ...journalBEEI
Intelligent management of the electrical network is the implementation of an integrated system based on a reliable and secure communication architecture for transmitting end-to-end information between the equipment and the management system. The main objective of this work is to develop an intelligent telecontrol solution for the electrical distribution network combining communication techniques and an intelligent reconfiguration strategy. The solution is based on a graphic model and a secure communication architecture using the internet of things to ensure flexibility in terms of management of the intelligent network. This intelligent multi-criteria solution uses a secure communication architecture and the MQTT protocol to ensure system interoperability and security. The tests were carried out on the IEEE 33 bus network and consequently, an optimization of the losses and a clear improvement in the nodal voltage were recorded despite the variation of the electric charge.
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This paper proposes a multi-agent system for energy management in a microgrid for smart home applications, the microgrid comprises a photovoltaic source, battery energy storage, electrical loads, and an energy management system (EMS) based on smart agents. The microgrid can be connected to the grid or operating in island mode. All distributed sources are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink to simulate a dynamic model of each electrical component. The agent proposed can interact with each other to find the best strategy for energy management using the java agent development framework (JADE) simulator. Furthermore, the proposed agent framework is also validated through a different case study, the efficiency of the proposed approach to schedule local resources and energy management for microgrid is analyzed. The simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed approach using Simulink/JADE co-simulation.
This document discusses modelling and optimization in microgrids. It begins by defining microgrids and differentiating them from similar network structures like standalone grids and hybrid power plants. It then describes the various layers of a microgrid system, including the component, communication, information, application, and business layers. The rest of the document focuses on simulating and optimizing a microgrid case study to aid in sizing the components.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
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Final year project ideas for electrical engineering eepowerschool.comMuhammad Sarwar
Final year project is the ultimate achievement of an electrical engineering graduate. The idea
of a final year project is to practically implement the technical and professional skills learned.
Graduates work on different final year project ideas. The title of an FYP should be novel and
the project must have a positive impact on the society. Many students choose their FYP topic
in a haste, and at the end of completion, it’s no good for them. So, choose your final year
project wisely and give a lot of thinking while choosing final year project ideas for your
electrical engineering degree.
This post gives a complete list of final year project ideas for electrical engineering students. A
short summary (or synopsis) of the project has also been given to get the complete
understanding of the project. The summary contains a short introduction, methodology and
project outcomes.
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1. Aalborg Universitet
Microgrid Central Controller Development and Hierarchical Control Implementation in
the Intelligent MicroGrid Lab of Aalborg University
Meng, Lexuan; Savaghebi, Mehdi; Andrade, Fabio ; Quintero, Juan Carlos Vasquez;
Guerrero, Josep M.; Graells, Moises
Published in:
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)
DOI (link to publication from Publisher):
10.1109/APEC.2015.7104716
Publication date:
2015
Document Version
Early version, also known as pre-print
Link to publication from Aalborg University
Citation for published version (APA):
Meng, L., Savaghebi, M., Andrade, F., Vasquez, J. C., Guerrero, J. M., & Graells, M. (2015). Microgrid Central
Controller Development and Hierarchical Control Implementation in the Intelligent MicroGrid Lab of Aalborg
University. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). (pp.
2585 - 2592 ). IEEE Press. (I E E E Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Conference
Proceedings). 10.1109/APEC.2015.7104716
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2. Microgrid Central Controller Development and
Hierarchical Control Implementation in the Intelligent
MicroGrid Lab of Aalborg University
Lexuan Meng, Mehdi Savaghebi, Fabio Andrade,
Juan C. Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero
Microgrids Research Programme: www.microgrids.et.aau.dk
Department of Energy Technology
Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark
{lme, mes, far, juq, joz}@et.aau.dk
Moisès Graells
Departament d’Enginyeria Química
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,
Barcelona, Spain
moises.graells@upc.edu
Abstract—This paper presents the development of a
microgrid central controller in an inverter-based intelligent
microgrid (iMG) lab in Aalborg University, Denmark. The iMG
lab aims to provide a flexible experimental platform for
comprehensive studies of microgrids. The complete control
system applied in this lab is based on the hierarchical control
scheme for microgrids and includes primary, secondary and
tertiary control. The structure of the lab, including the lab
facilities, configurations and communication network, is first
introduced. Primary control loops are developed in
MATLAB/Simulink and compiled to dSPACEs for local control
purposes. In order to realize system supervision and proper
secondary and tertiary management, a LabVIEW-based
microgrid central controller is also developed. The software and
hardware schemes are described. An example case is introduced
and tested in the iMG lab for voltage/frequency restoration and
voltage unbalance compensation. Experimental results are
presented to show the performance of the whole system.
Keywords—microgrid central controller, secondary control,
voltage unbalance compensation, intelligent microgrid lab
I. INTRODUCTION
The MicroGrid (MG) concept has been proposed for
efficient and flexible utilization of distributed energy resources
[1]. According to the US Department of Energy (DOE), as well
as Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), a MG is a group
of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within
clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single
controllable entity with respect to the grid. It may connect or
disconnect from such grid to enable it to operate in both grid-
connected or “island” mode. In that way, it provides a more
flexible and reliable energy system. The capability of
integrating different kinds of distributed energy resources and
generators (DGs), such as renewable energy, storage system
and micro turbines, improves the sustainability and efficiency
of the overall system.
However, the perfect ideal comes with challenges for the
overall system control and management, such as power
sharing, power quality, stability, environmental influence and
economic issues. The realization of these objectives relies not
Fig. 1. Benchmark microgrid system.
only on the well planning and design of MG systems but also
on efficient and intelligent operating of the MG components
without ignoring the practicability considerations. With the
development of power electronics, power converter interfaced
DG units are able to provide reliable power supply to consumer
side and enable the integration of advanced control algorithms.
The use of a hierarchical control scheme has been proposed
for MGs in order to manage objectives in different time scales,
technical fields and significances [2], [3], as it was proposed
for manufacturing [4], power systems [5], [6], process systems
[7], and in general terms, for large complex systems [8].
Dedicated control algorithms are placed in different layers with
necessary information/signal exchange between them but with
decoupled behaviors. Usually a three-level hierarchy is
considered comprising primary, secondary and tertiary control
levels. Primary control is implemented in local DG controllers
The intelligent MicroGrid Lab in Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
is supported by Det Obelske Familiefond (The Obel Family Foundation),
ABB and Kamstrup A/S.
This document downloaded from www.microgrids.et.aau.dk is the preprint version of the final paper:
L. Meng, M. Savaghebi, F. Andrade, J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, and M. Graells, "Microgrid Central Controller Development and Hierarchical Control
Implementation in the Intelligent MicroGrid Lab of Aalborg University," in Proc. IEEE APEC 2015
3. (DGCs) including inner voltage/current control loops and
power sharing control loops. It ensures the stable operation of
the DGs and distributed power sharing among them. Moreover,
in order to enhance the system power quality [9]–[11] and
achieve accurate power sharing [12], [13], secondary control
approaches can be developed which act over primary control
loops by sending adjustment and compensation references. In
the tertiary level, optimization and decision making functions
can be applied which give optimal set-points to lower level
controllers achieving intelligent and more efficient operation of
the whole system [11], [14]–[17]. In addition, the
synchronization and reconnection with external grids is based
on the cooperation between secondary and tertiary levels. From
primary, secondary levels to tertiary control level, the control
bandwidths are decreased to achieve the decoupled behavior
between layers, which also simplifies the implementation of
higher-level controllers as well as the system stability analysis.
Thanks to the advances in information and communication
technologies, the real world implementation of the above
mentioned control levels can be actualized with centralized,
distributed or hybrid fashions. Consider the benchmark MG
shown in Fig. 1 [18], in which DGs are connected to the system
in a distributed way supplying consumers, i.e. neighborhood,
university, hospital, etc. A point of common coupling (PCC)
usually exists where the MG is connected to external grids.
Power converters are necessary interfaces between DGs and
the MG system. DGCs are implemented to perform primary
control functions. Typically, an MG central controller (MGCC)
is also needed to coordinate the DGs and manage the overall
MG as one integrated entity. As the performing of the
secondary and tertiary control functions requires the global
information collection, these control levels are mostly
implemented in MGCC [9]–[17], [19]–[24]. Communication
links are essentially needed between DGCs and the MGCC,
while the type and bandwidth of the communication should be
carefully designed according to the control requirements [25].
The test and verification of the control algorithms as well as
measurements and communication infrastructure require
rationally conducted laboratory experiments. Aiming at the
comprehensive study for power converter based MG systems,
an intelligent MG (iMG) lab is established in the department of
energy technology in Aalborg University [26], [27], which is
introduced in detail in Section II. A study case is established in
Section III and implemented in the system. Section IV presents
the experimental results with discussions over the system
performance. Section V gives the conclusion and future plan.
Fig. 2. Overview of iMG lab facilities.
4. II. LAB CONFIGURATION AND FACILITIES
The combination of hierarchical control structure with
proper design of the hardware structure formulates a
generalized and expandable experimental platform in iMG lab.
The details of the lab are introduced in this section.
A. Lab Overview
With the prevalent utilization of power converters as
interfacing devices, the control and operation of them become
critical issues. Generally, sorts of DG units, such as wind
turbine and photo-voltaic panels, are connected to the grid
through grid inverters realizing not only the power conversion
from DC input to AC output, but also the advanced capabilities
like active/reactive power control, voltage ride-through,
reactive power injection due to fault conditions, etc. Based on
this scheme, a MG emulation setup is designed and established
as shown in Fig. 2. Four Danfoss inverters (FC302, 2.2kW) are
equipped in each setup working as the interfacing power
converters between DGs and the utility side. The DC side of
these inverters can be powered either by a real energy resource,
such as photo-voltaic panels, wind turbines, flywheel energy
storage system, etc., or by a bidirectional power supply, in this
case an 80kVA unit, emulating sorts of resources. The AC
sides of the inverters are connected to a common load bus
through filters and contactors. Detailed electrical scheme of
each setup is shown in Fig. 3. Smart meters are also
implemented for total generation and consumption
measurement as well as energy management functions.
Besides, as the ultimate objective of future power system is
to realize flexible operation of the whole system with the
capability of dividing each fraction into an independent MG
system, several MG setups can be operated together to emulate
different conditions and study cases. For example, several MG
setups can be connected to the main grid while each MG
pursues its own objectives; several setups can also be
interconnected formulating a multi-zone islanded MG system,
while each sub-MG has the flexibility to connect/disconnect
to/from the system, such as the case shown in Fig. 1.
Moreover, when an MG is considered as an autonomous
system, proper coordination between DGs is required. In this
case, an MGCC can be deployed to introduce more
‘intelligence’ to the system by integrating advanced control
methods and optimization algorithms. Essential information
from each setup is collected and sent to MGCC for supervision
and higher-level regulation. Communication links are needed.
UDP/IP based wired and wireless Ethernet links are used now
in iMG lab for the setup-to-setup and setup-to-MGCC
information exchange. In addition, this architecture does not
limit the application of this system into totally centralized
cases, MGCC may also act as coordinator while transfer the
‘power’ to local side. In this way a distributed decision-making
scheme, also named multi-agent system, can be adopted.
Accordingly, the system is considered with high flexibility
with potential to execute comprehensive MG studies.
B. Communication and Information Flow
The details about the system architecture and information
flow are given in Fig. 4. The MG setup components, including
Fig. 3. iMG lab setup details.
the inverters and all the contactors, are controlled by the DGCs.
It sends digital signals to inverters for enable and reset
functions and to contactors for dis-/connecting components
(inverters, transformer and loads). Inverters are also switched
by the power width modulation (PWM) signals from the DGC.
The DGC functions, including the primary control loops, are
developed using MATLAB/Simulink and compiled into
dSPACE for execution. Essential measurements are
implemented by using voltage and current sensors for obtaining
voltage and current curves. These signals are first used by
primary control loops, some of them are also transmitted to
MGCC for higher-level regulation purposes. For
communication purpose, an Ethernet communication card
(DS4121) is equipped in dSPACE. Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) Ethernet card is installed in MGCC and
used for communicating with dSPACEs based on UDP/IP.
LabVIEW software is used in MGCC, as an example, for
developing user-interface as well as secondary and tertiary
control functions.
A generalized MGCC architecture and information flow is
also shown in Fig. 4. Basically, a database is required for
storing and providing critical information, which can be used
for daily record, data analysis, prediction and short-/long term
scheduling purposes. A powerful solver, such as CONOPT and
CPLEX, along with a proper algebraic modeling language (i.e.
GAMS, AMPL, etc.) can be applied for solving a scheduling or
optimization problem when needed. As the core of MGCC, an
interfacing tool with capability of communicating with external
world (human interface and inter-communication with other
equipment) is needed. Sorts of programming languages, such
as C language, C++, Python, MATLAB and LabVIEW, can be
used to develop this part. Basic control functions can also be
developed by using them. As an example, this paper deploys
LabVIEW language to develop a user-interface and secondary
control functions. The next Section is dedicated to the details
about this example case.
5. III. CASE STUDY AND HIERARCHICAL CONTROL SCHEME
A high power quality area is considered in the MG system
shown in Fig. 1, e.g., the electric utilities used in the hospital
require reliable power supply with desirable power quality. As
droop control is applied in each DGC, voltage and frequency
(V/f) deviations are inevitable. In addition, the presence of
single-phase load causes voltage unbalances which may affect
the performance of sensitive apparatus as well as the stability
of the system. Instead of using additional compensation
facilities, a hierarchical control scheme can be applied to
employ DG units as distributed compensators for voltage
unbalance compensation and V/f restoration. The hierarchical
control scheme is shown in Fig. 5. In each local area, the DGs
are connected to a common load bus (CLB) through LCL
filters, and the inductor current (iL), capacitor voltage (vC) and
output current (iO) are measured by DGC. Several control loops
are implemented in each DGC including voltage/current inner
loop, droop control and virtual impedance loop, which form the
primary control level. PWM signals are generated to control
the DG interfacing inverter. The energy resources are modeled
as DC voltage sources fed to the interfacing inverters.
A. Primary Control Loops
The primary control includes current and voltage control
loops, active and reactive power droop control loops and
virtual impedance loops. All the control loops are designed in
αβ frame. The output active and reactive power of the inverter
is first calculated based on the instantaneous power theory [28].
Positive sequence active and reactive power (P+
and Q+
) can
be extracted by using low pass filters (LPF). The calculated P+
and Q+
are then used by droop controller for P+
/Q+
sharing
control, as defined in [9], [29].
In addition to droop control, a virtual impedance loop [9],
[29] is implemented so as to ensure decoupling of P+
and Q+
,
and to make the system more damped without inducing
additional losses.
In order to track non-dc variables, proportional-resonant
(PR) controllers are used in the voltage and current control
Fig. 4. Detailed architecture and information flow.
6. loops [9], [29]. More details about the primary control loops
can be found in [9].
B. Secondary Control Loops
In MGCC, three control functions are implemented: voltage
unbalance compensation [9], voltage restoration and frequency
restoration [2], [3]. Four essential information, voltage
unbalance factor (VUFCLB) [30], negative sequence voltage in
dq reference ( NEG
CLBdq
v ), voltage amplitude (ECLB) and frequency
(fCLB) are measured by remote sensor in PCC and sent to
MGCC. They are then compared with desired/nominal values
(VUF*
, EMG
*
, fMG
*
) and the differences are fed into proportional
integral (PI) controllers to generate compensation references
(UCRdq, E
δ , f
δ ).
In top of the MGCC, a tertiary controller can also be
installed for adjusting the set-points in primary and secondary
control, i.e. VUF*
, EMG
*
, fMG
*
. For the intelligent and economic
operation, a decision making procedure can be deployed to
decide the optimal setting points for lower level controllers,
such as the cases studied in [11], [31].
C. Implementation
The implementation of the three control loops has been
done by using LabVIEW (Fig. 5). The control loop in
LabVIEW is based on the PID virtual instrument (VI) with a
while loop and its shift registers, which is suitable for basic PI
control applications. Three dedicated loops are established for
voltage/frequency restoration and voltage unbalance control.
The measured frequency, voltage and VUF values are received
from DGCs (dSPACE) through communication links, and
stored in the shift registers. Then, the PID VI compares the
measured value with reference value and sends adjustment
references (UCRdq, E
δ , f
δ ) back to dSPACE. The lower
level control loops in dSPACE follow these references and
properly switch the inverters.
The time constant of the discrete-time while loop and the
PID parameters can be adjusted in order to well tune the overall
control system.
IV. DEMONSTRATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS
The study case and control algorithm introduced above are
implemented in the MG setups to test the performance of the
lab facilities and the hierarchical control scheme. The electrical
system parameters are shown in Fig. 3. Detailed parameters of
the inner control loops and primary control loops can be found
in [11]. The secondary control is implemented in LabVIEW by
using the PID control virtual instrument. The PID loop is
defined as:
Fig. 5. Example case hierarchical control and its implementation.
7. 0
1 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t
PID c d
i
de
G s K e e d T
T dt
τ
τ τ τ
⎡ ⎤
= + +
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
∫ (1)
where Kc is the gain parameter, Ti and Td are the integral and
derivative time respectively. The detailed secondary control
parameters are given in the next part.
The supervision interface in MGCC is shown in Fig. 6.
Generally, it gives information of the MG setups, such as the
operation status of the inverters, the power supply to the CLB
or PCC, the connection status of the load and external grid, the
CLB bus voltage curves, the V/f amplitude curves and VUF
value in CLB. The secondary control panel offers access to
activate the secondary controls and adjust the PID control
parameters.
The experimental results showing the performance of
secondary control are given in Fig. 7. The parameters are set to
Kc=0.02, Ti=0.001min for all the three control loops and the
sampling time of the secondary control in MGCC is set to 1ms.
An unbalanced resistive load is connected to the system which
causes unbalanced voltage in CLB as well as V/f deviations. At
5s, the secondary control for V/f restoration and voltage
unbalance compensation are activated. It can be seen in Fig. 7
(a) that, the V/f deviations caused by droop control are
recovered within 5s, and the VUF value in CLB is reduced
from 2.2% to 0.5% within 10s. The detailed voltage curves are
given in Fig. 7 (b) and (c), which demonstrate the effectiveness
of the system.
Furthermore, consider that the real world communication
has finite and different transmission rates, which may cause
stability problems; the sampling time of the secondary control
and communication interface (Tsc) is changed to test the
performance of the system, as shown in Fig. 8. As depicted in
Fig. 8 (a) to (c), the sampling time of MGCC is changed from
50ms to 200ms causing more and more oscillations to the
frequency. In order to stabilize the system, the integral time (Ti)
is changed from 0.001 to 0.004 min in Fig. 8 (d), resulting in
slower but more damped system behavior. In Fig. 8 (e), Tsc is
set to 500ms to emulate a low bandwidth communication
condition while the increased Ti (0.004 min) can still keep the
stable operation of the system. In Fig. 8 (f), Tsc is set to
1000ms, by increasing the Ti (0.008 min) the secondary control
can be kept stable. The above results indicate the importance of
control parameter tuning considering the communication
transmission rate.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PLAN
This paper introduces the iMG lab in Aalborg University
[26], [27] along with the hierarchical control implemented in
this system. The combination of hardware/communication
architecture and proper designed control hierarchy forms a
flexible experimental platform for MG related study. A
completed hierarchical control for voltage/frequency
restoration and voltage unbalance compensation has been
introduced and implemented in this system. Experimental
results are presented to show the performance of the system.
The research of this group started from basic control for
inverter interfaced DGs, including inner control loops, primary
and secondary control loops. Along with the progress of
higher-level control and optimization algorithms study, the
future work will put more efforts on the secondary control,
tertiary optimization as well as energy management functions
Fig. 6. Supervision system interface.
8. and their implementation. Different types of communication
technologies, such as WiFi and Zigbee, and sorts of distributed
algorithms are also planned to be implemented and tested in
this lab, to achieve a complete MG emulation system with the
flexibility of equipping a centralized, distributed or hybrid
control/management architecture.
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