The document provides an introduction to copyright law in the United States. It discusses that the Copyright Act of 1976 established copyright protection for original works fixed in a tangible form for a limited time. It also discusses what types of works are protected under copyright (literary, musical, etc.), exceptions for fair use, how registration provides additional protections, and penalties for infringement. The case study discusses a 2000 court case where movie studios successfully sought an injunction against the distribution of a program that decrypted copy-protected DVDs without permission.
The document discusses key aspects of copyright law in India, including what constitutes copyright, subject matter covered, introduction and history of copyright acts in India, rights of copyright holders, term of copyright, registration process, remedies for infringement, and roles of the Copyright Office and Copyright Board. It provides definitions for literary works, artistic works, sound recordings and more. The copyright act aims to encourage creation by protecting author's rights and preventing misuse of copyrights.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights, specifically copyright, under Philippine law. It defines key copyright terms and concepts, outlines copyright ownership rules and economic rights, and discusses limitations and exceptions such as fair use. Copyright protection generally lasts for the life of the author plus 50 years, or longer for certain works. The document also briefly touches on related topics like moral rights, assignment of copyrights, and international treaties governing intellectual property.
Copyright is a form of protection granted by law to authors of original creative works. It gives the author exclusive rights over reproduction, distribution, public performance, public display, and creation of derivative works. Copyright protection applies automatically when a work is created and fixed in a tangible form. It covers both published and unpublished works including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works. Not all creative works are subject to copyright protection which does not extend to facts, ideas, or systems. Copyright's purpose is to promote innovation and creativity by providing incentives for creators while allowing limited use of copyrighted works under exceptions like fair use.
The document discusses copyright laws in India. It defines copyright and outlines the rights granted to copyright owners, including reproduction, performance, recording, translation, and adaptation rights. It describes the Copyright Act of 1957 and amendments, and notes that India is a member of several international copyright treaties. The document also discusses the terms of copyright, limitations on copyright protection, the Copyright Office and Copyright Board, and their roles and powers.
This document discusses copyright law and its relationship to education. It provides an overview of copyright, including the rights of copyright holders, exceptions like fair use, and how copyright law has evolved over time with amendments and acts like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the TEACH Act. The document also summarizes guidelines for determining fair use of print, audiovisual, music, and multimedia materials in educational settings.
This document provides an overview of copyright as an intellectual property right under the TRIPS agreement. It discusses the history of copyright law in India, key concepts like copyright, related rights, infringement and remedies. It compares differences between Indian and Brazilian copyright law and covers topics like copyleft, statistical data, and case studies on copyright infringement cases in India.
The document discusses key aspects of copyright law in India, including what constitutes copyright, subject matter covered, introduction and history of copyright acts in India, rights of copyright holders, term of copyright, registration process, remedies for infringement, and roles of the Copyright Office and Copyright Board. It provides definitions for literary works, artistic works, sound recordings and more. The copyright act aims to encourage creation by protecting author's rights and preventing misuse of copyrights.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights, specifically copyright, under Philippine law. It defines key copyright terms and concepts, outlines copyright ownership rules and economic rights, and discusses limitations and exceptions such as fair use. Copyright protection generally lasts for the life of the author plus 50 years, or longer for certain works. The document also briefly touches on related topics like moral rights, assignment of copyrights, and international treaties governing intellectual property.
Copyright is a form of protection granted by law to authors of original creative works. It gives the author exclusive rights over reproduction, distribution, public performance, public display, and creation of derivative works. Copyright protection applies automatically when a work is created and fixed in a tangible form. It covers both published and unpublished works including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works. Not all creative works are subject to copyright protection which does not extend to facts, ideas, or systems. Copyright's purpose is to promote innovation and creativity by providing incentives for creators while allowing limited use of copyrighted works under exceptions like fair use.
The document discusses copyright laws in India. It defines copyright and outlines the rights granted to copyright owners, including reproduction, performance, recording, translation, and adaptation rights. It describes the Copyright Act of 1957 and amendments, and notes that India is a member of several international copyright treaties. The document also discusses the terms of copyright, limitations on copyright protection, the Copyright Office and Copyright Board, and their roles and powers.
This document discusses copyright law and its relationship to education. It provides an overview of copyright, including the rights of copyright holders, exceptions like fair use, and how copyright law has evolved over time with amendments and acts like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the TEACH Act. The document also summarizes guidelines for determining fair use of print, audiovisual, music, and multimedia materials in educational settings.
This document provides an overview of copyright as an intellectual property right under the TRIPS agreement. It discusses the history of copyright law in India, key concepts like copyright, related rights, infringement and remedies. It compares differences between Indian and Brazilian copyright law and covers topics like copyleft, statistical data, and case studies on copyright infringement cases in India.
This document provides an overview of U.S. copyright law, including its constitutional basis, subject matter that can be copyrighted, rights granted to copyright owners, limitations such as fair use, and how to obtain a copyright. Key points covered include what qualifies as an original work, categories of copyrightable works, exclusive rights like reproduction and distribution, limitations on those rights like fair use, public domain works, copyright duration and notices, and benefits of registration.
What are copyright and other related rights Kamma K Babu
Copyright is a legal concept that protects original creative works. It gives the creator exclusive rights to copy, distribute, perform, display or adapt their work. Copyright covers literary works, films, music, art, photographs and software. The duration of copyright is typically the creator's lifetime plus 50-70 years. While ideas cannot be copyrighted, the expression or manifestation of ideas in a tangible form is protected.
This document discusses copyright and intellectual property. It defines copyright as an exclusive legal right given to creators over their original works. Works covered by copyright include literary works, music, films, artwork, and software. Creators have economic rights like adaptation and distribution rights. Copyright protection lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 60 years. Infringement occurs through unauthorized reproduction or distribution of a copyrighted work. Exceptions allow use of works for education, research, or criticism.
The document discusses the Indian Copyright Act of 1957 and amendments. It provides:
1. An overview of the history and key aspects of the Act, including establishing the Copyright Office and Board and introducing civil and criminal remedies.
2. Definitions of copyright and the exclusive rights it provides for different types of works.
3. Details on copyright ownership, duration of copyright, voluntary and compulsory licensing.
4. An explanation of copyright infringement and the civil, criminal, and administrative remedies available against infringement under the Act.
The document provides an overview of copyright law in Pakistan. It defines key terms like copyright and right, and outlines the purpose and background of Pakistan's Copyright Act. The Act protects creator's rights over their original works, including literary works, sound recordings, movies, visual arts and more. Copyright protection begins as soon as a work is created and lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 50 years. The Act also establishes Pakistan's copyright office and board to register works and handle related matters.
Copyright law protects original creative works such as literature, art, music, films, and software. It grants creators exclusive rights over their work, usually for a limited time, including rights to copy, distribute, adapt, and financially profit from the work. Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted works for purposes like criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, and research. Infringing on a copyright can result in fines of up to $150,000 per work. Works enter the public domain when copyright expires or if created by the US government. To register a copyright, submit an application, fee, and copies of the work to the US Copyright Office.
Copyright is a legal right that protects original creative works. It grants creators exclusive rights over the reproduction and use of their work. The purpose of copyright is to incentivize creative production, preserve the integrity of works, and establish rules for economic exploitation. Copyright applies automatically to original works but expires typically 70 years after the creator's death, allowing works to enter the public domain where they can be used freely. Exceptions and limitations to copyright allow limited use of copyrighted works for purposes like education or criticism.
This document discusses copyright and ethics related to multimedia. It defines multimedia, copyright, intellectual property, fair use, and public domain. It also discusses international copyright agreements like the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. Sri Lanka's Intellectual Property Act of 2003 is summarized, including provisions around fair use, copyright duration, and what constitutes ethical vs unethical multimedia content.
This document discusses copyright issues related to using images, music, and video footage. It covers topics such as what copyright protects, copyright duration, using images of people, places, buildings and things, public domain images, infringement, and circumvention of technological measures. Permission is required for commercial use of copyrighted materials, while fair use allows limited educational use without permission.
The Copyright Act protects the rights of creators of literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works and films. Copyright provides creators with exclusive rights such as reproduction, communication to the public, and adaptation. These rights last for 60 years from the death of the creator or publication for most works. Infringement occurs through unauthorized use, copying, distribution, or display of a copyrighted work. Common infringements include selling unauthorized copies or public performances. Certain uses such as research, teaching, and criticism are exempt from infringement.
a brief history copyright (and why it is broken)Paul Keller
slides from my presentation at the 'debating acta, playing acta' event organized by STEIM on the 26th of june 2011 in amsterdam. This is supposed to be an introduction to copyright but the slides as such probably fail to convey most of what i have presented
The document outlines the key topics to be covered in lectures on intellectual property rights (IPR) in the digital environment. The lectures will discuss 1) challenges posed by digital technologies to copyright, 2) complexities in applying copyright law digitally, 3) the extent to which existing copyright laws in India, UK and US have addressed these challenges, and 4) non-legislative solutions. It then provides an overview of relevant international treaties and domestic copyright laws. The rest of the document discusses in detail the impact of digital technologies on various aspects of copyright and analyses approaches taken in different jurisdictions.
An overview of the basics of US copyright law for entrepreneurs, business people, and creative professionals. "What Is a Copyright?" includes the following:
A brief definition of copyright.
Definitions of the other forms of intellectual property (trademark, patent, and trade secrets).
How copyrights are acquired.
What rights go along with a copyright.
Copyright registration.
For more information, please go to LizerbramLaw.com
This document summarizes a lecture on copyright law and piracy delivered by Deji Olatoye. It defines intellectual property and copyright, outlining the types of works protected by copyright law in Nigeria. It describes the exclusive rights granted to copyright holders, including reproduction, distribution, and adaptation rights. It also discusses copyright infringement, remedies available under statutory and common law, and issues regarding information management. The document is intended to provide an overview of key concepts in Nigerian copyright law.
Copyright is a legal right that protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. It allows the creator to control the use of his/her work for a certain time period. The Copyright Act of 1957 governs copyright laws in India and has been amended several times, including in 1984, 1992, 1999, and 2012 to address issues like video piracy and comply with international treaties. Copyright protection in India lasts for 60 years for most works after the death of the creator or publication depending on the type of work.
This document discusses intellectual property rights and copyright law. It provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of copyright law, including the originality of material, rights of reproduction, and international copyright law. It also discusses the subjects of copyright protection, including literary works, musical works, dramatic works, and the other categories of copyrightable subject matter. The document explains the requirements for copyrightability, such as a work being original, fixed in a tangible form, and a work of authorship. It provides details on each of the categories of copyrightable works.
The document discusses various forms of intellectual property including trademarks, patents, copyrights, and fair use. It provides details on what each type protects, the requirements and process for obtaining patents, rights under copyright, benefits and limitations of patents and copyrights, and factors considered for fair use of copyrighted works.
What is a Copyright? What are its characteristics? [#04]Kamal Thakur
Copyright is a form of intellectual property that provides a bundle of exclusive rights to the creator of an original work. It is a legal right created by statute that grants the creator control over the reproduction and distribution of their work for a specified period. The objective of copyright law is to encourage the creation of original works by rewarding creators with the exclusive right to benefit financially from their works. It protects various rights like reproduction, adaptation, public performance, and translation from being taken without permission.
This document summarizes a presentation about protecting photographic work. It discusses copyright, which protects original works from being copied or distributed without permission. The presentation covers the bundle of rights copyright provides, such as reproduction and distribution rights. Other topics include public domain works, fair use, Creative Commons licenses, the Visual Artists Rights Act, and addressing copyright infringement. Cases were discussed and resources provided for further information.
Copyright or Copyleft - Creative CommonsMartha Hardy
This document provides an overview of copyright law and Creative Commons licensing. It defines copyright and what types of creative works it protects. Key aspects of copyright law covered include exclusive rights granted to copyright owners, limitations on protection such as ideas and facts, how to obtain copyright, fair use exceptions, and recent acts that have extended copyright terms. The document also introduces Creative Commons licenses and resources available with certain open licenses for reuse and sharing.
This document provides an overview of U.S. copyright law, including its constitutional basis, subject matter that can be copyrighted, rights granted to copyright owners, limitations such as fair use, and how to obtain a copyright. Key points covered include what qualifies as an original work, categories of copyrightable works, exclusive rights like reproduction and distribution, limitations on those rights like fair use, public domain works, copyright duration and notices, and benefits of registration.
What are copyright and other related rights Kamma K Babu
Copyright is a legal concept that protects original creative works. It gives the creator exclusive rights to copy, distribute, perform, display or adapt their work. Copyright covers literary works, films, music, art, photographs and software. The duration of copyright is typically the creator's lifetime plus 50-70 years. While ideas cannot be copyrighted, the expression or manifestation of ideas in a tangible form is protected.
This document discusses copyright and intellectual property. It defines copyright as an exclusive legal right given to creators over their original works. Works covered by copyright include literary works, music, films, artwork, and software. Creators have economic rights like adaptation and distribution rights. Copyright protection lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 60 years. Infringement occurs through unauthorized reproduction or distribution of a copyrighted work. Exceptions allow use of works for education, research, or criticism.
The document discusses the Indian Copyright Act of 1957 and amendments. It provides:
1. An overview of the history and key aspects of the Act, including establishing the Copyright Office and Board and introducing civil and criminal remedies.
2. Definitions of copyright and the exclusive rights it provides for different types of works.
3. Details on copyright ownership, duration of copyright, voluntary and compulsory licensing.
4. An explanation of copyright infringement and the civil, criminal, and administrative remedies available against infringement under the Act.
The document provides an overview of copyright law in Pakistan. It defines key terms like copyright and right, and outlines the purpose and background of Pakistan's Copyright Act. The Act protects creator's rights over their original works, including literary works, sound recordings, movies, visual arts and more. Copyright protection begins as soon as a work is created and lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 50 years. The Act also establishes Pakistan's copyright office and board to register works and handle related matters.
Copyright law protects original creative works such as literature, art, music, films, and software. It grants creators exclusive rights over their work, usually for a limited time, including rights to copy, distribute, adapt, and financially profit from the work. Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted works for purposes like criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, and research. Infringing on a copyright can result in fines of up to $150,000 per work. Works enter the public domain when copyright expires or if created by the US government. To register a copyright, submit an application, fee, and copies of the work to the US Copyright Office.
Copyright is a legal right that protects original creative works. It grants creators exclusive rights over the reproduction and use of their work. The purpose of copyright is to incentivize creative production, preserve the integrity of works, and establish rules for economic exploitation. Copyright applies automatically to original works but expires typically 70 years after the creator's death, allowing works to enter the public domain where they can be used freely. Exceptions and limitations to copyright allow limited use of copyrighted works for purposes like education or criticism.
This document discusses copyright and ethics related to multimedia. It defines multimedia, copyright, intellectual property, fair use, and public domain. It also discusses international copyright agreements like the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. Sri Lanka's Intellectual Property Act of 2003 is summarized, including provisions around fair use, copyright duration, and what constitutes ethical vs unethical multimedia content.
This document discusses copyright issues related to using images, music, and video footage. It covers topics such as what copyright protects, copyright duration, using images of people, places, buildings and things, public domain images, infringement, and circumvention of technological measures. Permission is required for commercial use of copyrighted materials, while fair use allows limited educational use without permission.
The Copyright Act protects the rights of creators of literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works and films. Copyright provides creators with exclusive rights such as reproduction, communication to the public, and adaptation. These rights last for 60 years from the death of the creator or publication for most works. Infringement occurs through unauthorized use, copying, distribution, or display of a copyrighted work. Common infringements include selling unauthorized copies or public performances. Certain uses such as research, teaching, and criticism are exempt from infringement.
a brief history copyright (and why it is broken)Paul Keller
slides from my presentation at the 'debating acta, playing acta' event organized by STEIM on the 26th of june 2011 in amsterdam. This is supposed to be an introduction to copyright but the slides as such probably fail to convey most of what i have presented
The document outlines the key topics to be covered in lectures on intellectual property rights (IPR) in the digital environment. The lectures will discuss 1) challenges posed by digital technologies to copyright, 2) complexities in applying copyright law digitally, 3) the extent to which existing copyright laws in India, UK and US have addressed these challenges, and 4) non-legislative solutions. It then provides an overview of relevant international treaties and domestic copyright laws. The rest of the document discusses in detail the impact of digital technologies on various aspects of copyright and analyses approaches taken in different jurisdictions.
An overview of the basics of US copyright law for entrepreneurs, business people, and creative professionals. "What Is a Copyright?" includes the following:
A brief definition of copyright.
Definitions of the other forms of intellectual property (trademark, patent, and trade secrets).
How copyrights are acquired.
What rights go along with a copyright.
Copyright registration.
For more information, please go to LizerbramLaw.com
This document summarizes a lecture on copyright law and piracy delivered by Deji Olatoye. It defines intellectual property and copyright, outlining the types of works protected by copyright law in Nigeria. It describes the exclusive rights granted to copyright holders, including reproduction, distribution, and adaptation rights. It also discusses copyright infringement, remedies available under statutory and common law, and issues regarding information management. The document is intended to provide an overview of key concepts in Nigerian copyright law.
Copyright is a legal right that protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. It allows the creator to control the use of his/her work for a certain time period. The Copyright Act of 1957 governs copyright laws in India and has been amended several times, including in 1984, 1992, 1999, and 2012 to address issues like video piracy and comply with international treaties. Copyright protection in India lasts for 60 years for most works after the death of the creator or publication depending on the type of work.
This document discusses intellectual property rights and copyright law. It provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of copyright law, including the originality of material, rights of reproduction, and international copyright law. It also discusses the subjects of copyright protection, including literary works, musical works, dramatic works, and the other categories of copyrightable subject matter. The document explains the requirements for copyrightability, such as a work being original, fixed in a tangible form, and a work of authorship. It provides details on each of the categories of copyrightable works.
The document discusses various forms of intellectual property including trademarks, patents, copyrights, and fair use. It provides details on what each type protects, the requirements and process for obtaining patents, rights under copyright, benefits and limitations of patents and copyrights, and factors considered for fair use of copyrighted works.
What is a Copyright? What are its characteristics? [#04]Kamal Thakur
Copyright is a form of intellectual property that provides a bundle of exclusive rights to the creator of an original work. It is a legal right created by statute that grants the creator control over the reproduction and distribution of their work for a specified period. The objective of copyright law is to encourage the creation of original works by rewarding creators with the exclusive right to benefit financially from their works. It protects various rights like reproduction, adaptation, public performance, and translation from being taken without permission.
This document summarizes a presentation about protecting photographic work. It discusses copyright, which protects original works from being copied or distributed without permission. The presentation covers the bundle of rights copyright provides, such as reproduction and distribution rights. Other topics include public domain works, fair use, Creative Commons licenses, the Visual Artists Rights Act, and addressing copyright infringement. Cases were discussed and resources provided for further information.
Copyright or Copyleft - Creative CommonsMartha Hardy
This document provides an overview of copyright law and Creative Commons licensing. It defines copyright and what types of creative works it protects. Key aspects of copyright law covered include exclusive rights granted to copyright owners, limitations on protection such as ideas and facts, how to obtain copyright, fair use exceptions, and recent acts that have extended copyright terms. The document also introduces Creative Commons licenses and resources available with certain open licenses for reuse and sharing.
Copyright law protects creative works and grants exclusive rights to the copyright owner including reproduction, distribution, adaptations, and performance/display rights. Copyright protection is secured for limited times to promote progress, though registration is not required. Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted works for purposes like education without permission. Recent acts have extended copyright term and increased protections for digital works, though criticism argues this may hinder new creativity and access to knowledge.
Bruce Damer's presentation on the Creative Comons at Art Center College of De...Bruce Damer
This document discusses the origins and evolution of copyright law in the United States. It covers the original intent of copyright to promote progress, recent extensions by Congress including the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act and Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It then introduces the Creative Commons as an alternative to traditional copyright licenses that dedicate some rights to the public domain. Finally, it acknowledges those involved in the Creative Commons and provides resources for further information.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in US copyright law. It discusses how the US Constitution establishes copyright, the types of works protected by copyright, when copyright attaches, work made for hire doctrine, public domain, exclusive rights granted by copyright, derivative works, limitations on copyright including fair use and first sale doctrine, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and its notice-and-takedown safe harbor for online service providers, and other related topics like contributory liability and defamation.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
The document provides an overview of copyright including: what copyright protects (creative works), how long copyright lasts (life of author plus 70 years), when copyright begins (upon creation), rights of copyright holders (to reproduce, distribute, etc. the work), and exceptions like fair use. It also discusses how copyright applies in libraries, including replacement copies, public displays, and software/performances. The goal is to educate about US copyright law and intellectual property.
The document discusses copyright law in India's digital era. It provides an overview of copyright, including what constitutes a copyright, amendments made to extend protections to digital works, and exceptions for areas like education and research. It also covers prominent copyright issues in the digital space, such as how encryption, digital watermarks, and digital rights management are used to protect works. While protections aim to balance rights holders' interests with public access, copyright infringement remains an ongoing challenge, especially online, requiring continued enforcement of protections under Indian law.
Copyright is a legal concept that gives creators exclusive rights over their work, including the rights to copy, distribute, and adapt it. It protects any original work fixed in a tangible form, including internet posts, from the moment of creation without needing registration. People need to understand copyright rules to know whether they can legally use others' creative works or if they need to get permission.
Copyright is a legal concept that gives creators exclusive rights over their creative works, including the rights to copy, distribute, and license adaptations of the work. Creators automatically receive copyright protections once their creative expression is fixed in a tangible medium, and they retain these rights whether the work is published, unpublished, or shared online. The document outlines different types of copyright licenses and protections, exceptions like fair use, issues around orphan works, and provides guidance on understanding and complying with copyright rules and obtaining permissions to use others' creative works.
Why Property Laws are Important Property Laws play a fund.docxalanfhall8953
Why Property Laws are Important
Property Laws play a fundamental role
in shaping a society and in preserving
its order by establishing relationships
between:
individuals,
different sorts of objects,
the state.
Tangible Property
When discussing property, we tend to
think of tangible items.
Originally, "property" referred to land.
Property now also includes objects that
one can own, such as:
an automobile,
articles of clothing,
a stamp collection.
Property as a ―Relational‖
Concept
Property should not be viewed simply in
terms of items or things.
Philosophers and legal theorists point out that
property also describes relationship between
individuals in reference to things.
They also note that three elements need to be considered:
(i) an individual (X ),
(ii) an object (Y),
(iii) X's relation to other individuals (A, B, C, etc.) in
reference to Y.
Property as a Form of ―Control‖
X (as the owner of property Y) can control Y
relative to persons A, B, C, and so forth.
If Harry owns a certain object (e.g. a Toshiba
laptop computer), then Harry can control who
has access to that object and how it is used.
For example, Harry has the right to exclude Sally from using
the laptop computer; or he could grant her unlimited access
to that computer.
Ownership claims involving "intellectual
objects" are both similar to and different from
ownership of tangible objects.
Intellectual Objects
The expression intellectual objects refers to
various forms of intellectual property.
Intellectual property consists of ―objects‖ that
are not tangible.
Non-tangible or "intellectual" objects
represent creative works and inventions, i.e.,
the manifestations or expressions of ideas.
Intellectual vs. Tangible Objects
Tangible objects are exclusionary in
nature.
If Harry owns a laptop computer (a physical
object), then Sally cannot, and vice versa.
Intellectual objects, such as software
programs, are non-exclusionary.
If Sally makes a copy of a word-processing
program (that resides in Harry's computer), then
both Sally and Harry can possess copies of the
same word-processing program.
Intellectual vs. Tangible Objects
(continued)
The sense of scarcity that applies to tangible
objects, which often causes competition and
rivalry, need not exist for intellectual objects.
There are practical limitations to the number
of physical objects that one can own.
There are limitations (natural and political) to the
amount of land that can be owned.
Intellectual objects can be easily reproduced.
Countless copies of a software program can be
produced – each at a relatively low cost.
Ownership of Intellectual vs.
Tangible Objects
Legally, one cannot own an idea in the
same sense that one can own a physical
object.
Governments do not grant ownership
rights to individuals for ideas per se.
Legal protection is given only to.
This document contains notes and answers from a law student regarding copyright law. It discusses topics like copyrightable subject matter, originality, ownership, work made for hire, copyright duration including the Mickey Mouse amendment, infringement, and licensing. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts, such as how copyright ownership is distinct from physical ownership, and how sampling music can infringe both the composition and sound recording copyrights unless licensed. The student correctly answered multiple choice questions testing their understanding of copyright fundamentals.
Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, artistic works, and symbols used in commerce, and can be protected by copyright, which grants creators exclusive rights over the reproduction and distribution of their original works; copyright applies to digital media like websites and online content as it does to physical works; penalties for copyright infringement range from fines to imprisonment depending on the scale of the offense.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property law, focusing on copyright and trademark. It discusses:
- The constitutional basis and history of copyright in the US.
- How copyright automatically applies and is enforced through civil lawsuits.
- The types of intellectual property (copyright, trademark, patents) and their typical durations.
- Exceptions and limitations to copyright like fair use, public domain works, and Creative Commons licensing.
- Key copyright cases around music/file sharing (Sony, Napster, Grokster) and how laws like the DMCA responded.
- Trademark basics and issues like the Redskins name controversy and domain name disputes.
The document serves to outline the
Copyright and Open Content Licensing: the role of the Creative Commons licencesccAustralia
"Copyright and Open Content Licensing: the role of the Creative Commons licences", presented by Professor Anne Fitzgerald as seminar 1 of 4 in the Creative Commons and the Digital Economy series, 2012. For full details see event page at http://creativecommons.org.au/events/digitaleconomy
Copyright law provides legal protection for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium. It gives the author exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, and create derivative works from the copyrighted work. To receive copyright protection, a work must be original and fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Copyright covers original works including literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes, choreographic works, pictorial/graphic/sculptural works, motion pictures, sound recordings, and architectural works. The rights afforded to copyright owners include reproduction, creation of derivatives, distribution, public performance, and public display. Joint works have joint copyright ownership and works made for hire designate the employer or commissioning party as
Copyright provides legal protection for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium. It protects the rights of authors to control reproduction, adaptation, distribution, performance, and display of their works. To receive copyright protection, a work must be original and fixed in a tangible form. Copyright covers original literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and other intellectual works.
Fair Use & Copyright (Excerpt from Summer A/V Workshop)Christopher Allen
This document discusses intellectual property, including copyright, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets. It covers the basis of intellectual property rights in the US Constitution and differences between US and international laws. The document explains copyright in detail, including what can be copyrighted, limitations on copyright like fair use and public domain, and additions to copyright over time. It also discusses the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Creative Commons licensing options, and sources for finding images, music and other media that can be used within intellectual property rights limitations.
Fair Use & Copyright (Excerpt from Summer A/V Workshop)
Ca usa new
1. INTRODUCTION TO
COPYRIGHT ACT
USA
Submitted By:
Sudhanshu Bharti (VIT- CS)
2. Structure of the Presentation
Three parts
(1) Copyright in US
(2) Infringement of Copyright
(3) Case Study: Copyrighting Digital
Techniques
3. What is Copyright?
“The exclusive right given by law for a
certain term of years to an author,
composer etc. (or his assignee) to print,
publish and sell copies of his original work”
(Oxford English Dictionary)
4. Why Copyright?
Fair Play: Reward creative efforts.
Exclusive rights for limited
time → Negative right:
prevent copying/reproduction
Copyright is necessary →
encourage dissemination of
copyrighted works = public interest
6. US Constitution
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 gave Congress
the power to enact laws “To promote the
progress of science and useful arts, by
securing for limited times to authors and
inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries.”
7. United States
First Act in 1790: did not protect foreign
authors
Indigenous American literature
suffered
Today: Copyright Act 1976 one
of the major copyright laws in
the world
8. Copyright Act 1976 – Main
Features
Valid from 1 January 1978
Created by United States Patent and
Trademark Office
Introduced Time bound work & creativity
avoiding infringement
9. Copyright Act 1976 – Purpose
To give the creator control and a monopoly on
royalties for a period of time promotes
creativity
All creators, including photographers and
illustrators are entitled to be paid if their work
is used, commercially or otherwise. This
encourages creativity and makes more images
available for use.
10. How Copyright protects
works
Copyright protects "original works of
authorship" that are fixed in "a tangible
form of expression." The fixed form does
not have to be directly perceptible so long
as it can be communicated with the aid of
a machine or other device.
12. Must be an original work of authorship,
meaning that the work must be
independently created by the author (as
opposed to copied from other works).
The U.S.’ required level of originality is
very low. Other countries’ laws may differ
in this respect.
13. Literary works (e.g., all text, including
computer software);
Musical works;
Dramatic works;
Pantomimes and choreographic works;
Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;
Motion pictures and other audiovisual
works;
15. Works that have not been fixed in a
tangible form of expression
Titles, names; familiar symbols or designs;
mere variations of lettering; mere listings
of ingredients or content
Works consisting entirely of common
property, containing no original authorship
Ideas, procedures, concepts, principles
16. Registration Process
A copyright owner must:
File an application;
Pay a nominal filing fee ($30); and
Deposit copies of the work at the
Copyright Office. Some of the works may
be added to the collections of the Library
of Congress.
17. Registration
Registration is administered by the U.S.
Copyright Office of the Library of
Congress.
Forms available at www.copyright.gov
Registration does not involve complex
examination of applications as for patents
and trademarks.
18. What is Fair Use?
Class handouts of very short excerpts
from a book;
Quoting for purposes of reporting the
news or criticizing or commenting on a
particular work of art, writing, speech or
scholarship.
19. What is not Fair Use?
Using a photograph or other image to
illustrate a newsworthy story (because the
subject of the story is newsworthy it does
not make the image newsworthy)
20. Who owns copyright?
A freelance artist who created the
copyrighted work;
An employer who hires employees who
create copyrighted works as part of their
job.
Any person who is using the work only for
personal use.
21. What is infringement?
Use of whole or part of an image without
permission;
Use beyond the scope of a license;
Adapting an image without permission
(art rendering, collage);
Asking another photographer to recreate
the image.
22. Unauthorized use
This image was
created by a
computer graphics
artist who “borrowed”
images from several
sources.
23. Original art
These are the two images that were infringed upon
to create the Newsday cover.
26. Who is responsible?
The company that directly infringed;
Employees who participated in the infringement
or should have supervised;
Anyone who publishes the infringing image
whether they had knowledge or not.
27. How to avoid infringement?
Obtain a license for all the uses that will be
needed;
Obtain a license to create a derivative image;
Obtain an art rendering or art reference license
to change the medium.
28. The WIPO “Internet” Treaties
28
Negotiated in 1996 under the auspices of the World
Intellectual Property Organization, part of the United
Nations.
The WIPO Copyright Treaty entered into force with 30
ratifications on March 6, 2002.
The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
entered into force with 30 ratifications on May 20,
2002.
The U.S. implemented the Treaties through the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act.
29. Three New Obligations
29
Established
The Right of Making Available to the Public;
Legal Protection of Technological Measures to
Protect Copyrighted Works (“TPMs”); and
Legal Protection of Rights Management
Information (“RMI”).
30. Digital Millennium Copyright
30 Act
1998 U.S. implementation of the treaties;
Extends U.S. copyright law into the digital
realm; and
Prohibits circumvention of technological
protection measures;
Prevents tampering with rights management
information;
Limits infringement liability for ISPs that meet
certain criteria.
31. Case Study
Universal Studios Vs. Reimerdes
Court – Started in 2d.Cir.(Second Circuit)
Date – August 17, 2000
Affirmed the anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act.
32. Case Laws
The plaintiffs, 8 movie studios, successfully sought
an injunction against the distribution of DeCSS, a
program capable of decrypting content protected
using the Content Scramble System (a DRM scheme
commonly used to protect DVDs.)
33. Case Laws
It was produced and released without a license from
DVD CCA, the trade organization responsible for
DVD copy protection. DeCSS was released in
October 1999 on LiViD, a mailing list focused on
producing programming tools and software libraries
relevant to DVD use on Linux.
34. Case Laws
The motion picture industry became aware of the
existence of DeCSS later that same month and
began litigation on a number of fronts.
The Case got registered in many courts.
Both the district and appellate court rulings were
controversial.
Despite the courts' rulings, DeCSS is still widely
available on the Internet.
35. Why should anyone care?
Substantial monetary damages can be awarded
(actual damages; profits)
Statutory damages ($750-$30,000 and up to
$150,000 if the infringement was willful)
The infringing use enjoined;
Attorney’s fees
36. Popular Copyright Myths
if it’s on the internet it is in the public domain
and therefore free;
if there is no copyright notice, I can use the
image;
if I alter the image I don’t need permission;
if I don’t profit from it, I can use it;
if I only use a part of the image I don’t need
permission.