This document discusses the need for a multi-decadal, high resolution (1 km) coastal sea surface temperature (SST) product for the Australasia region produced using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The Bureau of Meteorology has produced such a product from 1992 to present using direct broadcast AVHRR data from Australia and Antarctica. The product includes different levels of processing and temporal/spatial resolutions to suit various applications like coral bleaching monitoring and ocean model validation. New versions use adaptive calibration and error statistics techniques to improve SST accuracy compared to other products.
IoT for marine environment protection (QNAP QIoT + Sigfox)Winnie Cheng
How to connect sigfox with QNAP QIoT to solve the environment problems by using lots of different sensors (e.g., color detector sensors, temperature sensors).
Most data mishaps are avoidable with quality equipment, a good data management system, some careful forethought, and a small amount of preparation. The result? Usable, publishable data.
METER research scientist Dr. Colin Campbell discusses 8 common data mistakes, critical best practices you should never miss, and how to make field discovery as pain-free as possible.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
IoT for marine environment protection (QNAP QIoT + Sigfox)Winnie Cheng
How to connect sigfox with QNAP QIoT to solve the environment problems by using lots of different sensors (e.g., color detector sensors, temperature sensors).
Most data mishaps are avoidable with quality equipment, a good data management system, some careful forethought, and a small amount of preparation. The result? Usable, publishable data.
METER research scientist Dr. Colin Campbell discusses 8 common data mistakes, critical best practices you should never miss, and how to make field discovery as pain-free as possible.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
Simulation vs. Real World Testing: How to undertake controlled testing of you...spirentgnss
Learn why it’s dangerous to rely on live GNSS signals when testing a GNSS receiver’s performance – and why GNSS simulation is widely-accepted as the professional alternative for receiver R&D.
Discover:
- The nine key tests needed to assess fundamental GNSS receiver performance
- How simulation delivers the control and repeatability impossible with live sky signals
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
C2.01: Cabled ocean observatories as tools for studying biodiversity change -...Blue Planet Symposium
Recent initiatives have established cabled ocean observatories from the subtidal zone down to abyssal depths, including sites in the North Pacific (Ocean Networks Canada, U.S. Ocean Observatories Initiative, DONET-Japan, MACHO-Taiwan), the Arctic (Ocean Networks Canada), the Atlantic (EMSO-Azores), the northwestern Mediterranean (EMSO-OBSEA) and in coral reef habitats (OCTOPUS-Okinawa; QIMOS-Australia). Cabled observatories enable real-time, continuous monitoring of seawater properties and ocean currents, and biological features that can be detected using video and still cameras and hydrophones. These integrated sensor systems provide opportunities for long-term observations of biodiversity change, in relation to environmental variables. The planned, multi-decadal lifetimes of cabled observatories should allow seasonal and inter-annual variability to be 'filtered' from longer term trends that could be related to ocean change. International organizations such as the Group on Earth Observations' Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO-BON) and the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observations (EMSO) network are developing monitoring programs and suites of "Essential Biodiversity Variables" that are intended to establish a standardized, global framework for detecting biodiversity change, based on scientific principles. This presentation will consider how some of these essential variables can be monitored continuously, using current cabled observatory technologies, with the aim of encouraging the development of a coordinated international program. We will use examples from the VENUS, NEPTUNE and Arctic observatories operated by Ocean Networks Canada, the EMSO OBSEA and Azores test sites, and the OCTOPUS coral reef observatory, to illustrate how underwater cameras and sensors can be used to quantify seasonal shifts in community composition, responses to rapid changes in oceanographic conditions, and ecosystem service activities such as seafloor bioturbation. Ultimately, observatory technologies could become valuable tools for managing human impacts on marine ecosystems, through the provision of baseline information and the detection of acute and long-term ecosystem responses to disturbance.
Lutes, C., B. Cosky, B. Schumacher, J. Zimmerman, R. Truesdale and R., Norberg “Four Winters of Continuous Vapor Intrusion Monitoring In Indianapolis –Temporal Variability in Indoor Air” Oral presentation at EPA Vapor Intrusion Workshop at the AEHS 23rd International Conference on Soil, Water, Energy and Air, March 2013, San Diego
Coastal Water Quality Monitoring SystemChris Goding
Water quality from a buoy measuring nitrate (NO2) levels nearby to sea cage aquaculture. The profiling system provides far higher sensitivity than using multiple in-situ instruments
OPPURTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR POP-UP SATELLITE TAGS IN FRESH WATER ENVIRO...DesertStarSystems
Marco and Jacob discuss how pop-off satellite tags can give fresh water researchers insight like never before. Using the SeaTag line, Marco and Jacob delve into current studies demonstrating the limitations and opportunities afforded by the robust, easy to use, and insightful SeaTags.
The Square Kilometre Array telescopes have recently started their construction phase, after years of pre-construction effort. The new SKA Observatory (SKAO) intergovernmental organisation has been created, and the start of construction (T0) has already happened. In this talk we summarise the construction progress in our facility, and the role that software development, and in particular the development of our TANGO-based control system, is playing.
The purpose of choosing this topic is to aware you about sentinel satellites that leads to new discoveries and ultimately changes the arena of Remote Sensing.
Simulation vs. Real World Testing: How to undertake controlled testing of you...spirentgnss
Learn why it’s dangerous to rely on live GNSS signals when testing a GNSS receiver’s performance – and why GNSS simulation is widely-accepted as the professional alternative for receiver R&D.
Discover:
- The nine key tests needed to assess fundamental GNSS receiver performance
- How simulation delivers the control and repeatability impossible with live sky signals
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
C2.01: Cabled ocean observatories as tools for studying biodiversity change -...Blue Planet Symposium
Recent initiatives have established cabled ocean observatories from the subtidal zone down to abyssal depths, including sites in the North Pacific (Ocean Networks Canada, U.S. Ocean Observatories Initiative, DONET-Japan, MACHO-Taiwan), the Arctic (Ocean Networks Canada), the Atlantic (EMSO-Azores), the northwestern Mediterranean (EMSO-OBSEA) and in coral reef habitats (OCTOPUS-Okinawa; QIMOS-Australia). Cabled observatories enable real-time, continuous monitoring of seawater properties and ocean currents, and biological features that can be detected using video and still cameras and hydrophones. These integrated sensor systems provide opportunities for long-term observations of biodiversity change, in relation to environmental variables. The planned, multi-decadal lifetimes of cabled observatories should allow seasonal and inter-annual variability to be 'filtered' from longer term trends that could be related to ocean change. International organizations such as the Group on Earth Observations' Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO-BON) and the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observations (EMSO) network are developing monitoring programs and suites of "Essential Biodiversity Variables" that are intended to establish a standardized, global framework for detecting biodiversity change, based on scientific principles. This presentation will consider how some of these essential variables can be monitored continuously, using current cabled observatory technologies, with the aim of encouraging the development of a coordinated international program. We will use examples from the VENUS, NEPTUNE and Arctic observatories operated by Ocean Networks Canada, the EMSO OBSEA and Azores test sites, and the OCTOPUS coral reef observatory, to illustrate how underwater cameras and sensors can be used to quantify seasonal shifts in community composition, responses to rapid changes in oceanographic conditions, and ecosystem service activities such as seafloor bioturbation. Ultimately, observatory technologies could become valuable tools for managing human impacts on marine ecosystems, through the provision of baseline information and the detection of acute and long-term ecosystem responses to disturbance.
Lutes, C., B. Cosky, B. Schumacher, J. Zimmerman, R. Truesdale and R., Norberg “Four Winters of Continuous Vapor Intrusion Monitoring In Indianapolis –Temporal Variability in Indoor Air” Oral presentation at EPA Vapor Intrusion Workshop at the AEHS 23rd International Conference on Soil, Water, Energy and Air, March 2013, San Diego
Coastal Water Quality Monitoring SystemChris Goding
Water quality from a buoy measuring nitrate (NO2) levels nearby to sea cage aquaculture. The profiling system provides far higher sensitivity than using multiple in-situ instruments
OPPURTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR POP-UP SATELLITE TAGS IN FRESH WATER ENVIRO...DesertStarSystems
Marco and Jacob discuss how pop-off satellite tags can give fresh water researchers insight like never before. Using the SeaTag line, Marco and Jacob delve into current studies demonstrating the limitations and opportunities afforded by the robust, easy to use, and insightful SeaTags.
The Square Kilometre Array telescopes have recently started their construction phase, after years of pre-construction effort. The new SKA Observatory (SKAO) intergovernmental organisation has been created, and the start of construction (T0) has already happened. In this talk we summarise the construction progress in our facility, and the role that software development, and in particular the development of our TANGO-based control system, is playing.
The purpose of choosing this topic is to aware you about sentinel satellites that leads to new discoveries and ultimately changes the arena of Remote Sensing.
Towards Continental-scale Tracking of Flying FoxesRaja Jurdak
Long-term outdoor localisation with battery-powered devices remains an unsolved challenge, mainly due to the high energy consumption of GPS modules. The use of inertial sensors and short-range radio can reduce reliance on GPS to prolong the operational lifetime of tracking devices, but they only provide coarse-grained control over GPS activity. An alternative yet promising approach is to use context-sensitive mobility models to guide scheduling and sampling decisions in localisation algorithms. In this talk, I will present our work towards continental-scale long-term tracking of flying foxes, as part of the National Flying Fox Monitoring Program, using a model-driven approach. At the core of our approach is the multimodal GPS-enabled Camazotz sensor node platform that has been designed at CSIRO for flying fox collars, with a cumulative weight of below 30g. The talk will cover our recent experience with trialling these platforms in the field on live flying foxes to collect multimodal sensor data for developing models of their mobility. I will also discuss the road ahead for designing adaptive model-driven algorithms for energy-efficient localisation.
Contains techniques and types of tracking wild animals aerial tracking ,aerial tracking GPS tracking vhf radio tracking satellite tracking argos doppler, radio telemetry acoustic telemetry geolocation banding or ringing bio-logging all these topics are covered in these slides according to BS zoology syllabus.
Nick - Benefits of Using Combined Bathymetry and Side Scan Sonar in Shallow W...Codevintec Italiana srl
Codevintec Days 2018 - Trieste
EDGETECH - Nick - Benefits of Using Combined Bathymetry and Side Scan Sonar in Shallow Water Surveys
Codevintec Days 2018 - Trieste
Relazione di Nick Lawrence - Edgetech
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
A five-year National Science Foundation-funded Research Coordination Network (RCN), the “OceanObs” RCN, is currently in its third year. The RCN, through a series of working groups continues to focus on key issues in ocean observations. Two outcomes are highlighted in this presentation. Recommendations for improvements in the joint use of in situ and remote sensing were developed by one of the RCN’s working groups; an exemplar use case considered observation of coastal waters. An RCN supported working group examined the maturity of sensors for ocean biology observations. This presentation reviews the outcomes of these working groups.
C7.03: Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) - emerging scien...Blue Planet Symposium
The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of 1959-65 left an important oceanographic legacy. Five decades on, both IOC and SCOR, together with IOGOOS, SIBER and others, are stimulating a modern phase of co-ordinated international research and applications for the Indian Ocean, namely, IIOE-2: 2016-2020. The planned research, guided by science priorities developed through a SCOR science plan development committee, is ambitious and broad and focusses on six themes. These are human impacts on the Indian Ocean; boundary current dynamics and upwelling; monsoon variability and ecosystem response; circulation, climate variability and change; extreme events and associated ecosystem responses and impacts; and discovery of unique physical, geological, biogeochemical and ecological features of the Indian Ocean. The IIOE-2 will forge new international scientific research programs with far-reaching benefits for, and beyond, the Indian Ocean. It will provide a rich framework of data, process understanding and input to oceanographic, climate, bio-geochemical and ecosystem modelling through open ocean science but will have strong links to continental shelf and coastal systems and coupled climatic phenomena affecting society. The transfer of knowledge, capacity building and tangible outputs for societal application and benefit are key pursuits. Since 2011, in support of the IIOE-2, there have been several internationally supported reference group meetings and national planning efforts. The IOC Assembly of 147 Member States is formally considering science and complementary plans for IIOE-2, as well as governance and timeframes for implementation through an IOC-constituted IIOE-2 Interim Planning Committee (Group of Experts). This presentation will report on the status of planning for IIOE-2, including the evolving frameworks for significant matters such as the science, data/information management, capacity building, and also the developing governance framework.
C7.01: Current activities of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Grou...Blue Planet Symposium
The International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) was established in 1996 with the aim of developing consensus and synthesis on a global scale in the subject area of satellite ocean colour radiometry (OCR). It operates as an Affiliated Program of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and comprises a rotating committee of representatives from each of the major international space agencies that provide ocean colour data, as well as representatives from the scientific community that use ocean colour data for research and applications. Space agencies contribute financially to the IOCCG and carry out the decisions endorsed by the group, while the scientific members address current research issues and make recommendations. Currently, IOCCG works towards ensuring Continuity and Consistency of the Ocean Colour Data Stream in the framework of the CEOS Ocean Colour virtual constellation. Within the OCR-VC framework, the International Network for Sensor Inter-comparison and Uncertainty Assessment for Ocean Color Radiometry (INSITU-OCR) initiative aims at integrating and rationalizing inter-agency efforts on satellite sensor inter-comparisons and uncertainty assessment for remote sensing products, with particular emphasis on requirements addressing the generation of ocean colour Essential Climate Variables (ECV) as proposed by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Since 2013, IOCCG organises a bi-annual International Ocean Colour Science Meeting, where the global OCR community can gather and exchange with peers and space agency representatives. In parallel to these new initiatives, the IOCCG has a continuing capacity building and training activity, and continues to increase its record of monographs, based on the work of its working groups (currently 5 WG are active).
Estuaries, long recognized for their local importance, form collectively an important global ecosystem, sensitive to both climate change and local pressures. This has been recognized by a 2013 U.S. workshop, which issued a set of recommendations directed at building worldwide capacity and collaborations to address estuaries as a global ecosystem. The workshop recognized that modern observation and modeling technology is poised to play a key role in advancing the scientific understanding of estuaries, and identified the need to map the resulting understanding of individual estuaries into a common global framework. An international partnership has since emerged, driven by the increasingly recognized need to advance estuarine observation, modeling, science and science translation worldwide. Anchoring the partnership is a belief that there are important commonalities across estuaries that, if explored, will prove synergistic and transformation towards understanding and sustainable management of all estuaries. On behalf of this emerging international partnership, we describe here steps that are being taken to develop Our Global Estuary. Integral to these efforts are: (a) the organization of regular international workshops, to build a common vision and global capacity and collaborative networks—the first of these workshops planned for Chennai, India; (b) the creation of a pilot project, Our Virtual Global Estuary, where a common modeling and analysis framework, supported by and supporting local observations, will be progressively put in place for estuaries across the world—with an initial set identified in Brazil, China, Portugal, Spain, and United States, and additional estuaries under consideration; and (b) exploration of synergies with global organizations (such as the Partnership for Ocean Global Observations) and global-scale programs and initiatives (such as Blue Planet), to further contextualize the role of estuaries in the earth’s sustainability.
C5.07: Blue Carbon: Current status of Australian estimates and future model p...Blue Planet Symposium
Blue carbon is becoming widely recognised as a critical component of all national carbon accounting schemes. Australia has invested heavily in collating existing estimates of blue carbon stocks and is currently targeting important yet poorly represented habitats around its extensive coastline. Much of this effort is linked with the CSIRO-funded Coastal Carbon Cluster. This 3-year program has developed and validated many approaches to blue carbon estimation and is now able to showcase best-practice methods. The activities of the Cluster have been used as a model for international efforts to develop global estimates, as well as national blue carbon inventories via the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Finally, static estimates of carbon can only describe the current carbon stock at a specific location; models can extrapolate these relationships into unsampled regions, as well as estimate carbon stock into the future given changes to climate as well as alterations to the geochemistry/hydrodynamics of a specific habitat.
C5.02: The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network: data for decisions -...Blue Planet Symposium
Ocean acidification describes the changes in seawater chemistry that result from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the ocean. The changes this century are predicted to have profound impacts on marine ecosystems with potential flow-on effects to economic and environmental services the ecosystems provide, including fisheries and aquaculture, coastal protection, and tourism. The Global Ocean Acidification - Observing Network (GOA-ON) has been developed in response to the widespread concern of the impacts of ocean acidification. The network is an internationally coordinated effort, combining ‘bottom up’ collaboration by the research community with ‘top down’ encouragement and support from a range of international bodies and organisations, including the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The aim is to provide chemical and biological data from local to global scales that can be used to improve understanding of ocean acidification conditions and ecosystem responses, and to provide uniformly collected and quality-controlled data to assist policy making through research products and model-based projections of ecosystem responses. Capability development is a key aspect of the network. The status and future plans of the GOA-ON initiative will be described – providing the opportunity for additional involvement in its implementation.
C5.01: Ocean acidification and seawater carbon chemistry of the Great Barrier...Blue Planet Symposium
Ocean acidification is considered a major threat to the health and sustainability of tropical reef ecosystems. Observations of carbonate chemistry have been made over a range of scales from reefs to ocean hydrographic sections in the Southwest Pacific and Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in order to establish baseline conditions for tracking ocean acidification change. A major component of the research has been monthly sampling of shelf waters along the entire length of the GBR using a ship of opportunity, RTM Wakmatha. The observations provide measures of the vital signs of the reef health and growing conditions. The results show that seawater carbonate chemistry is strongly influenced by the flow of Coral Sea waters onto the GBR shelf, with localised modification of the water chemistry by calcification/dissolution and production/respiration in the many reefs and coastal regions of the GBR. The shelf-offshore changes are similar in size to ocean acidification changes predicted over the next few decades due to ocean CO2 uptake. The changes in carbonate chemistry indicate that many reefs of the GBR may already be exposed to marginal growing conditions with respect to seawater carbonate chemistry. However, the results are also consistent with a net calcification signal for the GBR, with no evidence of large-scale net dissolution that may occur under ocean acidification. The research is a basis for developing an integrated modelling and sustained observational approach for 1) determining how the GBR is responding to ocean acidification and other stresses (e.g. tipping from conditions of net growth to net loss of reef), 2) diagnosing the complex feedback mechanisms on the GBR that alter water chemistry and influence the resilience of reefs to ocean acidification, and 3) delivering tools and evidence for informed decision making on responses to ocean acidification.
C5.05: Fit for Purpose Marine Observations - Boris Kelly-GerreynBlue Planet Symposium
As with most providers of ocean observations, the Bureau delivers data to a vast array of end users. For the Bureau, these data contribute both to national concerns (security, safety, well-being and economic prosperity) and to international programs. For example, sea level monitoring is provided to support South Pacific island nations as part of an international aid program and as a contribution to the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS).
One of the major challenges that the ocean observing community faces is the ability to provide data which is measurably fit for purpose. Building on recent innovative work at the UK Meteorological Office, and in partnership with other international organisations, the Bureau has started to address this challenge by developing efficient modelling tools to assist with observing network design. The focus of this work is on quantifying the impact of observation systems when they are assimilated in numerical weather prediction systems. This activity is part of a pioneering effort to improve how we bring observations to users and in doing so provide step-change benefits to the international ocean observing community.
This presentation will cover these observing and modelling activities and their potential impact on the Australian and international community
C5.03: Ocean observations by the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) - K...Blue Planet Symposium
As a contribution to the climate variability monitoring, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) initiated the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM). GCOM is a concept comprised of two polar-orbiting satellite series, spread over three generations to achieve long-term and consistent data records. The two satellite series are GCOM-W (Water) and GCOM-C (Climate). JAXA is implementing the first generation of the series. The GCOM-W satellite was launched on May 18, 2012 (Japan Standard Time) and started the continuous observation by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) from the A-Train orbit. The instrument has been showing stable performance and accumulating its data records. AMSR2 is capable of observing various oceanic and atmospheric geophysical parameters, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface wind speed, water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, and sea ice. Particularly, nearly all-weather SST measurement by utilizing the characteristics of microwave observation is playing an important role in capturing dynamic changes of ocean phenomena, together with the time-proven infrared observations. The GCOM-C satellite is now under development and scheduled for launch in Japanese fiscal year 2016 to provide the continuous observations related to carbon cycle and radiation budget. The satellite will be equipped with the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) with some unique features including enhanced spatial resolution (250 m) for most of the visible channels, ultraviolet channels (380 nm), and polarization/multidirectional measurement capabilities. These features will provide the better understanding of the coastal phenomena through the detailed and accurate observations of coastal ocean colors and SST.
C5.06: Argo: Recent Insights and Future Evolution - Susan WijffelsBlue Planet Symposium
Since reaching global coverage in 2006, the Argo array of profiling floats has been delivering high-quality temperature and salinity profiles from depths of around 2000m to the surface every 10 days (www.argo.net). When synthesized, these data show that the Earth’s warming has continued unabated at 0.4-0.6 Wm-2 despite a ‘hiatus’ in surface air temperature rise. Argo’s depth reach reveals that short-term vertical displacement of heat accounts for this surface ‘hiatus’, characterized by compensating subsurface warming above ~700m. Below 700m a steady warming is detected down to 2000m. Over the period for which Argo coverage is global (2006 to present), most of the extra heat is accumulating in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical ocean. Argo drift phase data are also revealing striking structures in the mid-depth circulation field. We will describe the current status of Argo and its challenges. We will also outline progress towards evolving the design of the Argo array and piloting extensions to cover existing gaps (marginal seas, deep and ice-covered oceans) and new parameters such as bio-chemical and optical measurements.
Declining water quality on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has been linked to a long-term decline of coral cover within the GBR World Heritage area. GBR reefs are naturally exposed to river runoff carrying nutrient and suspended sediment loads, but historical and current land-use practices have enhanced the delivery of terrestrially derived material in to the marine environment. Regional water quality improvement plans are a mechanism to improve coastal water quality, through actions in the source catchments targeted at reducing sediment and nutrient delivery into streams, rivers and ultimately the marine receiving waters.
Hydrodynamic models currently being applied to the GBR as part of the eReefs project provide a valuable tool for identifying, quantifying and communicating the spatial impact of discharges from various rivers into the GBR lagoon. Using hindcast simulations of historic wet seasons, river-tagged passive tracers were released from major rivers discharging into the GBR to provide a quantitative identification of high or extended exposure of spatial regions to river plumes. Simulated river exposures were coupled with estimated river nutrient loads to inform a spatial risk analysis of reef exposure to terrestrially derived pollutants. This modelling provided a quantitative basis for prioritizing catchments for management attention, and has informed the refinement of regional water quality improvement plans.
C4.05: An Interannual to Decadal Local Sea Level Forecasting System - Hans-Pe...Blue Planet Symposium
Societal and environmental effects of sea level rise are among the major impacts of climate change. Rapid local sea level (LSL) changes exceeding by far those experienced over the last 6,000 years can not be excluded, not even for the next few decades. Such changes pose an unparalleled threat to humanity. In case of an onset of rapid LSL rise, "early warnings" are needed to mitigate the impact of such a low-probability, high-impact event. We are developing a demonstrator for interannual LSL forecasts, which is implemented as a semi-operational system model using as far as possible on existing model components. LSL is the output of many Earth system processes acting on global to local spatial scale, and including mass relocation and exchange between ice sheets, glaciers, land water storage, and oceans; deformation of the solid Earth and gravity-field changes caused by the mass relocation; changes in ocean heat storage and ocean currents; changes in atmospheric circulation; tectonic processes; and natural and anthropogenic local coastal subsidence. Modules of the system model include global models; regional models for steric effects; local models for vertical land motion; and physical models to convert global processes into local effects. Initially, some of the modules are weakly coupled and based on input from complex models (both internal and external), while other modules are networked locally. The modular nature of the system allows improvements of individual modules, thus enabling rapid integration of advances within modules. Assimilation of observations on global to local scales provide additional constrains. The system model ensures global consistency for key Earth system parameters, such as mass and momentum conservation. Although many scientific issues need to be addressed before reliable forecasting is achieved, it is important to start forecasting as soon as possible to further assess the forecasting capabilities.
C4.07: Using models to help shape sustainable coasts - Beth FultonBlue Planet Symposium
Australia sees itself as the coastal nation and the world is following suite, with more than three quarters to the global population projected to live within coastal zones by mid century. As the point where land and sea meet coasts represent a rich diversity of environment types, livelihoods, opportunities and conflicting objectives. Models a one means of navigating through the situation, bringing together information in a consistent framework and helping people visualise what alternative futures may contain. The diversity of modelling tools available has grown in sophistication over the last 30 years, growing to encompass consideration of ecosystem and human dimensions of the coastal zone. Drawing on examples from Australia and around the world this discussion will show that while there is plenty of scope for future development, modelling approaches have matured to a point that they provide a tailorable toolbox of approaches that can get beyond impact modelling to address the socioecological and operational challenges involved in finding pragmatic sustainable options for coastal zone development and management.
C4.06: Towards continental-scale operational ocean and coastal monitoring usi...Blue Planet Symposium
Regionally tuned algorithms that deliver remotely sensed marine water quality products from the MODIS/Aqua sensor have been developed and validated for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Through the eReefs partnership, these algorithms are being transferred from the research domain and being deployed operationally via the national meteorological agency. Furthermore they are being adapted to work with two other ocean colour satellite instruments, SeaWiFS and VIIRS/NPP to enable extension of the monitoring time series, both historically and into the future. The production infrastructure to manage contemporary data flows from the VIIRS sensor is similarly being extended. In parallel, the validated remote sensing products are being integrated into a hydrodynamic and bio-geochemical regional ocean model through data assimilation to provide a holistic suite of monitoring products for the GBR.
This work is being undertaken with the goal of expanding the monitoring to more of Australia's marine jurisdiction. While the remote sensing algorithms themselves are parameterised for the atmospheric and optical characteristics of the GBR region, they are inherently flexible and are progressively being applied and tested in other locations where suitable in situ data are available. The data processing system for the GBR already is nested within the national data production operated by the Integrated Marine Observing System.
C4.03: International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) – Global Expertise in Coast...Blue Planet Symposium
The IODE International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) project is a community of practice of organizations with a mission to share experiences and to find common solutions to Coastal Web Atlas (CWA) development. With more than 60 member organizations around the globe, ICAN can harness expertise across a wide range of specialties that include spatial data management, web map services, networking, coastal management, ocean remote sensing, and coastal policy. A major goal of ICAN is to help build a functioning digital atlas of the worldwide coast based on the principle of shared distributed information and global-level operational interoperability. ICAN promotes and encourages an increase in coastal and marine data sharing among policy makers and resource managers through the strategic use of CWAs. Participants seek to play a leadership role in forging international collaborations of value to the participating nations and organizations, thereby optimizing regional governance in coastal zone management. Since 2013 ICAN members have collaborated and shared ideas with the GEOSS in support of the goals of the Coastal Zone Community of Practice.. To foster this and other like-minded global projects, ICAN provides training and software for CWA implementation and serves as host for informed discussion. Among its achievements are a handbook on coastal informatics and CWA development, an interoperability portal, training guides on best practices, and numerous workshops.
C4.02: Development of an Integrated Global Water Quality Monitoring and Forec...Blue Planet Symposium
Surface waters are generally viewed as a hydrologic continuum, flowing from inland water sources through estuaries to the open oceans. The GEO Working Group on Earth Observations of Inland and Near-Coastal Waters (WA-01-C4) has organised the Water Quality Summit in Geneva 20-22nd April 2015 with the aim of charting the future of earth observation and in situ measurements based global water quality monitoring and forecasting systems. The relationship to GEO Blue Planet lies in the coastal zone.
There is a crucial need for timely, accurate, and widespread assessment and monitoring and forecasting of inland and near-coastal water quality. However, existing measurement and forecasting capabilities have significant logistical, technical, and economic challenges and constraints, impacting both developed and developing nations. This summit was endorsed by GEO as a part of the water quality task (WA-01-C4) and the GEOSS Water Strategy with the mission to deliver, on a routine and sustained basis, timely, consistent, accurate and fit-for -purpose water quality data products and information to support water resource management and decision making in coastal and inland waters. The Summit goal is to define specific requirements of the water quality system components and develop a plan to implement integrated global end-to-end water quality monitoring and forecasting service. We present the results of this meeting: Development of a strategic implementation and a phased action plan including baseline and threshold service build-outs, with both a short-term and a long-term plan for a global-scale water quality monitoring and forecasting service. Some feedback will be given on the CEOS–GEOSS Water Strategy Implementation plan as well as other international related activities.
C4.04: Design of a GEO Coastal Ocean Pilot Project for the Caribbean Region -...Blue Planet Symposium
The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Oceans and Society Coastal Ocean Pilot Project for the Caribbean Region is a response to the need for a Pilot Project to demonstrate the added value of an end-to-end System of Systems for Ecosystem-Based Approaches for monitoring and managing the coastal zone (GEO 2012 – 2015 Work Plan, SB-01-C4-02 [1]).
The Pilot Project design will be based on principles established by the Group on Earth Observations “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet [2]” task and developed in collaboration with the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Regional Alliance (GRA) for the Caribbean, IOCARIBE-GOOS [3]. It will incorporate concepts and recommendations from GOOS Pub. 193, Requirements for Global Implementation of the Strategic Plan for Coastal GOOS [4], and will be tailored to provide meaningful and sustainable value for Caribbean Region marine ecosystems and the populations they impact. The Design document will be developed in increasingly detailed stages, with distribution, review, and comment at each stage, leading to a final Design Plan, at which time we will seek approval to move ahead with GEO support for implementation planning and financing.
C3.04: Assessing the impact of observations on ocean forecasts and reanalyses...Blue Planet Symposium
Under GODAE OceanView the operational ocean modelling community has developed a suite of global ocean forecast, reanalysis and analysis systems. Each system has a critical dependence on ocean observations – routinely assimilating observations of in-situ temperature and salinity, and satellite sea-level anomaly and sea surface temperature. Under GODAE OceanView (GOV), the Observing System Evaluation Task Team (https://www.godae-oceanview.org/science/task-teams/observing-system-evaluation-tt-oseval-tt/) regularly coordinates analyses from the GOV community to demonstration the value and impact of ocean observations on different global and regional data-assimilating forecast and reanalysis systems. Highlights of the latest suite of demonstrations will be presented here. Results show that Argo data are critically important – the most critical for seasonal prediction, and as critical as satellite altimetry for eddy-resolving applications. Most systems show that TAO data are as important as Argo in the tropical Pacific, and that XBT data have an impact that is comparable to other data types in the vicinity of XBT transects. It is clear that no currently available data type is redundant. On the contrary, the components of the global ocean observing system complement each other remarkably well, providing sufficient information to monitor and forecast the global ocean.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australasia – why we need it - Helen Beggs
1. A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature
product for Australasia – why we need it
Helen Beggs1*
, Christopher Griffin1
, Leon Majewski1
, Edward King2#
,
Janice Sisson1
and Zhihong Li1
1
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
2
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Hobart, Australia
*Leader, IMOS Satellite SST Products Sub-facility
#
Leader, IMOS Satellite Remote Sensing Facility
2. Why do we need 1 km resolution
AVHRR SST Products?
Passive infra-red sensors on polar-
orbiting satellites provide the
highest resolution SST
observations from space (~1 km)
but cannot sense SST under
cloud.
Pre-2002 (MODIS) the only wide
swath, 1 km resolution, satellite
SSTs available were direct-
broadcast AVHRR SST from
NOAA polar-orbiters.
3. Australia has direct broadcast AVHRR data
back to 1992 from reception stations in
Australia and Antarctica.
Using this data set, Bureau of Meteorology
has produced 23 years of Group for High
Resolution SST (GHRSST) format products
with error estimates and quality flags per
pixel.
IMOS 1 km AVHRR SST
1 month day+night L3S
February 2008
5. Why day-only, night-only and
day+night L3S products?
2 km IMOS night L3S2 km IMOS day+night L3S 2 km IMOS day L3S
1 Jan 2014
6. L4 interpolated SST vs L3S composite SST
1 km G1SST L4
2 km IMOS night L3S
1 km MUR L4
2 km IMOS day+night L3S 2 km IMOS day L3S
7. Different IMOS-GHRSST Products
suit different applications
L3C (2 km gridded,
multiple swath)
Research into diurnal warming
• Great Barrier Reef (Xiaofang Zhu,
PhD Uni of Miami)
• Tropical Warm Pool (Haifeng
Zhang, PhD UNSW@ADFA)
Mean Mar 2010 NOAA-19 ΔSST
8. Different IMOS-GHRSST Products
suit different applications
L3U (2 km gridded, single
swath)
Real-time SST maps
• www.fishtrack.com
• IMOS OceanCurrent
(http://oceancurrent.imos.org.au/sst.
php)
OceanCurrent SST Map 6 May 2015
9. Different IMOS-GHRSST Products
suit different applications
L3S (gridded, multiple sensor)
• Nowcasting of coral bleaching
• ReefTemp NextGen uses night-
only 1-day
L3Shttp://www.bom.gov.au/mari
newaterquality
• Near RT maps of SST
• IMOS OceanCurrent uses day-only,
night-only 3-day L3S
• Validation of high res ocean models
ReefTemp 1-day SST Anomaly
1 Jan 2014
14. How does IMOS fv02 AVHRR L3C
differ from Pathfinder AVHRR L3C
SST?
• Wider swath width
• Higher spatial resolution - 1.1 km x 1.1 km cf
4.4 km x 1.1 km resolution at nadir
• More ancillary fields - IMOS product has error
estimates per pixel to comply with GHRSST
spec
• More satellites - IMOS uses all available
NOAA satellites, Pathfinder only one at a time
• IMOS back to 1992, Pathfinder back to 1981
• IMOS real-time, Pathfinder > 1 year behind
• IMOS uses "adaptive calibration" and "adaptive
error statistics" to "tune" AVHRR SSTs using
regional in situ data to minimise error
IMOS L3U
Pathfinder L3C
16. Different IMOS-GHRSST Products
suit different applications
L3C (gridded, multiple swath)
Research into diurnal warming
• Great Barrier Reef (Xiaofang Zhu, PhD
Uni of Miami)
• Tropical Warm Pool (Haifeng Zhang,
PhD UNSW@ADFA)
Mean Mar 2010 NOAA-19 ΔSST
Mean Mar 2010 ACCESS-R 10 m WindsMean Mar 2010 ACCESS-R SSI
19. Temporal Averaging vs Spatial Interpolation
Eg. North Queensland, 1 Jan 2014 mean SSTfnd products
1-day 2 km L3S 3-day 2 km L3S
1-month 2 km L3S
6-day 2 km L3S
Daily 1 km G1SST L414-day 2 km L3S
20. Temporal Averaging vs Spatial Interpolation
Eg. North Queensland, 1 Jan 2014 night-only L3S products
1-day 2 km L3S 3-day 2 km L3S
1-month 2 km L3S
6-day 2 km L3S
Daily 1 km G1SST L414-day 2 km L3S
21. Temporal Averaging vs Spatial Interpolation
Eg. North Queensland, 1 Jan 2014 day-only L3S products
1-day 2 km L3S 3-day 2 km L3S
1-month 2 km L3S
6-day 2 km L3S
Daily 1 km G1SST L414-day 2 km L3S
22. Multi-satellite day+night SSTfnd for 2 Jun 2014
3-day 2 km L3S 6-day 2 km L3S
Daily 1 km MUR L4
1-day 2 km L3S
1-month 2 km L3S14-day 2 km L3S
23. New to fv02 IMOS AVHRR SST:
“Adaptive Calibration”!
• Running 1 year calibration window, adjusted monthly
• Tuned on best matchups with in situ SST
• Performance measured on an expanded matchup data set
NOAA-19 Performance
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
31/12/2004 31/12/2005 31/12/2006 31/12/2007 31/12/2008
Date
Bias(Median)
Two Channel
Pathfinder
Adaptive NLSST
"3" Channel
NOAA-19 Performance
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
31/12/2004 31/12/2005 31/12/2006 31/12/2007 31/12/2008
Date
Bias(RSD)
Two Channel
Pathfinder
Adaptive NLSST
"3" Channel
Median RSD
Pathfinder
IMOS
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
24. Adaptive Sensor Specific Error
Statistics (SSES)
• Per platform basis
• Rolling 1 year window adjusted
frequently (every 1 to 6 days)
• Measurements are weighted by
time
(120 day time constant)
• Attributes considered (6-
dimensions)
− time of day,
− satellite zenith angle,
− quality level,
− latitude, longitude, age
SSES_bias
25. SSES Bias estimate performance
• Applying the bias
correction improves the
bias compared with in
situ SST at all quality
levels
• Dashed lines show
before bias correction
QL = 5
QL = 4
QL = 3
QL = 2
NOAA-12
26. SSES Standard Deviation
• Standard deviation of
AVHRR SSTs cf in situ
SSTs at different
quality levels are given
in all IMOS SST files
• Variation over time
(median standard
deviation over the in
situ matchups) is
shown at the right for
NOAA-12
QL = 5
QL = 4
QL = 3
QL = 2
Editor's Notes
Near-coastal applications such as high-res ocean models, fishing and coral bleaching nowcasting need accurate high res SST products with known uncertainties
These products are available either as geolocated swath products (L2P) or 2 km gridded composite (level 3) SST products either as single swath (L3U), single satellite (L3C) or multiple satellite L3S products over a number of days to fill in the gaps due to cloud. The L3C and L3S products are available as day-only, night-only or day+night files up to real-time.
Range of useful file types (swath/gridded, day/night/day+night, 1/3/6/14/30 day) for different applications
Level 1a = unpacked data (engineering units)
Level 1b = calibrated, geolocated data
Level 2 = product in native, swath, format
Level 3 = regridded data,
L3U = 1 single swath remapped to a standard grid
L3C = the combination of data from multiple swaths, from one sensor (over a defined time period)
L3S = the combination of data from multiple swaths, from multiple sensors (over a defined time period, currently 1-day, 3-day, 6-day, 14-day and 1-month)
During the day-time in regions of the ocean with clear skies, high solar radiation and low winds a warm layer can form in the top few meters of the ocean. The top few microns (thermal skin) in the tropics can experience diurnal warming of several degrees, as was the case on 1st January 2014 off Cairns.
There are several statistically interpolated level 4 (L4) SST products available, including NASA’s 1 km daily global G1SST and MUR analyses that interpolate 1 km satellite SST data. G1SST ingests IMOS AVHRR SST and MODIS data whereas MUR ingests MODIS but no 1km AVHRR SSTs. However, global L4 products do not currently resolve either the diurnal cycle or the fine spatial ocean features close to reefs and coasts. Day-only or night-only IMOS SST products can be used to measure diurnal warming in coastal regions and SST changes over 2 km spatial scales as close as 2 km to coasts.
Note that all daily L4 products interpolate between day and night SST data, and use the previous day's analysis combined with climatology to fill in where no data exists for that date.
MUR and G1SST L4 are produced by NASA JPL.
IMOS AVHRR 1-day L3S is produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
IMOS day-only and night-only L3C products are being used in two PhD projects to study diurnal warming over the Great Barrier Reef and the Tropical Warm Pool.
IMOS-GHRSST products are also used in a range of real-time coastal applications, such as FishTrack, IMOS OceanCurrent …
… and the Bureau of Meteorology’s coral bleaching nowcasting system, ReefTemp NextGen. They are also being used to validate high resolution ocean models, such as 4 km eReefs and 10 km OceanMAPS.
Validation plots for the IMOS AVHRR products are now available on line for each NOAA satellite, with verification against drifting buoys, IMOS ships, Argo floats and moored buoys.
IMOS HRPT AVHRR SST swaths are wider than those for Pathfinder. Pathfinder has 4.4 km x 1.1 km pixels whereas IMOS has 1.1 km x 1.1 km pixels.
Shows:
night-time composite skin SST for multiple satellites.
Quality level based on proximity to cloud only.
Bias with respect to drifting buoy SSTs and corected to skin. Varies smoothly over space with latitude and longitude.
Sst_count shows the number of observations that contributed to the composite.
L2P flags field contains information on land, deviation from analysis, etc
Analysis gives the most recent GAMSSA multi-sensor SST analysis.
Standard deviation based on matchups with drifting buoys calculated daily but using a model that uses the past year of matchups weighted to most recent observations.
sses_count field gives the degrees of freedom used in calculating the bias and standard deviation estimates.
Note that all daily L4 products interpolate between day and night SST data, and use the previous day's analysis combined with climatology to fill in where no data exists for that date.
G1SST L4 contain "foundation" SST, mostly night-time data.
G1SST L4 is produced by the NASA OurOcean Project.
IMOS AVHRR L3S is produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Note that all daily L4 products interpolate between day and night SST data, and use the previous day's analysis combined with climatology to fill in where no data exists for that date.
G1SST L4 contain "foundation" SST, mostly night-time data.
G1SST L4 is produced by the NASA OurOcean Project.
IMOS AVHRR L3S is produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Note that all daily L4 products interpolate between day and night SST data, and use the previous day's analysis combined with climatology to fill in where no data exists for that date.
G1SST L4 contain "foundation" SST, mostly night-time data.
G1SST L4 is produced by the NASA OurOcean Project.
IMOS AVHRR L3S is produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Mauve curve represents the pathfinder algorithm (2 channel linear daytime, 3 channel at night, non latitude banded), with an analysis SST term added to the fit.
Tuned on best matchups with in situ SST (highest quality level, mid range winds, low deviation from “fitted norm”),
Performance measured on an expanded dataset (lower quality allowed, relaxed bounds on other parameters).
Quality level is determined from proximity to cloud using the CLAVR cloud determination system, time of day includes sun zenith angle such that prior to midday and post midday the angles have opposite sign. This provides a specific offset between ascending and descending orbits of the same platform, and is thus not intended to be used for continuous times throughout the day.