This document summarizes a femtosecond transient absorption experiment measuring the dynamics of nickel tetra-sulphonato-phenyl-porphyrin (NiTPPS) in water. The experiment used a 1 kHz Legend Elite laser system at 400 nm pumping and a single probe channel to monitor the absorption of NiTPPS over timescales ranging from femtoseconds to seconds. Graphs are presented showing the probe spectrum, absorption dynamics on linear and logarithmic timescales, and kinetics at various probe wavelengths.
A rotational reference cell for high-accuracy real-time spectroscopic trace-g...Clinton Smith
We demonstrate real-time drift correction of a quantum cascade laser based direct absorption trace-gas sensor using a rotating in-line reference cell. High accuracy and performance sufficient for long-term environmental monitoring has been demonstrated.
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO_SI-2013-CW1L.3
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
There is an increasing requirement within the Australasian region for accurate sea surface temperatures within a few kilometres of coasts, for high-resolution weather and ocean prediction, environmental monitoring, fisheries and biological research. Although there are a multitude of gridded sea surface temperature (SST) products available, derived from interpolating remotely sensed observations, few can resolve surface features of spatial scales less than 20 km, making them unsuitable for many coastal applications. Multi-decadal, gridded SST products of approximately 4 km resolution that do not involve data interpolation, and therefore resolve ocean features up to 4 km from coasts (eg. NOAA Pathfinder), do not provide uncertainty estimates for each SST value.
As part of the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), the Bureau of Meteorology in collaboration with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship produces a range of 2 km resolution, gridded SST products, derived using direct broadcast, infra-red data from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites (http://imos.org.au/sstproducts.html). All products follow the latest Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST: www.ghrsst.org) file formats, including error estimates for each SST value, and are available in real-time and delayed mode back to 1992. They form a unique 22 year data set that supplies quality-assured SST values to within 2 km of coasts. The products cover Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand and much of the south-west Pacific and Antarctica.
The presentation will describe the new IMOS-GHRSST data sets, including current applications, and present results of validation against in-situ observations. Plans for including data from new satellites (e.g. METOP-B, GCOM-W1, Himawari-8) will be discussed.
A rotational reference cell for high-accuracy real-time spectroscopic trace-g...Clinton Smith
We demonstrate real-time drift correction of a quantum cascade laser based direct absorption trace-gas sensor using a rotating in-line reference cell. High accuracy and performance sufficient for long-term environmental monitoring has been demonstrated.
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO_SI-2013-CW1L.3
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
There is an increasing requirement within the Australasian region for accurate sea surface temperatures within a few kilometres of coasts, for high-resolution weather and ocean prediction, environmental monitoring, fisheries and biological research. Although there are a multitude of gridded sea surface temperature (SST) products available, derived from interpolating remotely sensed observations, few can resolve surface features of spatial scales less than 20 km, making them unsuitable for many coastal applications. Multi-decadal, gridded SST products of approximately 4 km resolution that do not involve data interpolation, and therefore resolve ocean features up to 4 km from coasts (eg. NOAA Pathfinder), do not provide uncertainty estimates for each SST value.
As part of the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), the Bureau of Meteorology in collaboration with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship produces a range of 2 km resolution, gridded SST products, derived using direct broadcast, infra-red data from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites (http://imos.org.au/sstproducts.html). All products follow the latest Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST: www.ghrsst.org) file formats, including error estimates for each SST value, and are available in real-time and delayed mode back to 1992. They form a unique 22 year data set that supplies quality-assured SST values to within 2 km of coasts. The products cover Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand and much of the south-west Pacific and Antarctica.
The presentation will describe the new IMOS-GHRSST data sets, including current applications, and present results of validation against in-situ observations. Plans for including data from new satellites (e.g. METOP-B, GCOM-W1, Himawari-8) will be discussed.
Biological Nutrient Removal Applications for Monitoring ORP | YSIXylem Inc.
Biological nutrient removal applications for monitoring oxidation reduction potential in wastewater covers four main topics: the science of ORP/Redox, putting ORP to use, applications and sensor care.
It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
Fourier transform NMR.
Signal enhancement method.
This is a mathematical operation in which the complex wave form can be broken down into simple mathematical operation.
Analytical instrument in pharmaceutical analysis.
Advanced version of NMR.
Tra Trieste e Nova Gorica per lo studio dei fenomeni ultraveloci / Between Trieste and Nova Gorica for the study of ultra-fast phenomena - by Cesare Grazioli
Biological Nutrient Removal Applications for Monitoring ORP | YSIXylem Inc.
Biological nutrient removal applications for monitoring oxidation reduction potential in wastewater covers four main topics: the science of ORP/Redox, putting ORP to use, applications and sensor care.
It is a multi-element analysis technique where The ICP source converts the atoms of the elements in the sample to ions. These ions are then separated and detected by the mass spectrometer
Fourier transform NMR.
Signal enhancement method.
This is a mathematical operation in which the complex wave form can be broken down into simple mathematical operation.
Analytical instrument in pharmaceutical analysis.
Advanced version of NMR.
Tra Trieste e Nova Gorica per lo studio dei fenomeni ultraveloci / Between Trieste and Nova Gorica for the study of ultra-fast phenomena - by Cesare Grazioli
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
