Learn why it’s dangerous to rely on live GNSS signals when testing a GNSS receiver’s performance – and why GNSS simulation is widely-accepted as the professional alternative for receiver R&D.
Discover:
- The nine key tests needed to assess fundamental GNSS receiver performance
- How simulation delivers the control and repeatability impossible with live sky signals
Automatic Altitude Control of Quadroto3isaac chang
The document discusses testing various sensors for automatic altitude control of a quadrotor. It analyzes the built-in pressure sensor and finds it insufficient due to lack of stability and accuracy. Additional distance sensors are considered, including ultrasonic and infrared sensors. The pressure, ultrasonic, and infrared sensors are experimentally tested to evaluate their performance for automatic altitude control. The testing examines measurement accuracy, detection range, and sensitivity to object shape and surface for each sensor.
The document summarizes the pre-launch calibration of CERES Flight Model 5 (FM5) instrument that will be onboard the NPP spacecraft. The calibration involved characterizing the instrument's response to longwave, shortwave, and total radiation. Tests were conducted in a radiometric calibration facility using internal calibration sources and external blackbody sources. The results were within the measurement accuracy requirements, with gains of 8.577 counts/Wm-2 for total radiation and 10.495 counts/Wm-2 for window channels. On-board calibration sources will provide a transfer standard to track changes after launch.
The document discusses testing a Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. It summarizes:
1. Measurement values from the S7000 were compared to 5 reference analyzers on different signal sources and were found to be very similar, confirming the S7000's high precision.
2. The S7000's real-time spectrum display and integrated waterfall diagrams make antenna alignment quick and easy, allowing technicians to fine-tune motorized antennas for optimal reception.
3. The S7000 was used to troubleshoot intermittent interference on an in-home CATV distribution system, identifying a defective signal splitter as the source of the problem. The S7000 can accurately analyze different modulation types including DVB-C
The document summarizes testing of the Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. Key points:
- Measurement values from the S7000 closely matched five reference analyzers, confirming its precision.
- Its integrated real-time spectrum and waterfall diagrams make antenna alignment extremely easy.
- These display tools allow technicians to quickly optimize antenna position for strongest satellite signals.
- The S7000 was used to successfully troubleshoot interference in a home's CATV distribution system.
The document summarizes results from the PAU Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Instrument. It shows that pseudo-random noise signals can be used for calibration, frequency response determination, and overcoming limitations of centralized noise injection. Preliminary imaging results demonstrate the instrument's impulse response, angular resolution of around 5.7 degrees, and ability to track GPS satellites. Real-time systems require more frequent calibration than offline systems to avoid errors from interpolation.
Guided wave radar (GWR) technology has become a standard for level measurement in process and storage tanks. The Eclipse Model 706 GWR transmitter addresses challenges faced by earlier GWR devices. Its probe acts as a conductive path that maximizes signal strength and avoids scattering, allowing it to accurately measure even low dielectric liquids. The Model 706 also has a high signal-to-noise ratio, making it robust in challenging conditions. Additionally, it can measure to the very top of tanks without any non-measurable zone, offering overfill capability. The Model 706 addresses issues associated with using GWR in chambers/bridles and saturated steam applications through advanced measurement techniques.
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
#2 gnss errors,its sources & mitigation techniquesMohammedHusain20
This document discusses GNSS errors, their sources, and mitigation techniques. It describes various unintentional errors from satellite clocks, orbits, and the ionosphere and troposphere. Receiver errors and multipath errors are also discussed. Intentional interference can come from jamming or spoofing. Real-time and post-processing techniques can be used to mitigate errors, such as using ground station corrections or processing with base station data. The goal is to understand error sources and how to apply models or corrections to improve GNSS positioning accuracy.
Automatic Altitude Control of Quadroto3isaac chang
The document discusses testing various sensors for automatic altitude control of a quadrotor. It analyzes the built-in pressure sensor and finds it insufficient due to lack of stability and accuracy. Additional distance sensors are considered, including ultrasonic and infrared sensors. The pressure, ultrasonic, and infrared sensors are experimentally tested to evaluate their performance for automatic altitude control. The testing examines measurement accuracy, detection range, and sensitivity to object shape and surface for each sensor.
The document summarizes the pre-launch calibration of CERES Flight Model 5 (FM5) instrument that will be onboard the NPP spacecraft. The calibration involved characterizing the instrument's response to longwave, shortwave, and total radiation. Tests were conducted in a radiometric calibration facility using internal calibration sources and external blackbody sources. The results were within the measurement accuracy requirements, with gains of 8.577 counts/Wm-2 for total radiation and 10.495 counts/Wm-2 for window channels. On-board calibration sources will provide a transfer standard to track changes after launch.
The document discusses testing a Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. It summarizes:
1. Measurement values from the S7000 were compared to 5 reference analyzers on different signal sources and were found to be very similar, confirming the S7000's high precision.
2. The S7000's real-time spectrum display and integrated waterfall diagrams make antenna alignment quick and easy, allowing technicians to fine-tune motorized antennas for optimal reception.
3. The S7000 was used to troubleshoot intermittent interference on an in-home CATV distribution system, identifying a defective signal splitter as the source of the problem. The S7000 can accurately analyze different modulation types including DVB-C
The document summarizes testing of the Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. Key points:
- Measurement values from the S7000 closely matched five reference analyzers, confirming its precision.
- Its integrated real-time spectrum and waterfall diagrams make antenna alignment extremely easy.
- These display tools allow technicians to quickly optimize antenna position for strongest satellite signals.
- The S7000 was used to successfully troubleshoot interference in a home's CATV distribution system.
The document summarizes results from the PAU Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Instrument. It shows that pseudo-random noise signals can be used for calibration, frequency response determination, and overcoming limitations of centralized noise injection. Preliminary imaging results demonstrate the instrument's impulse response, angular resolution of around 5.7 degrees, and ability to track GPS satellites. Real-time systems require more frequent calibration than offline systems to avoid errors from interpolation.
Guided wave radar (GWR) technology has become a standard for level measurement in process and storage tanks. The Eclipse Model 706 GWR transmitter addresses challenges faced by earlier GWR devices. Its probe acts as a conductive path that maximizes signal strength and avoids scattering, allowing it to accurately measure even low dielectric liquids. The Model 706 also has a high signal-to-noise ratio, making it robust in challenging conditions. Additionally, it can measure to the very top of tanks without any non-measurable zone, offering overfill capability. The Model 706 addresses issues associated with using GWR in chambers/bridles and saturated steam applications through advanced measurement techniques.
Hardening GPS/GNSS receivers against spoofing and jamming is crucial as threats are new, real and increasing. Testing with a GPS/GNSS simulator is a very effective tool for designing and evaluating countermeasures for mission-critical applications for positioning, navigation and timing.
#2 gnss errors,its sources & mitigation techniquesMohammedHusain20
This document discusses GNSS errors, their sources, and mitigation techniques. It describes various unintentional errors from satellite clocks, orbits, and the ionosphere and troposphere. Receiver errors and multipath errors are also discussed. Intentional interference can come from jamming or spoofing. Real-time and post-processing techniques can be used to mitigate errors, such as using ground station corrections or processing with base station data. The goal is to understand error sources and how to apply models or corrections to improve GNSS positioning accuracy.
The document discusses GPS receivers and positioning methods. It provides details on:
- How GPS receivers obtain data from at least 4 satellites to determine position through measuring pseudo-ranges or carrier phase.
- Modern receivers can track all visible satellites simultaneously through multiple channels.
- Basic positioning involves measuring distances to 3 satellites, but using 4 eliminates clock bias errors.
- Carrier phase measurements provide more accurate positioning needed for engineering surveys.
ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) is a marine radar system that can automatically track objects and calculate their course, speed, closest point of approach, and time to closest approach to assess collision risk. It processes radar data more quickly than conventional radar. The ARPA is connected to the radar and extracts data to display tracked target vectors and collision assessment information directly on the radar display. It can track up to 20 targets and provides readouts and alarms of key tracking data to alert the user to potentially threatening targets.
1. The document tests and reviews the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer.
2. It finds that the S7000's measurement values are very similar to five reference analyzers, confirming its high precision.
3. The S7000 is easy to use for tasks like aligning motorized antennas, as its real-time spectrum and waterfall displays make it simple to optimize satellite reception.
The document provides a two-part test report on the Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer:
1. In Part 1, the analyzer's functions are introduced, including real-time spectrum analysis, remote control via PC/mobile, and suitability for MPEG2 and MPEG4.
2. Part 2 details testing results, finding measurement values very similar to five reference analyzers. Alignment of a motorized antenna using waterfall diagrams is demonstrated to be easy.
3. Troubleshooting interference in a CATV distribution is described, identifying a faulty splitter easily using the S7000's analog transponder analysis.
The document discusses user position computation from GPS and differential GPS (DGPS). It covers how a GPS receiver determines position and time from satellite signals, including pseudo-range navigation. It also explains geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) and how it impacts positioning accuracy. For DGPS, it describes how a reference station generates corrections and how they can be applied in real-time or post-processed to improve accuracy at a rover receiver. The key elements and sources of DGPS corrections are also summarized.
The document summarizes the Level 1 processing pipeline (L1PP) used to process data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The L1PP takes raw instrument data and produces calibrated brightness temperature images at three levels - L1a, L1b, and L1c. Key algorithms described include calibration steps, removal of interference sources like sun and moon, image reconstruction, and geolocation. Validation results showed the L1PP algorithms could produce images with well-defined coastlines and improved radio frequency interference mitigation.
1.Oscilloscope. 2.Block diagram of Oscilloscope. 3.Types of Oscilloscope. 4.A...AL- AMIN
1.Oscilloscope.
2.Block diagram of Oscilloscope.
3.Types of Oscilloscope.
4.Applications of Oscilloscope.
5.Signal generator.
6. Types of signal generator.
7. Frequency synthesizer.
8.Analyzer.
9.Types of analyzer
This document provides information on several features of an ARPA radar system, including:
1. It describes how the Predicted Point of Collision (PPC) and Predicted Area of Danger (PAD) can be displayed to evaluate collision threats.
2. It explains that trial maneuvering simulations allow users to assess how targets will respond to potential course alterations before implementing them.
3. Past target positions can be shown to identify changes in course or speed over the last 8 minutes.
4. The results of trial maneuvers are approximations that depend on the system's own ship models and input course/speed alterations. Clear labeling distinguishes simulated from actual target data.
The document is a test report that evaluates the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 signal analyzer. It summarizes the results of testing the analyzer's measurement precision against five reference analyzers. The S7000's values were very similar to the references. The report also describes exercises using the S7000 to fine-tune a motorized antenna and troubleshoot interference in a home CATV distribution system. The S7000's real-time spectrum analysis and waterfall displays made these tasks much easier to complete. Replacing a defective splitter resolved the interference in the CATV system.
The document discusses several types of specialized oscilloscopes:
1. Delayed time base oscilloscopes allow studying all parts of a pulse waveform by delaying the signal to the vertical plates. This ensures no part of the waveform is lost.
2. Analog storage oscilloscopes can retain an image for longer periods through mesh or phosphor storage techniques, allowing viewing of very low frequency waveforms.
3. Sampling oscilloscopes use a staircase-ramp generator to take samples that are displayed as the beam moves across the screen. Synchronization ensures sampling is timed with the input signal frequency.
4. Digital storage oscilloscopes digitize the input signal using an analog-to-
This document discusses achieving centimeter-level accuracy with UAVs using RTK (real-time kinematic) technology. It provides examples of projects using the senseFly eBee RTK drone that achieved accuracy of 2-3 centimeters for orthomosaics and digital surface models without ground control points. The integrated RTK system allows centimeter-level geotagging of images and corrections via a base station, enabling high-accuracy mapping in both accessible and inaccessible areas.
This document covers GNSS SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) and specifications. It defines key terms like accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and discusses ICAO requirements. It also provides specifications for GPS, GLONASS and SBAS systems, including details on space/time references, frequencies, modulations, power levels and other RF characteristics. The goal is to explain ICAO standards for GNSS and specifications of existing satellite navigation systems to trainees.
The document provides a test report of the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. It summarizes the analyzer's key features and abilities. The report also details results from testing the S7000 against five reference analyzers, finding its measurement values to be very similar. The report concludes that the S7000's integrated waterfall diagram makes antenna alignment simple and effective.
GPS uses 24 satellites in MEO orbit to provide positioning services to users. The GPS system consists of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment comprises the GPS satellites. The control segment consists of monitoring and control stations that track satellites and upload navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that use satellite signals and navigation messages to determine location. Each satellite continuously broadcasts navigation messages containing ephemeris, clock, and almanac data. The messages are structured in frames, subframes, and pages to efficiently transmit necessary information to users.
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
This document discusses the need for a multi-decadal, high resolution (1 km) coastal sea surface temperature (SST) product for the Australasia region produced using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The Bureau of Meteorology has produced such a product from 1992 to present using direct broadcast AVHRR data from Australia and Antarctica. The product includes different levels of processing and temporal/spatial resolutions to suit various applications like coral bleaching monitoring and ocean model validation. New versions use adaptive calibration and error statistics techniques to improve SST accuracy compared to other products.
- Oscilloscopes display voltage signals as waveforms over time to reveal important information about electrical signals that control electro-mechanical devices. They show voltage, frequency, noise and signal anomalies.
- Most oscilloscopes are now digital, which enables more accurate measurements, data storage, automated analysis and remote sharing of readings. Handheld digital oscilloscopes offer advantages like battery power and electrical isolation.
- Oscilloscopes reveal the shape, amplitude and frequency of waves to identify transient or harmonic signals that could compromise systems, while multimeters only provide numeric readings. Oscilloscope functions like sampling, triggering, and automated setup help analyze unknown waveforms.
The document summarizes Hewlett-Packard's new 456A AC Current Probe, which can measure AC currents from 25 kHz to 20 MHz over an amplitude range from less than 0.5 mA to 1 A RMS. The probe clips onto conductors non-invasively to measure currents without loading circuits. It has a fast 20 ms rise time and low 0.05 uH/50 mΩ loading. The probe is compatible with several HP oscilloscopes and voltmeters to display current waveforms and measurements. It enables convenient measurement of currents in applications that were previously difficult, such as in ground wires and solid-state circuits.
The document summarizes the key factors affecting the performance of the PARIS In-Orbit Demonstrator ocean altimeter. It discusses factors such as onboard calibration, uncertainties in geometry/orbit, use of multiple frequencies, waveform retracking, and the impact of ionosphere corrections. It estimates that the PARIS IoD could achieve a total altimetry accuracy of 18cm, demonstrating its suitability for mesoscale ocean altimetry applications such as tsunami monitoring.
The document discusses ionospheric effects in SAR interferometry and methods for estimating the ionosphere's impact. It presents two main methods: the split spectrum method, which uses interferometric phase from lower and upper subbands, and the range group-phase delay method, which takes the difference between phase delay and group delay estimates. Theoretical analysis and experiments with ALOS-PALSAR data show that both methods can reliably estimate ionospheric phase screens given sufficient coherence, though the range group method has better statistical performance. Accounting for ionospheric effects will be important for precision InSAR at P-band and L-band and even higher frequencies.
A rotational reference cell for high-accuracy real-time spectroscopic trace-g...Clinton Smith
This document summarizes a technique for real-time calibration of portable trace-gas sensors using a rotating in-line gas cell. Key challenges addressed are measurement drift over time from factors like optical instability. Traditional calibration methods lack portability or require separate reference cells. The presented method uses a single gas cell with three sub-cells that rotate between a reference gas, sample gas, and empty cell. Dividing the sample and reference signals by the empty background cell suppresses parasitic interference fringes. Spectral correlation of reference and sample signals over time provides real-time calibration and improved precision without needing wavelength calibration. Future work aims to address detector non-linearity and minimize background signals for field deployment of the calibration technique.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
The document discusses GPS receivers and positioning methods. It provides details on:
- How GPS receivers obtain data from at least 4 satellites to determine position through measuring pseudo-ranges or carrier phase.
- Modern receivers can track all visible satellites simultaneously through multiple channels.
- Basic positioning involves measuring distances to 3 satellites, but using 4 eliminates clock bias errors.
- Carrier phase measurements provide more accurate positioning needed for engineering surveys.
ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) is a marine radar system that can automatically track objects and calculate their course, speed, closest point of approach, and time to closest approach to assess collision risk. It processes radar data more quickly than conventional radar. The ARPA is connected to the radar and extracts data to display tracked target vectors and collision assessment information directly on the radar display. It can track up to 20 targets and provides readouts and alarms of key tracking data to alert the user to potentially threatening targets.
1. The document tests and reviews the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer.
2. It finds that the S7000's measurement values are very similar to five reference analyzers, confirming its high precision.
3. The S7000 is easy to use for tasks like aligning motorized antennas, as its real-time spectrum and waterfall displays make it simple to optimize satellite reception.
The document provides a two-part test report on the Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer:
1. In Part 1, the analyzer's functions are introduced, including real-time spectrum analysis, remote control via PC/mobile, and suitability for MPEG2 and MPEG4.
2. Part 2 details testing results, finding measurement values very similar to five reference analyzers. Alignment of a motorized antenna using waterfall diagrams is demonstrated to be easy.
3. Troubleshooting interference in a CATV distribution is described, identifying a faulty splitter easily using the S7000's analog transponder analysis.
The document discusses user position computation from GPS and differential GPS (DGPS). It covers how a GPS receiver determines position and time from satellite signals, including pseudo-range navigation. It also explains geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) and how it impacts positioning accuracy. For DGPS, it describes how a reference station generates corrections and how they can be applied in real-time or post-processed to improve accuracy at a rover receiver. The key elements and sources of DGPS corrections are also summarized.
The document summarizes the Level 1 processing pipeline (L1PP) used to process data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The L1PP takes raw instrument data and produces calibrated brightness temperature images at three levels - L1a, L1b, and L1c. Key algorithms described include calibration steps, removal of interference sources like sun and moon, image reconstruction, and geolocation. Validation results showed the L1PP algorithms could produce images with well-defined coastlines and improved radio frequency interference mitigation.
1.Oscilloscope. 2.Block diagram of Oscilloscope. 3.Types of Oscilloscope. 4.A...AL- AMIN
1.Oscilloscope.
2.Block diagram of Oscilloscope.
3.Types of Oscilloscope.
4.Applications of Oscilloscope.
5.Signal generator.
6. Types of signal generator.
7. Frequency synthesizer.
8.Analyzer.
9.Types of analyzer
This document provides information on several features of an ARPA radar system, including:
1. It describes how the Predicted Point of Collision (PPC) and Predicted Area of Danger (PAD) can be displayed to evaluate collision threats.
2. It explains that trial maneuvering simulations allow users to assess how targets will respond to potential course alterations before implementing them.
3. Past target positions can be shown to identify changes in course or speed over the last 8 minutes.
4. The results of trial maneuvers are approximations that depend on the system's own ship models and input course/speed alterations. Clear labeling distinguishes simulated from actual target data.
The document is a test report that evaluates the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 signal analyzer. It summarizes the results of testing the analyzer's measurement precision against five reference analyzers. The S7000's values were very similar to the references. The report also describes exercises using the S7000 to fine-tune a motorized antenna and troubleshoot interference in a home CATV distribution system. The S7000's real-time spectrum analysis and waterfall displays made these tasks much easier to complete. Replacing a defective splitter resolved the interference in the CATV system.
The document discusses several types of specialized oscilloscopes:
1. Delayed time base oscilloscopes allow studying all parts of a pulse waveform by delaying the signal to the vertical plates. This ensures no part of the waveform is lost.
2. Analog storage oscilloscopes can retain an image for longer periods through mesh or phosphor storage techniques, allowing viewing of very low frequency waveforms.
3. Sampling oscilloscopes use a staircase-ramp generator to take samples that are displayed as the beam moves across the screen. Synchronization ensures sampling is timed with the input signal frequency.
4. Digital storage oscilloscopes digitize the input signal using an analog-to-
This document discusses achieving centimeter-level accuracy with UAVs using RTK (real-time kinematic) technology. It provides examples of projects using the senseFly eBee RTK drone that achieved accuracy of 2-3 centimeters for orthomosaics and digital surface models without ground control points. The integrated RTK system allows centimeter-level geotagging of images and corrections via a base station, enabling high-accuracy mapping in both accessible and inaccessible areas.
This document covers GNSS SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) and specifications. It defines key terms like accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and discusses ICAO requirements. It also provides specifications for GPS, GLONASS and SBAS systems, including details on space/time references, frequencies, modulations, power levels and other RF characteristics. The goal is to explain ICAO standards for GNSS and specifications of existing satellite navigation systems to trainees.
The document provides a test report of the Deviser TV Analyser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. It summarizes the analyzer's key features and abilities. The report also details results from testing the S7000 against five reference analyzers, finding its measurement values to be very similar. The report concludes that the S7000's integrated waterfall diagram makes antenna alignment simple and effective.
GPS uses 24 satellites in MEO orbit to provide positioning services to users. The GPS system consists of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment comprises the GPS satellites. The control segment consists of monitoring and control stations that track satellites and upload navigation data. The user segment contains GPS receivers that use satellite signals and navigation messages to determine location. Each satellite continuously broadcasts navigation messages containing ephemeris, clock, and almanac data. The messages are structured in frames, subframes, and pages to efficiently transmit necessary information to users.
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
This document discusses the need for a multi-decadal, high resolution (1 km) coastal sea surface temperature (SST) product for the Australasia region produced using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The Bureau of Meteorology has produced such a product from 1992 to present using direct broadcast AVHRR data from Australia and Antarctica. The product includes different levels of processing and temporal/spatial resolutions to suit various applications like coral bleaching monitoring and ocean model validation. New versions use adaptive calibration and error statistics techniques to improve SST accuracy compared to other products.
- Oscilloscopes display voltage signals as waveforms over time to reveal important information about electrical signals that control electro-mechanical devices. They show voltage, frequency, noise and signal anomalies.
- Most oscilloscopes are now digital, which enables more accurate measurements, data storage, automated analysis and remote sharing of readings. Handheld digital oscilloscopes offer advantages like battery power and electrical isolation.
- Oscilloscopes reveal the shape, amplitude and frequency of waves to identify transient or harmonic signals that could compromise systems, while multimeters only provide numeric readings. Oscilloscope functions like sampling, triggering, and automated setup help analyze unknown waveforms.
The document summarizes Hewlett-Packard's new 456A AC Current Probe, which can measure AC currents from 25 kHz to 20 MHz over an amplitude range from less than 0.5 mA to 1 A RMS. The probe clips onto conductors non-invasively to measure currents without loading circuits. It has a fast 20 ms rise time and low 0.05 uH/50 mΩ loading. The probe is compatible with several HP oscilloscopes and voltmeters to display current waveforms and measurements. It enables convenient measurement of currents in applications that were previously difficult, such as in ground wires and solid-state circuits.
The document summarizes the key factors affecting the performance of the PARIS In-Orbit Demonstrator ocean altimeter. It discusses factors such as onboard calibration, uncertainties in geometry/orbit, use of multiple frequencies, waveform retracking, and the impact of ionosphere corrections. It estimates that the PARIS IoD could achieve a total altimetry accuracy of 18cm, demonstrating its suitability for mesoscale ocean altimetry applications such as tsunami monitoring.
The document discusses ionospheric effects in SAR interferometry and methods for estimating the ionosphere's impact. It presents two main methods: the split spectrum method, which uses interferometric phase from lower and upper subbands, and the range group-phase delay method, which takes the difference between phase delay and group delay estimates. Theoretical analysis and experiments with ALOS-PALSAR data show that both methods can reliably estimate ionospheric phase screens given sufficient coherence, though the range group method has better statistical performance. Accounting for ionospheric effects will be important for precision InSAR at P-band and L-band and even higher frequencies.
A rotational reference cell for high-accuracy real-time spectroscopic trace-g...Clinton Smith
This document summarizes a technique for real-time calibration of portable trace-gas sensors using a rotating in-line gas cell. Key challenges addressed are measurement drift over time from factors like optical instability. Traditional calibration methods lack portability or require separate reference cells. The presented method uses a single gas cell with three sub-cells that rotate between a reference gas, sample gas, and empty cell. Dividing the sample and reference signals by the empty background cell suppresses parasitic interference fringes. Spectral correlation of reference and sample signals over time provides real-time calibration and improved precision without needing wavelength calibration. Future work aims to address detector non-linearity and minimize background signals for field deployment of the calibration technique.
Why Simulate? What is a GNSS Simulator? Why should you use one for testing?spirentgnss
As applications for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning continue to proliferate, taking a simulation-based approach to receiver testing is more important than ever.
Discover:
- The many pitfalls of ‘live sky’ testing
- The importance of repeatability
- Why comprehensive testing needs controllable parameters
- The methodology of GNSS simulation
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
This document discusses different options for GNSS signal simulation and testing, including their pros and cons. It describes live sky testing, pseudolites, RF record and playback systems, single-channel RF simulators, and multichannel RF constellation simulators. It concludes that while different options provide some required test attributes, multichannel constellation simulators can handle all necessary GNSS receiver tests and simulate future satellite systems, making them well-suited for research and development. Record and playback systems complement simulation by capturing real-world signal richness.
This document discusses how Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers and robotic total stations can be combined to provide an automated, accurate, and cost-effective system for monitoring large open-pit mines. Two main options for establishing a consistent reference frame are reviewed: using a network of total stations or combining total stations with GNSS receivers. The advantages of using GNSS receivers to provide absolute control from a stable location away from the mine are discussed. Practical considerations for implementing a combined total station/GNSS system are then presented, including installing the hardware and processing the data to ensure high accuracy.
This document provides an overview of frequency response and different instruments used to measure it. It discusses how frequency response analyzers (FRAs) work and their advantages over other instruments. FRAs can measure gain and phase characteristics of a device over frequency with high precision. They generate a single frequency signal, measure the input and output separately, and calculate the frequency response at that point. This allows FRAs to achieve very high dynamic ranges and flexible frequency resolutions not possible with spectrum analyzers or FFT analyzers. Examples are given of common frequency response measurements and tips for reducing errors.
The research method of 5G base station antenna OTA test research on the large-scale MIMO active antenna OTA test method of the 5G base station. In this paper, the necessity of an integrated OTA test for 5G base station antenna is analyzed. Different OTA test schemes such as far field, compact field, multi-probe near field and single probe near field are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of each test scheme are tested through the actual test. The comparative analysis points out the problems faced by the current 5G base station antenna OTA test and proposes a solution.
This webinar discusses ePHASORsim, a real-time transient stability simulator from OPAL-RT Technologies. The webinar will include an introduction to ePHASORsim, demonstrations of its features and applications, and discussions of future developments and partnerships. Guest speakers will also discuss using ePHASORsim for real-time operator training and its integration with other power system tools.
CERES Flight Model 5 on NPP was prepared for launch with rigorous pre-launch calibration and testing. Post-launch, independent studies will characterize instrument performance across all scales to validate data products. A strategic approach to data release aims to provide quality-controlled data while supporting continuous calibration improvement.
This document discusses methods for improving the convergence time of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) calculations using real-time kinematic (RTK) techniques. It shows that adding atmospheric data from reference stations to the PPP calculation, in a method called PPP-RTK, can reduce convergence time by over 90% compared to standard PPP with integer ambiguity resolution (IAR). However, differences in receiver biases must be accounted for when interpolating atmospheric data between stations. The document evaluates PPP-RTK performance using networks of reference stations and rovers in France, finding convergence times of 10 minutes using a single reference station and 30 minutes using all available stations.
A real time instrumentation approach for bridges and tunnelsDerya Dinçer
Among all civil engineering structures, bridges & tunnels are two of the leading types that should be monitored by sensors due to their critical fatigue and creep behavior. Especially natural events such as earthquakes, floods, storms increase the importance of monitoring. A number of different types of instruments and sensors should be combined in health monitoring of railway/highway bridges, tunnels, tube crossings and subways. Although customization has a big importance in a specific health monitoring instrumentation project of a bridge or tunnel, accelerometers, strain/crack gauges, tilt, wind and temperature sensors are the most generally preferred sensors.
This document discusses vibration monitoring of industrial gearboxes using accelerometers. It provides examples of analyzing both low-frequency and high-frequency vibration data to diagnose various gearbox faults. Proper sensor selection and mounting are emphasized, as they can significantly impact the ability to detect high-frequency impacts and friction. Case studies demonstrate how the techniques can be used to identify issues like lack of lubrication, bearing faults, and torsional resonance in different industrial gearbox applications.
The document discusses the qualification of analytical equipment. It describes the types of qualification which include design qualification, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. It provides details on qualifying various analytical instruments such as FTIR, GC, and HPLC. Specific parameters to be tested during qualification are discussed for components like the inlet, oven, detector, autosampler, and others, along with typical acceptance criteria. The document emphasizes the importance of qualifying analytical equipment to ensure it is properly installed, operates correctly, and provides expected results.
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2. Should global navigation satellite system GNSS receivers ONLY be
tested using real world signals to guarantee their proper operation?
No
That would be wrong and impractical
Here’s why...
SPIRENT eBook Page 2
3. Here’s why
Simulation, by definition, reproduces the signals and effects a
receiver sees in the real world, but under the controlled conditions of
the laboratory, making GNSS receiver testing a far more consistent
and reproducible exercise.
SPIRENT eBook Page 3
4. Importantly, the signals from the simulator are exact known
quantities… right down to the bit level. And, by providing the
ability to test the different performance parameters of the receiver
individually (or in concert), the simulated environment will provide
much clearer insight into the true performance of the receiver.
SPIRENT eBook Page 4
5. The Nine Key Tests
There are nine key tests that together provide the fundamental
characterisation of performance of any GNSS receiver:
1. Cold-start time to first fix
2. Warm-start time to first fix
3. Hot-start time to first fix
4. Acquisition sensitivity
5. Tracking sensitivity
6. Reacquisition time
7. Static navigation accuracy
8. Dynamic navigation accuracy
9. Radio frequency interference
SPIRENT eBook Page 5
6. Some tests may not be as critical as others, depending on
the intended application of the receiver. But between them,
these nine tests cover all the important aspects of receiver
performance that will impact the end-user experience.
SPIRENT eBook Page 6
7. Test 1: Cold-start time to first fix (TTFF)
This is one of the great tests of a GNSS receiver because it will be the
first thing that a user notices. Time to First Fix is always an important
metric, and the “cold-start” version is just that — the receiver is starting
from scratch, with no memory of any previous reading.
The time is unknown, the current almanac and ephemeris are unknown,
and (obviously) the current position is unknown.
SPIRENT eBook
8. It is also a test that is far better performed with a simulator,
because, the sure way of measuring this quantity is to run
a series of tests on each receiver and take an average time,
with each test based on a completely new location – several
thousands of kilometres from the previous one.
Try running that test using real-world satellite signals
when time cannot be stopped or re-wound!
SPIRENT eBook Page 8
9. Test 2: Warm-start time to first fix
The second test is similar to the first, but the difference is
important. For the so-called “warm start”, the time and almanac
are retained within the receiver’s memory. However, the ephemeris
data are either unknown or out of date and the position is within
100km of the last fix.
SPIRENT eBook Page 9
10. And while single measurements can be performed equally as well in
the real world, the added control of using a simulator in the laboratory
(and absence of outside influences) allows the test to be performed
with total certainty. Using a simulator, it’s also readily possible to take
multiple measurements and average the results. And when you have
altered your design or set-up, you can quantify the improvement by re-
running exactly the same tests with exactly the same conditions.
SPIRENT eBook Page 10
11. Test 3: Hot-start time to first fix
Although the hot-start TTFF is the least arduous of the time to first
fix measurements for the receiver, in many ways it’s probably the
most important, as this will be the performance that the end user
will experience most often.
SPIRENT eBook Page 11
12. In this scenario, the receiver has full data on time, the almanac and the
ephemeris, and the position is within 100km of the last fix. All that is
required is for the receiver to collect the full navigation message from
the simulator. As with other TTFF tests, and due to the importance of the
measurement, it is advisable to run the test several times with different
satellite geometries to calculate an average value for the TTFF.
SPIRENT eBook Page 12
13. Test 4: Acquisition sensitivity
The sensitivity of any GNSS receiver is key to its performance,
and acquisition sensitivity is the first for these important
measurements as it defines the minimum received power
level at which the receiver can obtain a fix.
SPIRENT eBook
14. This is another test where the simulator is an essential tool. It is only
through the ability to control the power output from the simulator
(on individual satellites, or all at once) that an accurate measure of
acquisition sensitivity can be obtained.
Ideally, the simulator should be capable of very fine power control
to within 0.1dB to obtain the most accurate possible measure of
acquisition sensitivity.
SPIRENT eBook Page 14
15. Test 5: Tracking sensitivity
As with acquisition sensitivity, the fine control of power levels is
essential in determining tracking sensitivity – the minimum power
level at which the receiver can maintain lock. Crucially, it is tracking
sensitivity measurements that will highlight the errors inherent in the
design of the receiver’s PLL-based tracking loops. These include phase
error, dynamic stress error and thermal noise.
SPIRENT eBook Page 15
16. The test itself is relatively easy: with the receiver locked
on to the simulator’s output, simply lower the simulator
power output until the lock is lost. Multiple repeats of
the test with different satellite geometries will ensure
that an accurate average measure is recorded.
SPIRENT eBook Page 16
17. Test 6: Reacquisition time
Reacquisition time is a particularly important measurement for
vehicle-based receivers, which will inevitably lose satellite signals
when travelling through tunnels or even under bridges. For example,
the end user will not be impressed if the receiver misses a turn
instruction because it has not reacquired the signal after passing
such an obstruction.
SPIRENT eBook
18. Again, the simulator allows total control over the test, reducing the
signals from each satellite by at least 60dB to ensure that the receiver
loses complete lock, raising it again to normal power and measuring the
time taken to reacquire the lock.
SPIRENT eBook Page 18
19. Test 7: Static navigation accuracy
This is in many ways the most difficult test to predict, as there are
so many different factors – both internal and external – that can
affect a receiver’s performance. So this is another case where the
controlled environment of the laboratory is essential to remove
external variables such as the effects of the ionosphere and
troposphere – or indeed include them, but in a quantified way.
SPIRENT eBook Page 19
20. A useful tip here is to simulate a static position of 0 degrees latitude,
0 degrees longitude and 0 metres elevation, as it will make it easy to
observe the receiver’s divergence from the simulated position.
Again, multiple measurements should be taken to allow for different
satellite positions and factors such as receiver thermal performance.
The resulting metric is typically quoted as a statistical average of the
many performance measurements.
SPIRENT eBook Page 20
21. Test 8: Dynamic navigation accuracy
Particularly important for vehicle-mounted receivers, dynamic
navigation accuracy involves taking a series of measurements
while the receiver is moving in one, two or three axes. While such
measurements could theoretically be taken reproducibly on a test
track, the simulator again has a trick up its sleeve that inevitably
leads to improved measurement accuracy.
SPIRENT eBook Page 21
22. The simulator control software has the ability to simulate the relative
motion of the receiver and satellites. And with a high dynamic
performance simulator, this means that virtually all types of vehicle
motion profiles can be simulated, with high fidelity even with the most
extreme maneouvers.
SPIRENT eBook Page 22
23. Test 9: Radio frequency interference
Because GNSS receivers are such sensitive instruments, it is almost
inevitable that they are susceptible to radio frequency interference –
most of which will be accidentally generated. However, there are also
instances where a jamming signal might be deliberately broadcast in
order to lock out a navigation system.
SPIRENT eBook Page 23
24. There are many commercial interference simulators on the market
that can be used to obtain a measure of a receiver’s susceptibility to
any given frequency of RFI. However, by using a coherent interference
source that is directly coupled to the GNSS simulator and dynamically
controlled by the same system software, far greater insight into a
receiver’s performance can be obtained, allowing designers to take
appropriate filtering measures to improve their products’ performance.
SPIRENT eBook Page 24
25. To conclude
The use of a multichannel RF constellation simulator in testing the
performance of a GNSS receiver has many benefits.
Indeed, many of the parameters that are key to the performance of a
receiver simply cannot be reliably tested in the real world – in some
cases due to simple practicality, in others because of external variables
that render test results unreliable.
SPIRENT eBook Page 25
26. It is only by rigorous simulator-based testing, under the controlled
conditions of the test laboratory, that the nine key performance
indicators of any GNSS receiver can be determined with absolute
certainty and full repeatability. Armed with these results, GNSS
receiver developers can perfect their designs, leading to improved
products that exceed users’ expectations.
SPIRENT eBook Page 26
27. Spirent GNSS Simulators
Spirent is the industry leader for GNSS simulator products. Spirent
offers several different models of GNSS simulators that support a
variety of different applications and cover the full spectrum of civilian
and military GNSS testing needs. Spirent products range from basic
single-channel simulators, suitable for simple production testing,
through multi-channel, multi-constellation simulators, suitable for the
most demanding research and engineering applications.
SPIRENT eBook Page 27
28. For more comprehensive testing, Spirent also offers products that
simulate additional system elements simultaneously with the GNSS
constellation signals, such as inertial sensors, various automotive
sensors, Assisted GPS (A-GPS) + Assisted GLONASS (A-GLONASS)
data, SBAS and GBAS augmentation system signals, interference
signals and Wi-Fi Positioning.
Spirent GSS8000 Spirent GSS6700 Spirent GSS6300
Multi-GNSS Constellation Multi-GNSS Constellation Multi-GNSS Signal
Simulator system generator
SPIRENT eBook Page 28
29. We hope you found this Spirent Simulation vs Real World
Testing E-Book of interest.
We are continually adding new content to our website
on a regular basis. Bookmark this link:
www.spirent.com/positioning
Visit the Spirent GNSS Blog, there are currently
more than 90 posts with 2 to 3 new posts added
per week. Catch up on what’s new:
www.spirent.com/Blog/Positioning
Need more information?
gnss-solutions@spirent.com
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