The river flows in Madhya Pradesh for about 25km, then makes a border of district Satna (Madhya Pradesh) and district Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh) for the next 25km and again enters in Madhya Pradesh just downstream of Sati Anusuiya. After flowing through about 15km more in M.P., it crosses into Uttar Pradesh near Ramghat in Chitrakoot area and later flows only in Uttar Pradesh finally it joins river Yamuna near Rajapur. The present research works identify Physico - Chemical Characteristics of water quality of River Mandakini in Chitrakoot Region. The water samples were analysed some parameter like pH, TDS, TSS, TH, Alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, and Sulphate. The pH value was found between 7.49 to 8.5, TDS 290 to 470mg/l, TSS 140 to 192mg/l, TH 250 to 288mg/l, Alkalinity 175 to 198mg/l, DO 3.19 to 6.5mg/l, BOD 2.5 to 12 mg/l, COD 10 to 38mg/l, Nitrate 3 to 9mg/l, Sulphate 3 to 8mg/. Most of the sample BOD and COD are higher than the permissible limit prescribed by WHO (1994) as 6mg/l and 10mg/l respectively.TDS, TSS, TH, Alkalinity, Nitrate and Sulphate of all the results below the WHO recommended values as 500mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, 200mg/l, 45mg/l, 250mg/l.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Analysis of Bhadra River Surface Water during Rainy Seasontheijes
Water samples were collected from Bhadra river along four different significant points and analyzed various temperature correlated parameters during the period rainy season 5th july, 2014 to 22nd august, 2014 using standard method. Water samples were collected from about10 cm depth with three replications from each station during low tides and high tides of the day. The study was conducted to know the present status of the water quality of the Bhadra river and the change of water quality parameters with the change of temperature. The study is significant due to huge practice of aquaculture at the adjacent area using the river water. The other significant feature is the connection of the river with sundarbans river system. This study involves the determination of some physical and chemical parameters which are mainly temperature correlated such as pH, transparency, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved free carbon dioxide of the surface water at four locations. The mean of parameters of different stations were temperature 290C; pH 7.68; transparency 10.88 cm, salinity 3.18 ppt, electrical conductivity (EC) 4.78 mS/cm, total alkalinity 103.91 mg/L, total acidity 8.4 mg/L, dissolve oxygen(DO) 5.1 mg/L, dissolve free carbon dioxide 3.89 mg/L. According to the results the parameters found less deviation from the standard water quality for aquatic habitat of river water
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Analysis of Bhadra River Surface Water during Rainy Seasontheijes
Water samples were collected from Bhadra river along four different significant points and analyzed various temperature correlated parameters during the period rainy season 5th july, 2014 to 22nd august, 2014 using standard method. Water samples were collected from about10 cm depth with three replications from each station during low tides and high tides of the day. The study was conducted to know the present status of the water quality of the Bhadra river and the change of water quality parameters with the change of temperature. The study is significant due to huge practice of aquaculture at the adjacent area using the river water. The other significant feature is the connection of the river with sundarbans river system. This study involves the determination of some physical and chemical parameters which are mainly temperature correlated such as pH, transparency, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total acidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved free carbon dioxide of the surface water at four locations. The mean of parameters of different stations were temperature 290C; pH 7.68; transparency 10.88 cm, salinity 3.18 ppt, electrical conductivity (EC) 4.78 mS/cm, total alkalinity 103.91 mg/L, total acidity 8.4 mg/L, dissolve oxygen(DO) 5.1 mg/L, dissolve free carbon dioxide 3.89 mg/L. According to the results the parameters found less deviation from the standard water quality for aquatic habitat of river water
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in the bottom sediments and aquatic macrophytes of the River Nun at AmasomaAxises was investigated in December, 2017. This was done to establish the existing levels of TPH in the River in order to ascertain the degree of its threat to the environment. Benthic samples were collected close to the shore with the aid of a hand trowel and put in aluminum foils, while macrophyte samples were collected by hand pulling and transported in plastic bags for laboratory analysis. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excell® tool pack. Regression analysis was employed in order to determine the correlation between TPH in bottom sediments with that in plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Analysis of variance was employed at the 95% confidence level to determine the degree of significance in interaction of TPH between sediments and macrophyte tissues and between macrophyte tissues (leaf, stem, and root). Duncan multiple range test was use to compare means. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for TPH in order to estimate the absorption rate of TPH between sediments and plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Results indicate that TPH were recorded in sediments and plant tissues. TPH concentrations were greater in plant tissues than in sediments. Concentration of TPH showed concentrations indicating that root> stem> leaf in most stations. The relationships between the TPH attributes indicated strong association between Leaves and stem (r2 = 0.92). Strong negative association was also observed between sediment and stem (r2 = -0.83) while sediment and leaves (r2 = -0.64) had moderate negative relationship. It can be concluded that the River Nun at AmasomaAxises is mildly polluted due to land based activities and therefore there is a need to enact water use regulatory ordinances to protect its ecology. Sediment organisms and plants are vital links to man in the food chain. This may portend danger in the future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in the bottom sediments and aquatic macrophytes of the River Nun at AmasomaAxises was investigated in December, 2017. This was done to establish the existing levels of TPH in the River in order to ascertain the degree of its threat to the environment. Benthic samples were collected close to the shore with the aid of a hand trowel and put in aluminum foils, while macrophyte samples were collected by hand pulling and transported in plastic bags for laboratory analysis. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excell® tool pack. Regression analysis was employed in order to determine the correlation between TPH in bottom sediments with that in plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Analysis of variance was employed at the 95% confidence level to determine the degree of significance in interaction of TPH between sediments and macrophyte tissues and between macrophyte tissues (leaf, stem, and root). Duncan multiple range test was use to compare means. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for TPH in order to estimate the absorption rate of TPH between sediments and plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Results indicate that TPH were recorded in sediments and plant tissues. TPH concentrations were greater in plant tissues than in sediments. Concentration of TPH showed concentrations indicating that root> stem> leaf in most stations. The relationships between the TPH attributes indicated strong association between Leaves and stem (r2 = 0.92). Strong negative association was also observed between sediment and stem (r2 = -0.83) while sediment and leaves (r2 = -0.64) had moderate negative relationship. It can be concluded that the River Nun at AmasomaAxises is mildly polluted due to land based activities and therefore there is a need to enact water use regulatory ordinances to protect its ecology. Sediment organisms and plants are vital links to man in the food chain. This may portend danger in the future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Türkiye'de enerji sektöründeki özelleştirme uygulamasından kimler karşı çıktı? Enerji üretim ve dağıtım kuruluşları kimler arasında paylaşıldı? Havuz medyası enerji işinin neresinde? Devlet enerjiden çekilirken özel sektör istenen yatırımı yapıyor mu?
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water Quality in District Hamirpur...IJERA Editor
Water as a universal solvent has the ability to dissolve many substances be it organic or inorganic compound. With this outstanding property, nevertheless it is almost impossible to have water in its pure form since it cannot be held up in a vacuum. Hamirpur is a town and district in the state of Uttar predesh India. It is a town of religious culture, historical and archaeological important Situated in the Chitrakoot region. Hamirpur is a city in northern India, and a municipal corporation in Hamirpur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative head quarters of Hamirpur district. The work done on ground water of Hamirpur district covering various inorganic non metallic constituents covered are pH, TS,TDS,TSS, TH, DO, BOD, COD, Alkinity, Conductivity . The temperature changed between 25 to 31, pH 7.10 to 8.59, TDS 160 to 580 mg/l, DO 4.20 to 5.68, BOD 4.10 to 5.90, COD 6.66 to 29.00, Alkinity 2.1 to 4.0 mg/l, Conductivity 810 to 2200 mhos.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
Trace metals contamination of groundwater in and around tannery industrial ar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study on groundwater quality in and around sipcot industrial complex, area cu...ijceronline
STATE INDUSTRIES PROMOTION CORPORATION OF TAMIL NADU(SIPCOT) cuddalore phase 1 has estabilished in 1984 at an extent of 518.79 acres. currently between 26 and 29 functional units are lie within phase1 of the industrial estates.At least 10 villages lie within or in the vicinity of the industrial complex. Till date no sites has been developed for secure storage of hazardous wastes generated by the industries in the estate. In absence of such facilities factories have dumped these wastes on neighbouring lands and in open pits. By the industries own admission,out of the 20 million litres of fresh water required by the companies, 18 million litres (90%) of the water is released back to their environment as toxic effluents.These poisons have leached into the ground water and contaminated the water resources of communities living around the factory. This study was carried out to asses the Quality of ground water in and around SIPCOT industrial complex in cuddalore district. The Quality was assessed in terms of physico chemical parameters.Ground water samples were collected from 30 locations in and around the study area and analyzed (APHA,1998) to know the present status of the Ground water Quality. The results were compared with standards prescribed by ISI 10500-91.It was found that the ground water was contaminated at few sampling locations.The remaining locations shows that the parameters are within the desirable limits and fit for drinking purpose
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Seasonal and Temporal Variations in Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Char...ijtsrd
The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in Central and Northen India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. The river flows north northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state. It is a legendary river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at Janapav, south of Mhow town, near Manpur, Indore, on the south slope of the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts. The Chambal River is considered pollution free, and hosts an amazing riverine faunal assemblage including 2 species of crocodilians - the mugger and gharial, 8 species of freshwater turtles, smooth coated otters, gangetic river dolphins, skimmers, black bellied terns, sarus cranes and black necked storks, amongst others. The Chambal River is used for hydropower generation at Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap Sagar dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam and for annual irrigation of 5668.01 square kilometres in the commands of the right main canal and the left main canal of the Kota Barrage. The present article describes seasonal and temporal variations in physico chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Chambal river in Kota City, Rajasthan. Bablu Ram Meena | Sandeep Singh "Seasonal and Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Chambal River in Kota City, Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49278/seasonal-and-temporal-variations-in-physicochemical-and-bacteriological-characteristics-of-chambal-river-in-kota-city-rajasthan/bablu-ram-meena
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Water Of River Mandakini In Chitrakoot Region
1. I.P.Tripathi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.16-23
www.ijera.com 16 | P a g e
Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Water Of River Mandakini
In Chitrakoot Region
I.P.Tripathi1
, Sangam Lal Dwivedi2
, Arvind dwivedi2
and Manuja Tripathi2
1
Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dean, Faculty of Science & Environment,
M.G.C.G.V Chitrakoot, Satna, M P, India
2
Departments of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Environment,
M.G.C.G.V Chitrakoot, Satna, M P, India
Abstract –
The river flows in Madhya Pradesh for about 25km, then makes a border of district Satna (Madhya Pradesh) and
district Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh) for the next 25km and again enters in Madhya Pradesh just downstream of
Sati Anusuiya. After flowing through about 15km more in M.P., it crosses into Uttar Pradesh near Ramghat in
Chitrakoot area and later flows only in Uttar Pradesh finally it joins river Yamuna near Rajapur.
The present
research works identify Physico - Chemical Characteristics of water quality of River Mandakini in Chitrakoot
Region. The water samples were analysed some parameter like pH, TDS, TSS, TH, Alkalinity, DO, BOD,
COD, Nitrate, and Sulphate. The pH value was found between 7.49 to 8.5, TDS 290 to 470mg/l, TSS 140 to
192mg/l, TH 250 to 288mg/l, Alkalinity 175 to 198mg/l, DO 3.19 to 6.5mg/l, BOD 2.5 to 12 mg/l, COD 10 to
38mg/l, Nitrate 3 to 9mg/l, Sulphate 3 to 8mg/. Most of the sample BOD and COD are higher than the
permissible limit prescribed by WHO (1994) as 6mg/l and 10mg/l respectively.TDS, TSS, TH, Alkalinity,
Nitrate and Sulphate of all the results below the WHO recommended values as 500mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l,
200mg/l, 45mg/l, 250mg/l.
Keywords- Drinking water, Physico-chemical, Surface water, Water quality, Water pollution
I. Introduction-
Surface water is water on the surface of the
planet such as in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or
ocean. It can be contrasted with groundwater and
atmospheric water[1].The river Mandakini originates
near village Kalhaura in the majhgawan block,
district Satna of Madhya Pradesh at latitude 240
52’N
and longitude 800
41’E.The river flows generally in a
south to north direction, through in the first and last
reaches a west to east trend is also significant. The
river flows in Madhya Pradesh for about 25km, then
makes a border of district Satna (Madhya Pradesh)
and district Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh) for the next
25km and again enters in Madhya Pradesh just
downstream of Sati Anusuiya. After flowing through
about 15km more in M.P., it crosses into Uttar
Pradesh near Ramghat in Chitrakoot area and later
flows only in Uttar Pradesh finally it joins river
Yamuna near Rajapur[2]. Surface waters are most
vulnerable to pollution due to their easy accessibility
for disposal of wastewaters. River plays a major role
in assimilation or carrying off the municipal and
industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural
land. Pollution status of the river is generally
analysed by means of Physico-chemical, bacterial,
plank tonic and benthic fauna studies. River water is
used as potable water by municipal supplies to the
public. But high – class people use independent
distilled or sterile water reservoirs. It is one of the
resources for all kind of life. Comprising over 71 of
the Earth surface water is unquestionable the most
precious natural resource that exists on our planet [3].
Rivers play an important role not only in balancing
the hydrological cycle but also for augmenting water
supply for drinking, municipal, industrial and
agricultural use power generation, waterway
transport and other purpose. Rivers are highly
complex systems influenced by several variables
associated with the quality of water[4-9].
II. Material and Methods-
Physico-chemical analysis of the River
Mandakini is conducted during month of April 2014.
Locations of sampling station were given in the table-
1 and mass bathing activity on river Mandakini were
shown in Fig.-11.
Sampling was done in accordance with Grab
sampling method in polyethylene bottles of one litre
capacity to avoided leaching of metals and interaction
with the surface wall of the container, bottles were
first cleaned with detergent and then socked in
1:1HNO3 for 24hours.Finally the bottles were
cleaned and rinsed with distilled water. During
sampling bottles were rinsed two to three times with
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. I.P.Tripathi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.16-23
www.ijera.com 17 | P a g e
the sample to be examined before filling with it.
Samples were collected by immersing the rinsed
bottles in river waters[10]. All the samples were
labelled, showing the source date and time of
collection. The samples were refrigerated at 40
C in
the laboratory[11-18].
Table-1: Name and code of sampling stations.
S.N. Sampling Station Code Description of Sampling Location
1. R1 Near Sati Anusuiya Mandir
2. R2 Near Sphatic Shila
3. R3 Arogyadham, near DRI
4. R4 Near Jankikund Hospital
5. R5 Near Bus Stand, Pramodvan
6. R6 Near Matyagayendranath Mandir, Ramghat
7. R7 Near Utara bazaar bridge, Ramghat
8. R8 Near Bude Hanuman Ji
III. Result and Discussion-
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface
water:
The water samples were analysed some
parameter like pH, TDS, TSS, TH, Alkalinity, DO,
BOD, COD, Nitrate, and Sulphate. Analysed all the
results are presented in Table-2, and drinking water
standard values are presented in Table-3. Graphical
representations of the data were shown in Fig. -1 to
Fig. -10.
The present research works identify physico-
chemical characteristics of water of River Mandakini
in Chitrakoot region. The results of water quality of
River Mandakini in Chitrakoot are given below-
pH:
The values of pH were recorded ranges between
7.4-8.5. Maximum pH observed at sampling location
R4 (Jankikund) at 8.5. High pH value associated with
small amount of mineral acid from carbonate source
or with inorganic acid and low pH value associated
with small amount of mineral acid from chloride
source or with organic acid.
Total Dissolve Solid:
Total Dissolved Solid of river water was ranged
from 290-470mg/l. Minimum value of TDS 290mg/l
was observed at R6 (near Matyagayendra nath
mandir), while maximum value of TDS was 470mg/l
at R1 (Sati Anusuiya ghat) in month of April 2014.It
extent of cation and anion reach in river water
through internal erosion and weathering of rocks and
anthropogenic activities.
Total Suspended Solid:-
TSS of river water was ranged from 140-
192mg/l. Minimum value of TSS 140mg/l was
observed at Sati Anusuiya, while maximum value of
TSS was 192mg/l at Ramghat (Near Bude Hanuman
Ji).
Total Hardness:-
The Total Hardness was observed between 250-
288mg/l during month of April 2014 in river
Mandakini. The highest value of TH was recorded
288 mg/l at R1 (Sati Anusuiya ghat) and minimum
value of TH was recorded 250 mg/l at R6 (near
Matyagayendra nath mandir). Hardness value was
depended on owing to presence of limestone rocks so
the water gets more calcium and magnesium salt
owing to their more solubility under anaerobic
condition.
Alkalinity:-
Alkalinity of the sample were recorded between
175-198 mg/l. Higher alkalinity value was found 198
mg/l at R1 (Sati Anusuiya ghat).Alkalinity is
increasing by occurrence of carbonate rocks.
DO:-
In river Mandakini dissolved oxygen (DO) was
ranged from 3.19-6..5mg/l. The minimum value of
DO was found 3.19mg/l at R6 (near Matyagayendra
nath), oxygen demanding pollutants such as organic
waste causes rapid depletion of DO from water.
Oxydisable inorganic substances such as-ammonia,
ferrous iron, hydrogen sulphide, nitrites, etc. are also
cause decrease of DO from water. While maximum
6.5mg/l at R1 (Sati Anusuiya ghat) in month of April.
BOD:-
BOD was ranged from 2.5-12mg/l, the Lowest
value 2.3mg/l was observed at sampling location R1
(Sati Anusuiya ghat), while highest value 12mg/l was
observed at R7 (near Utara Bazaar Bridge). BOD was
increased due to anthropogenic activity.
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COD:-
The COD values ranged between 10-38mg/l as
show in table-2, All the COD values are higher than
the permissible limit prescribed by BIS and WHO
(1994) as10 mg/l. Only one location R1(Sati
Anusuiya ghat) was observed 10mg/l. COD was
higher than the permissible limit because high owing
to mass bathing, discharge which directly reach in
river and increases the COD value.
Nitrate:-
The value of Nitrate was recorded in the range of
3-9mg/l. The highest value was recorded 9mg/l at
sampling station R8 (near Bude Hanuman ji).
Sulphate:-
In the present investigation of sulphate value was
ditected in the range of 3 to 8 mg/l. Minimum value
was found 3mg/l at Arogyadham(R3).
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
pH
Fig. - 1. pH at various station of River Mandakini
0
100
200
300
400
500
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
TDS
Fig. - 2. TDS at various station of River Mandakini.
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0
50
100
150
200
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
TSS
Fig. - 3. TSS at various station of River Mandakini
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
TH
Fig. - 4. TH at various station of River Mandakini
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Alkalinity
Fig. - 5. Alkalinity at various station of River Mandakini
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
DO
Fig. - 6. DO at various station of River Mandakini
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
BOD
Fig. - 7. BOD at various station of River Mandakini
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
COD
Fig. - 8. COD at various station of River Mandakini
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Nitrate
Fig. - 9. Nitrate at various station of River Mandakini
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Sulphate
Fig. - 10. Sulphate at various station of River Mandakini
Fig. - 11. Mass bathing and human activities at Ramghat.
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Table-2. Physico-chemical characteristics of water of River Mandakini in Chitrakoot.
S N. Parameter Sampling Stations
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
1 pH 7.49 8.16 8.19 8.50 8.00 7.90 8.00 8.02
2 TDS 470 460 450 430 425 290 320 390
3 TSS 140 160 174 184 180 190 180 192
4 TH 288 283 280 273 270 250 260 270
5 Alkalinity 198 194 194 192.5 192 175 188 186
6 DO 6.5 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.19 3.4 4.2
7 BOD 2.5 3.0 7.0 3.1 3.2 10.2 12 8
8 COD 10 14 24 22 20 30 38 25
9 Nitrate 7 5 5 4 3 6 7 9
10 Sulphate 6 4 3 6 3 7 8 4
All the parameter is expressed in mg/l except pH.
Table -3. WHO guideline for drinking water quality[12].
Parameters WHO Standard values
pH 6.5 to 8.5
TDS 500mg/l
TSS 200mg/l
TH 300mg/l
ALKALINITY 200mg/l
DO 4.6-6.0mg/l
BOD 6mg/l
COD 10mg/l
NITRATE 45mg/l
SULPHATE 250mg/l
IV. Conclusion -
From the results of the studies it is concluded
that the physico-chemical characteristics of water of
river Mandakini water covering various inorganic
non- metallic constituents pH, TDS, TSS, TH,
Alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate and Sulphate.
The pH values were found between 7.49 to 8.5, TDS
290 to 470mg/l, TSS 140 to 192mg/l, TH 250 to
288mg/l, Alkalinity 175 to 198mg/l, DO 3.19 to
6.5mg/l, BOD 2.5 to 12 mg/l, COD 10 to 38mg/l,
Nitrate 3 to 9mg/l, Sulphate 3 to 8mg/. Most of the
samples BOD and COD are higher than the
permissible limit prescribed by WHO (1994) as
6mg/l and 10mg/l respectively.TDS, TSS, TH,
Alkalinity, Nitrate and Sulphate of all the results
below the WHO recommended values as 500mg/l,
200mg/l, 300mg/l, 200mg/l, 45mg/l, 250mg/l.
It is concluded that the water of river is not
highly polluted but there is an indicating of
increasing pollutant due to anthropogenic activities.
There is considerable need for better understanding
so that one can be manage safe water quality
affectively making it suitable for drinking purpose
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www.ijera.com 23 | P a g e
and it is advised not to consume water without pre -
treatment.
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