This document discusses different types of operators in C programming language including assignment, arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. It provides examples of using each type of operator and explains their functionality. The objectives are to explain assignment operators, arithmetic expressions, relational and logical operators, bitwise logical operators and expressions, operator precedence, and type casts in C. Code examples are included to demonstrate the use of various operators.

1. OPERATORS & EXPRESSIONS
Session 3

2. OBJECTIVES
• Explain Assignment Operators
• Understand Arithmetic Expressions
• Explain Relational and Logical Operators
• Understand Bitwise Logical Operators and Expressions
• Explain Casts
• Understand the Precedence of Operators
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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3. OPERATORS
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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• C has a very rich set of operators.
• Operators are the tools that manipulate data.
• An operator is a symbol, which represents some particular operation to be
performed on the data.
• C defines four classes of operators: arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise.
• In addition C has some special operators for special tasks.
• Operators operate on constants or variables, which are called operands.
• binary operators act on two data elements and ternary operators operate on three
data elements.
• For Ex: c = a + b;
Here a, b, c are the operands and ‘=’ and ‘+’ are the operators.

4. EXPRESSIONS
• An expression can be any combination of operators and operands.
• Operators perform operations like addition, subtraction, comparison etc.
• Operands are the variables or values on which the operations are performed. For
example, in a + b, a and b are operands and + is the operator.
• The whole thing together is an expression.
• The following are examples of expressions:
• 2
• X
• 3 + 7
• 2 × y + 5
• 2 + 6 × (4 - 2) z + 3 × (8 - z)
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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5. ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
• Before looking into other operators, it is essential to discuss the assignment
operator (=).
• It is the most common operator in any language, and well known to everyone.
• In C, the assignment operator can be used with any valid C expression.
• The general form of the assignment operator is:
• Variablename=expression
• Int num=13;
• Float tempreture=23.222;
• String name =“ali”;
• Many variables can be assigned the same value in a single statement.
• a = b = c =10; // Multiple Assignments
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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6. Operators Example/Description
=
sum = 10;
10 is assigned to variable sum
+=
sum += 10;
This is same as sum = sum + 10
-=
sum -= 10;
This is same as sum = sum – 10
*=
sum *= 10;
This is same as sum = sum * 10
/=
sum /= 10;
This is same as sum = sum / 10
%=
sum %= 10;
This is same as sum = sum % 10
&=
sum&=10;
This is same as sum = sum & 10
^=
sum ^= 10;
This is same as sum = sum ^ 10
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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7. CODE
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# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int Total=0,i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
Total+=i; // This is same as Total = Toatal+i
}
printf("Total = %d", Total);
}
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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8. ARITHMETIC OPERATOR IN C
• The operations are carried out in a specific (or a particular) order, to arrive at the
final value. This order is known as order of precedence (discussed later).
• Mathematical expressions can be expressed in C using the arithmetic operators with
numeric and character operands.
• Such expressions are known as Arithmetic Expressions.
• a * (b+c/d)/22;
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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Arithmetic Operators/Operation Example
+ (Addition) A+B
– (Subtraction) A-B
* (multiplication) A*B
/ (Division) A/B
% (Modulus) A%B

9. CODE
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=40,b=20, add,sub,mul,div,mod;
add = a+b;
sub = a-b;
mul = a*b;
div = a/b;
mod = a%b;
printf("Addition of a, b is : %dn", add);
printf("Subtraction of a, b is : %dn", sub);
printf("Multiplication of a, b is : %dn", mul);
printf("Division of a, b is : %dn", div);
printf("Modulus of a, b is : %dn", mod);
}
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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10. RELATIONAL OPERATOR
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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• Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables. i.e. to
compare the values of two variables in a C program.
Operators Example/Description
> x > y (x is greater than y)
< x < y (x is less than y)
>= x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)
<= x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)
== x == y (x is equal to y)
!= x != y (x is not equal to y)

11. CODE
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
if (m == n)
{
printf("m and n are equal");
}
else
{
printf("m and n are not equal");
}
}
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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12. LOGICAL OPERATOR
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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• These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given expressions.
• There are 3 logical operators in C language. They are, logical AND (&&), logical
OR (||) and logical NOT (!).
Operators Example/Description
&& (logical AND)
(x>5)&&(y<5)
It returns true when both conditions are true
|| (logical OR)
(x>=10)||(y>=10)
It returns true when at-least one of the condition is true
! (logical NOT)
!((x>5)&&(y<5))
It reverses the state of the operand “((x>5) && (y<5))”
If “((x>5) && (y<5))” is true, logical NOT operator makes it false

13. EXAMPLE
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
int o=20,p=30;
if (m>n && m !=0)
{
printf("&& Operator : Both conditions are truen");
}
if (o>p || p!=20)
{
printf("|| Operator : Only one condition is truen");
}
if (!(m>n && m !=0))
{
printf("! Operator : Both conditions are truen");
}
else
{
printf("! Operator : Both conditions are true. "
"But, status is inverted as falsen");
}
}

14. BITWISE OPERATOR
• These operators are used to perform bit operations. Decimal values are converted
into binary values which are the sequence of bits and bit wise operators work on
these bits.
• Bit wise operators in C language are & (bitwise AND), | (bitwise OR), ~ (bitwise NOT),
^ (XOR), << (left shift) and >> (right shift).
Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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15. CODE
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#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m = 40,n = 80,AND_opr,OR_opr,XOR_opr,NOT_opr ;
AND_opr = (m&n);
OR_opr = (m|n);
NOT_opr = (~m);
XOR_opr = (m^n);
printf("AND_opr value = %dn",AND_opr );
printf("OR_opr value = %dn",OR_opr );
printf("NOT_opr value = %dn",NOT_opr );
printf("XOR_opr value = %dn",XOR_opr );
printf("left_shift value = %dn", m << 1);
printf("right_shift value = %dn", m >> 1);
}Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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OUTPUT:
AND_opr value = 0
OR_opr value = 120
NOT_opr value = -41
XOR_opr value = 120
left_shift value = 80
right_shift value = 20

16. Presented by: Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui (BSCS)
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