This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed at AT&T's lab by Dennis Ritchie and is a structured, portable, and reliable programming language. It then lists reasons for learning C like its use in operating systems and applications. The document outlines key features of C like portability, speed, and extensibility. It also describes the compilation process, data types, operators, and basic structure of a C program.

2. Fundamentals
• C is a programming
language developed at
AT & T’s lab.
• Designed by Dennis
Ritchie.
• It is reliable, simple
and easy to use.
• It is a structured
programming
language.

3. Why bother to learn “C”
• Provides basic programming skills to work
further with C++, java, etc.
• Many OS are still written in C.
• Speed and performance is high.
• Mobile devices and consumer devices getting
smarter with C programming.
• Popular games are built with C language.

4. Features of C language
 Portability
 Modularity
 Flexibility
 Speed
 Extensibility
 Compactness
 Case sensitive

5.  Computers were programmed in binary
numbers also known as low level. These are
machine dependent.
 Assembly language came into existence that
used assembler as converter. Still were
machine dependent.
 Later, high level language was introduced
which was machine independent.

6. Compiling program
 Compiler is a software program.
 It analyzes program and translates for
execution.
 Program is typed into a file known as
source program with name like
prog.c which is a valid name.

7. Steps for compilation
 Compiler examines each source program statement.
 Checks with syntax or rules and semantics of language.
 Error if occurred will be reported to the user.
 Compilation process ends there.
 Once errors corrected, compiler converts each
statement to lower form.
 Compilation process converts assembly language to
actual machine code called as object code.
 After this conversion, it is ready to be linked.
 Final linked file is stored in another file ready to be
run.

9. INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTS
The process of editing,
compiling, running and
debugging programs is done by
single application known as IDE.
It is a windows based program.
It helps programmers to develop
software.

10. Language interpreters
 In high level languages, interpreters
are used.
 Interpreter analyzes and executes
the statements at the same time.
 This method is helpful in debugging
programs easily.
 It can execute the source code
directly.

11. Structure of C program
• C program has a group of building blocks
called functions.
• A function is a subroutine that may have
one or more statements to perform a
certain task.
• To write a C program, first create
functions.

12. Structure

13. Comments serves as some purpose for
statement.
How to use:
/* some comments */
Ex: /*sum*/
Its is not necessary, any number of comments
can be written.
A multi line comment can be made.
Ex: /* this comment has
three lines
in it */
// this comment has
// three lines
// in it.

14. Any alphabet, digit or special symbol is
a character.
Alphabets – a,b,c……/A,B,C….
Digits – 0……8, 9
Special symbols- , ; : ? * & ^ and so on

15. C tokens
Smallest individual unit in a C program is called as a
token.
integer real character
decimal octal Hexadecimal
unary binary ternary

17. Data type
primary
Integer
Float
Double
Character
secondary
structure
union
Array or string
User-
defined
Enumerated
typedef
void pointer

18. Primary datatype
1 byte (8 bits)
2 byte (16 bits)
4 byte (32 bits) long int
4 byte (32 bits)
8 byte (64 bits)

19. User-defined
datatype

20. Symbolic constant or #define
statement
 A name substituted for a variable.
 It’s value cannot be changed during the execution of
program.
 Symbolic constants are also called as C-Preprocessor.
 Also known as compiler directives.
Syntax:
#define symbolicname symbolicConstant
Ex: #define PI 3.142
#define NAME “RAJ”

21. Operators in C
A symbol to perform some operation on operands.
operand1 operator operand2
1. Arithmetic operator
2. Relational operator
3. Logical operator
4. Assignment operator
5. Increment /decrement operator
6. Conditional operator or ternary operator
7. Bitwise operator
8. Special operator

22. 1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operator

23. 3. Logical operator
4. Assignment operator
a=3;
a=a+3;
a+=3;

24. 5. Increment/
decrement operator
6. Conditional operator
“?:”

25. 7. Bitwise operator
Or
8. Special operator