Research meaning & definition Reseach characteristics Types of research Research design meaning & type Primary source of DC types Primary source of DC advantage Primary source of DC disad. classification of data types

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Research – Meaning, Definition & Characteristics
Types of Research
Research Design- Meaning & Types
Primary Source of DC – Types, Char. Adv. & Disad.
Secondary Source of DC – Types, Adv. & Disad.
Classification of Data - Types

3. “
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4. According to Oxford dictionary,
“Research is the systematic
investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new
conclusions”
According to Clifford Woody
research comprises defining and
redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions;
collecting, organizing, evaluating
data, making deductions and
reaching conclusions.
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Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English lays down the
meaning of research as “a careful
investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any
branch of knowledge.”
Redman and Mory define research
as a “systematized effort to gain
new knowledge.”

5. truth business phenomena.
phenomena
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6.  Systematic – followed by steps
 Sound Methodology – Universally accepted
 Scientific Approach – Scientifically provable
 Objectives – blue print for research
 Accurate Findings – reflection of your research
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8. “Gathering knowledge for
knowledge sake”
Research conducted without a
specific decision in mind that
usually doesn’t address the needs
of a specific organization and it
doesn’t examine the problem from
any single organization’s
perspective.
The context of this research is vast
and time period is flexible.
Applied research is, problem- oriented and
action-oriented, seeking and
immediate and practical solution.
It aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or
and industrial /business organization.
For Example
⊡ When sales decline, JET AIRWAYS
conducts a marketing research to study
consumer satisfaction levels.
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Basic Research Applied Research

9. The major purpose of descriptive
research is description of the
state of affairs as it exists at
present.
We quite often use Ex Post facto
research for descriptive
research studies .
Example: Frequency of shopping
The research based on facts or information
already available and analyzes these to
make a critical evaluation of the
material.
It attempts to explain why and how.
It usually concerns itself with cause – effect
relationships among variables.
Example: Explaining why and how Indian
trade balance moves in particular way
overtime.
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Descriptive Research Analytical Research

10. Is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.
It is applicable to phenomenon that can express in terms of
quantity.
It is usually involves collecting and converting data into
numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made
and conclusions drown.
Example: Total sales of soap industry in terms of rupees or quantity in terms
of tones for particular year, say 2008, could be research with past 5 years
and then ‘projection for 2009 could be made’.
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Quantitative Research

11. It is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e, phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind.
Motivation research is an important type of qualitative research, where usually
investigate why people think or do certain things.
Attitude or opinion research i.e, research designed to find out how people feel or
what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative
research.
The aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behavior.
This type of research aims using in-depth interviews, word association tests,
sentence completion tests , story completion tests and similar other
projective techniques are used for this purpose.
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Qualitative Research

12. CR is that related to some abstract
ideas or theory.
It is generally used by philosophers
and thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret
existing ones.
The researcher breaks down a
theorem or concept into
constituent parts to gain a better
and deeper understanding of the
issue concerning to the theorem.
It is also termed as formulate research
studies.
This kind of research conducts to explore
problem and hypothesis(es).
It is a research conducted for a problem that
has not been clearly defined.
Exploratory Research as the name states
intends merely to explore the research
questions and does not intend to offer
final and conclusive solution to
existing problems.
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Conceptual Research Exploratory Research

13. It relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard far
system and theory.
It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiment.
In such a research it is necessary to get at facts first hand, at their source, and
activity to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of
desired information.
The researcher provides himself with a working hypothesis to get the
probable results. Facts are found to prove or disprove the hypothesis after
which experimental designs are made to bring forth the desired information.
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Empirical/Experimental Research

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15. Research Design is needed because it helps in the smooth sailing of
Research operations. A Research without a pre-drawn plan is like an
ocean voyage without mariners compass.
1. The Research Design helps in providing direction our study.
2. It prevents welter in a study.
3. The use of Research Design prevents blind search.
4. A Research Design fixes clear cut boundaries to a research.
5. It makes the research systematic.
6. It help us to meet unexpected events.
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16. Types of Research Designs
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Pre-experimental Design
True Experimental Design
Quasi Experimental Design
Factorial Design
Time Series Design

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• Data which are collected by an
investigator or agency or institution
for a specific purpose and these
people are first to use these data
• The data obtained/gathered by an investigator or
agency or institution from a source which already
exists.
• these are going to be used at least second time

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 original
 expensive
 time and efforts
 problem on hand
 relevant respondents
 a basic input
 furnished, processed or


20. Primary Source
⊡ Data collected is very specific
to the problem and is useful.
 Quality of the data collected is
not doubtful and is meaningful.
 It may lead to the discovery of
additional data and information
during its collection.
 There are numerous
hassles involved in the
collection of PD like
taking a decision such
as how, when, what and
why to collect.
 The cost & time
involved in the
collection of primary
data is very high
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21. ⊡ Observations
⊡ Survey
⊡ Interview
⊡ Questionnaire
⊡ Focus Groups
⊡ Consumer Panels
⊡ Case Study
⊡ Schedules
Sources of Data Collection
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22. Published Data







Unpublished Data

 projects works, field
works
 Central Bureau of
Investigation.

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23.  It saves lot of time and money.
 It is easy to use.
 Obtained rapidly
 Easy to access
 In some investigations primary data cannot be collected.
 The only source in case of historical documents.
 Longitudinal study can be possible.
 Secondary data complements primary data in many ways such as
better understanding of the problem(s) in terms of what are gaps and
deficiencies in the earlier investigation(s) which need to improve.
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24.  It is very difficult to get secondary data which is appropriate for all
objectives of our investigation at hand.
 It is very difficult to get secondary data which meet all the
requirements like reliability, suitability, adequacy and accuracy.
 Not specific to your needs
 Data may be biased in favour of the person who gathered it
 Secondary data are generally not available for all types of
investigations.
 Data may be beyond our reach.
 Available data may be out dated.
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25. ⊡ Every investigation in hand has some specific objectives and
data are collected keeping these objectives in view.
⊡ So, secondary data which we are planning to use in our
investigation may be collected for some different objectives.
⊡ Therefore some precautions which are necessary before using
the secondary data in our investigation.
(i) Reliability of Data - normal times, sample size, methods & bias
(ii) Suitability of Data - nature, scope and objectives
(iii) Adequacy of Data - geographical area and time factor
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Based on the ways of obtaining the data
Primary Data
Secondary Data
Based on the characteristic
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Based on nature of the characteristic
Discrete data
Continuous data
Based on the level of measurement
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Based on the Time Component
Time Series data
Cross Sectional data

27. Reference
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Kothari, C. R. (2019). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.