Communication is essential for businesses to share information and ideas. While great ideas are important, they must be effectively communicated to be heard and implemented. Communication involves a sender transmitting a message through a medium to a receiver. It is a process that can involve both verbal and nonverbal exchange of thoughts and information. Formal communication in businesses follows the organizational structure, while informal "grapevine" communication spreads more freely. Downward communication shares directives from managers, while upward communication allows lower levels to provide feedback. For businesses to function properly, ideas must be communicated across all levels through various channels.

1. “You can have all the great ideas in the
world and if you can’t communicate,
nobody will hear them.”
-Kara Blackburn
Business Communication

2. Topics
• Communication - Meaning
• Business Communication - Definition
• Importance
• Process
• Types – One-way/Two-way, Verbal/Non- Verbal,
Oral/Written, Formal/Informal, Upward, Downward, Lateral,
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Organizational,
Mass Communication
• Models – SMCR, Shannon Weaver
• Language Skills-Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing

3. What is Communication?
⚫ Derived from the Latin word "communis," meaning to
share.
⚫ Communication is the exchange of thoughts, facts,
messages, or information by speech, visuals, signals,
writing, or behaviour.
⚫ It is the transmission of an idea or feeling so that the
sender and receiver share the same understanding.

4. Definition
“Communication is a process involving the selection,
production and transmission of signs in such a way as
to help a receiver perceive a meaning similar to that in
the mind of the communicator.”
-Fotheringham

5. Business Communication -
Definition
⚫ Business communication is the sharing of information
between
performed
people within an organization
for the commercial benefit
that is
of the
organization.

6. Characteristics
•It involves atleast two persons
•Message is must.
•It is a two way process
•Continuous Process
•It may be written or oral.

7. Importance
⚫ In the professional world, communication and related
skills decide a person’s career curve - better the
communication skills, higher are the chances of touching
the zenith of success.
⚫ The new global and diverse workplace requires excellent
spoken and written communication skills!

8. Importance Continued……
Efficient working of business
Means of coordination
Planning becomes easy
Aids in decision Making
Communication failure can be costly
Building human relations
Maintaining relations
Boost your moral and motivation

9. Purpose of Communication
To convey the right message
To advice
To receive suggestion
To persuade people :- like sales people
To motivate
To counselling
To instruct
To integrate different activities
To inform
To evaluate
To direct
To teach
To influence
To build image

10. Process of communication
Communications is a continuous process that mainly
involves three elements viz. sender, message, and
receiver. The elements involved in the communication
process are explained below in detail:
1. Sender: The sender or the communicator generates
the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the
source and the one who starts the communication
2. Message: It is the idea, information, view, fact,
feeling, etc. that is generated by the sender and is then
intended to be communicated further.
3. Encoding: The message generated by the sender is
encoded symbolically such as in the form of words,
pictures, gestures, etc. before it is being conveyed.

11. Continued…..
4. Media: It is the manner in which the encoded
message is transmitted. The message may be
transmitted orally or in writing. The medium of
communication includes telephone, internet, post, fax, e-
mail, etc. The choice of medium is decided by the
sender.
5. Decoding: It is the process of converting the symbols
encoded by the sender. After decoding the message is
received by the receiver.
6. Receiver: He is the person who is last in the chain
and for whom the message was sent by the sender.
Once the receiver receives the message and
understands it in proper perspective and acts according
to the message, only then the purpose of
communication is successful.

12. Continued….
7. Feedback: Once the receiver confirms to the sender
that he has received the message and understood it, the
process of communication is complete.
8. Noise: It refers to any obstruction that is caused by
the sender, message or receiver during the process of
communication. For example, bad telephone
connection, faulty encoding, faulty decoding, inattentive
receiver, poor understanding of message due to
prejudice or inappropriate gestures, etc.

14. Components of Communication
 Sender - Initiates the communication process by
developing an idea into a message known as encoding.
 Channel - The sender transmits the message through
a channel, or a method of delivery; eg. e-mail, phone
conversations, instant messages, face-to-face discussion
or even a text message.

15.  Receiver –
channel to
This message then moves through the
the receiver, who completes the
communication process by interpreting and assigning
meaning to the message known as decoding.
 Feedback - This is a critical component in the
communication process as it ensures a message was
properly received and interpreted.

17. Types
•One-way , Two-way
•Verbal(Oral & Written), Non-verbal
•Formal, Informal(Grapevine)
•Upward, Downward, Lateral
•Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Organizational,
Mass Communication

18. One way Communication
⚫ One-way communication involves the transfer of
information in one direction only, from the sender to the
receiver.
⚫ There is no opportunity for the receiver to give feedback
to the sender.
⚫ Eg. weather report on television, newspaper, recorded
music on the CD, billboard messages

19. Two-way Communication
⚫ Two-way communication is a form of transmission in
which both parties involved, transmit information.
⚫ Two-Way communication has also been referred to as
interpersonal communication.
⚫ Eg. Chat rooms and Instant Messaging, T
elephone
conversations, classroom lectures etc.

20. Verbal Communication
uses
In this type of communication the professional
language as a vehicle of communication.
⚫ Oral communication – A face-to-face interaction
between the sender and the receiver.
Eg. Making presentations and appearing for interviews
 Written Communication – The sender uses the written
mode to transmit his/her messages.
Eg. Writing reports and emails.

21. Non Verbal Communication
When a message is communicated without using a word,
the process requires non-verbal cues to be transmitted
and received.
Eg. facial expressions, posture, eye contact, walk,
person’s voice, sign language, body language volume,
pitch, voice modulation etc.
Communication includes both verbal and non-verbal
forms.

22. Formal
⚫ Communication takes place
through the formal channels
of the organization structure
of authority
by the
along the lines
established
management.
⚫ Such communications are
generally in writing and may
take any of the forms; policy;
manuals: procedures and rule
books; memoranda; official
meetings; reports, etc.

23. Informal
⚫ Communication arising out of all those channels of
communication that fall outside the formal channels is
known as informal communication.
⚫ Informal communication does not follow lines of authority
as is the case of formal communication.
⚫ Such communication is usually oral and may be covered
even by simple glance, gesture or smile or silence.
⚫ Eg. Talking with friends

24. Formal Informal
Official Channel Unofficial Channel
Planned & Systematic Cuts across formal
relationships
Goal and task oriented Individual Goal and
need oriented
Impersonal Personal & Social
Stable and rigid Flexible and instable
Slow & Structured Fast & unstructured
Authentic – little chance of
distortion
Non- Authentic - bigger
chance of distortion

25. Grapevine
⚫ It is an informal type of
communication
so because
and is called
it stretches
throughout the organization in
all directions irrespective of the
authority levels.
⚫ It exists more at lower levels of
organization.
⚫ Thus, grapevine spreads like
fire and it is not easy to trace
the cause of such
communication at times.

26. Example of Grapevine Network of Communication
Suppose the profit amount of a company is known.
Rumour is spread that this much profit is there and on
that basis bonus is declared.
CEO may be in relation to the Production Manager.
They may have friendly relations with each other.

27. Advantages
•Grapevine channels carry information rapidly.
•The managers get to know the reactions of their
subordinates on their policies.
•Grapevine helps in developing group cohesiveness.
•The grapevine serves as an emotional supportive
value.
•The grapevine is a supplement in those cases where
formal communication does not work.

28. Disadvantages
•The grapevine carries partial information at times as it
is more based on rumours. Thus, it does not clearly
depicts the complete state of affairs.
•The grapevine is not trustworthy always as it does not
follows official path of communication and is spread
more by gossips and unconfirmed report.
•The productivity of employees may be hampered as
they spend more time talking rather than working.
•The grapevine leads to making hostility against the
executives.
•The grapevine may hamper the goodwill of the
organization as it may carry false negative information
about the high level people of the organization.

30. Downward
⚫ Communication in the first place,
flows downwards.
⚫ All information in this medium is
usually in form of instructions,
directions and orders.
⚫ This direction of
communication strengthens the
authoritarian structure of the
organization.
⚫Organizational publications,
circulars, letter to employees,
group meetings etc are all
examples of downward

31. Purpose
Downward communication is used by the managers
for the following purposes –
•Providing feedback on employees’ performance.
•Giving job instructions.
•Providing a complete understanding of the
employees’ job as well as to communicate them
how their job is related to other jobs in the
organization.
•Communicating the organizations mission and
vision to the employees.
•Highlighting the areas of attention.

32. Upward
⚫ Upward Communication is
the process of information
flowing from the lower levels
of a hierarchy to the upper
levels.
⚫ The function
communication
information,
of upward
is to send
suggestions,
Complaints,Performance and
grievances of the lower level
workers to the managers
above.

33. The managers get to know about the employees’
feelings towards their jobs, peers, supervisor and
organization in general. Managers can thus accordingly
take actions for improving things.
Grievance Redressal System, Complaint and
Suggestion Box, Job Satisfaction surveys etc all help in
improving upward communication. Other examples are -
performance reports made by low level management for
reviewing by higher level management, employee
attitude surveys, letters from employees, employee-
manager discussions etc.

34. Lateral/Horizontal
⚫ This type of communication takes place between persons
at the same level or working under the same executive.
⚫ The main use of this is to maintain coordination and review
activities assigned to various subordinates.

35. Advantages
It is time saving.
It facilitates co-ordination of the task.
It facilitates co-operation among team members.
It provides emotional and social assistance to the
organizational members.
It helps in solving various organizational problems.
It is a means of information sharing.
It can also be used for resolving conflicts of a
department with other department or conflicts within a
department.

36. Diagonal or crosswise communication
Communication that takes place between a manager
and employees of other workgroups is called diagonal
communication. It generally does not appear on
organizational chart.
For instance - To design a training module a training
manager interacts with an Operations personnel to
enquire about the way they perform their task. The
Accounts people of an organization visiting different
employees in various departments for their IT
calculation, bonus for workers etc. fall under diagonal
communication.

37. Interpersonal
⚫ Interpersonal
communication is an exchange
of information between two or
more people.
⚫ It is the process by which people
exchange information, feelings,
and meaning through verbal and
non-verbal messages.

38. Intrapersonal
⚫ It is the communication which takes place within one’s
own self.
⚫ This implies individual reflection, contemplation and
meditation.

39. Organizational
⚫ A process by which activities of a society are collected
and coordinated to reach the goals of
both individuals and the collective group.
⚫ It is a subfield of general communications studies and is
often a component to effective management in
a workplace environment.

40. Mass Communication
⚫ It is a means of conveying messages to an entire
populace.
⚫ This is generally identified with tools of modern mass
media, which include books, the press, cinema,
television, radio, internet etc. It also includes speeches
delivered by leaders to a large audience

41. SMRC Model of
Communication

42. SMCR MODEL
⚫ The SMCR (Source-Message-Channel-Receiver)
Model is a standard in communication studies.
⚫ This model was originally developed by Claude
Shannon and Warren Weaver, and then altered by
David Berlo, but the latest credit has been given
to Wilbur Schramm for his interactive interpretation

44. The source is were the message originates.
⚫Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience,
subject and towards one self for e.g. for the
student the attitude is to learn more and for
teachers wants to help teach.
⚫Knowledge– The knowledge about the subject.
⚫Social system – The Social system includes the
various aspects in society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and general understanding of
society.
⚫Culture: Culture of the particular society also
comes under social system.
Source

45. ⚫Encoder: The sender of the message
(message originates) is referred as encoder.
⚫Content – The beginning to the end of a
message comprises its content.
⚫Elements – It includes various things like
language, gestures, body language etc. so
these are all the elements of the particular
message.
⚫Treatment – The way in which the message is
conveyed or the way in which the message is
passed on or deliver it.
Message

46. ⚫Hearing: The use of ears to get the message for
e.g. oral messages, interpersonal etc.
⚫Seeing: Visual channels for e.g. TV can be seen
and the message is delivered.
⚫Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a
channel to communicate for e.g. we touch and
buy food, hugging, pat on the back etc.
⚫Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to
communicate for e.g. perfumes, food, charred
smell communicates something is burning, we
can find out about which food is being cooked etc.
⚫Tasting : The tongue also can be used to
decipher e.g. Food can be tasted and
communication can happen.
Channel

47. ⚫Decoder : Who receives the message and
decodes it is referred to as decoder.
⚫Receiver: The receiver needs to have all the
things like the source.
This model believes that for an effective
communication to take place the source and the
receiver needs to be in the same level, only if
the source and receiver are on the same level
communication will happen or take place
properly. So source and receiver should be
similar

48. Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR
model of communication:
⚫No feedback / don’t know about the effect
⚫Does not mention barriers to communication
⚫No room for noise
⚫Needs people to be on same level for
communication to occur but not true in real
life.
⚫The model omits the usage of sixth sense as
a channel which is actually a gift to the
human beings (thinking, understanding,
analyzing etc).

49. Shannon Weaver Model of
Communication

51. Shannon- Weaver Model
⚫ The Shannon–Weaver model of
communication has been called the "mother of all
models.“
⚫ It embodies the concepts of information
source, message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise,
receiver, information destination, probability of
error, encoding, decoding, information rate, channel
capacity, etc.

52. Elements of the Model
⚫ Sender : The originator of message or the information
source selects desired message
⚫ Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message
into signals
For example: In telephone the voice is converted into
wave signals and it transmits through cables
⚫ Decoder : The reception place of the signal which
converts signals into message. A reverse process of
encode

53. ⚫ Receiver : The destination of the message from
sender
⚫ Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder
to decoder through channel. During this process the
messages may distracted or affected by physical
noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or
encoded signals may distract in the channel during
the transmission process which affect the
communication flow or the receiver may not receive
the correct message

54. Barriers to Communication

55. Barriers to Communication
⚫When there is a problem which might cause
our communication to be distorted or
problematic, it is known as a barrier to
effective communication.
There are 4 types of barriers to communication
1. Physical barriers
2. Psychological barriers
3. Semantic blocks
4. Organizational Barriers

56. Physical Barriers
⚫ Distance: – communication is found obstructed in long
distance. Like communication between America and Nepal.
from external sources
process. Noise negatively
and affects the
affects the
⚫ Noise: – it is
communication
accuracy

57. Psychological Barriers
⚫Perception: – it is the process of accepting and
interpreting the information by the receiver.
People receive things differently for a various
number of reasons.
⚫Filtering: –In this process, knowingly or
unknowingly some valuable information may be
disposed.
⚫Emotions: – emotion also creates barriers to
effective communication like anger, hate,
mistrust, jealousy etc.

58. ⚫Viewpoint: – it also creates
barriers to effective
communication. It the receiver
doesn’t clear the message and
ignore without hearing, the
message may create
obstructions.
⚫Defensiveness: – if the receiver
receives the message as threat
and interprets that message in
the same way, it creates barriers
to effective communication.

59. Semantic Barriers
⚫The use of difficult and multiple use of languages,
words, figures, symbols create semantic barriers.
⚫Language: – A meaning sent by the sender can be
quite different from the meaning understood by the
receiver. Long and complex sentences create
problem in communication process.
⚫Jargons: – Technical or unfamiliar language
creates barriers. The message should be simple
and condensed as far as possible so that no
confusion is created.

60. Organizational Barriers
⚫It is raised from the organizational goals, regulations,
structure and culture.
⚫Poor planning: – Refers to the designing, encoding,
channel selection and conflicting signals in the
organization.
⚫Structure complexities:- Difficult organizational structure
is a barrier for free flow of information

61. ⚫Status differences: – Superior provides
information to the subordinate about plans and
policies. Different information is provided by
different subordinates who create barrier in
communication.
⚫Organizational distance:- Distance between
sender and receiver.
⚫Information overload: – If superior provides too
much information to the subordinate in short period
receiver suffers from information overload which
creates barriers to effective communication.
⚫Timing: – Communication can be obstructed if the
information is not provided in time.

62. LSRW Skills

63. Listening Skills
⚫ Listening is an everyday affair.
⚫ We spend more time to listening than speaking
⚫ It is a skill which is often taken for granted
⚫ It is considered as a stressful task
⚫ Successful listening is challenging and requires a lot of
practice
⚫ Effective listening is a dynamic activity that seeks out
the meaning intended in the messages sent by the
speaker.

64. Listening Vs Hearing
⚫ Hearing is an involuntary act that happens
automatically. Eg. A truck rolling by on the road in front
of our house.
⚫ Listening –
 voluntary activity,
 demands perfect coordination between the ears &
the brain
 very creative
 Interactive and interpretive process.

65. Techniques for Effective Listening
⚫ You should have an open mind.
⚫ You should sit alert and look the speaker in the eye with a
view to establish your interest in him/her.
⚫ Do not prejudge the speaker or his message.
⚫ Summarize what the speaker is saying
⚫ Take down notes
⚫ Link what you are listening to what you already know.
⚫ Do not interrupt the speaker unnecessarily.
⚫ Ask relevant questions to yourself for clarity in your
understanding.

66. Reading Skills
Skimming
⚫ Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important
information, or 'gist'.
⚫ Run your eyes over the text, noting important information.
⚫ Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current
business situation.
Examples of Skimming:
⚫ The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the
day)
⚫ Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would
like to read in more detail)
⚫ Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed)

67. Reading Skills
Scanning
⚫ Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information.
⚫ Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece
of information you need.
⚫ Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order
to find the specific details you require.
⚫ If you see words or phrases that you don't understand,
don't worry when scanning.
Examples of Scanning
⚫ The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper.
⚫ A train / airplane schedule
⚫ A conference guide

68. Reading Skills
Extensive reading
⚫Extensive reading is used to obtain a general
understanding of a subject and includes reading
longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books.
⚫Use extensive reading skills to improve your general
knowledge of business procedures.
⚫Do not worry if you understand each word.
Examples of Extensive Reading
⚫The latest marketing strategy book
⚫A novel you read before going to bed
⚫Magazine articles that interest you

69. Intensive reading
⚫Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order
to extract specific information.
⚫ It includes very close accurate reading for detail.
⚫Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of
a specific situation.
⚫In this case, it is important that you understand
each word, number or fact.
Examples of Intensive Reading
⚫An insurance claim
⚫A contract of employment
Reading Skills

70. Critical reading
⚫This is a form of language analysis that does not
take the given text at face value, but involves a
deeper examination of supporting points and
possible counter arguments.
⚫ Critical readers thus recognize not only what a text
says, but also how that text portrays the subject
matter.
⚫What a text means – interpretation — analyze the
text and assert a meaning for the text as a whole
Reading Skills

71. Speaking Skills
Tone
⚫ The tone of voice we use is responsible for about 35-
40 percent of the message we are sending.
⚫ Tone involves the volume you use, the level and type
of emotion that you communicate and the emphasis
that you place on the words that you choose.

72. Pitch
⚫ Pitch refers to the rise and fall in human voice. It plays a
crucial role in communication.
⚫ Questions, for example, should end on a higher note.
⚫ Affirmative statements should end in a level or slightly
lower pitch. The ending of statements on a high pitch can
create doubt in your listeners.
⚫ Vary your pitch throughout your presentation to establish
and reinforce your message.
Speaking Skills

73. Rhythm
⚫Rhythm is the pattern of the sounds you produce.
⚫Stressing and de-stressing syllables and words gives
us rhythm in English.
⚫Rhythm is the music of English Language –
the ups and downs and the linking of words, which
together, change how we say sentences.
⚫Use rhythm to carry meaning.
⚫Slow the pace to emphasize certain ideas.
⚫Quicken the pace to show excitement or humor.
⚫Pause to give listeners time to absorb a complex
idea. Pause also when you're about to transition to
another idea.
Speaking Skills

74. ⚫ Stressing means to emphasize a sound and make
certain syllables and words:
⚫ louder
⚫ longer
⚫ higher in pitch
⚫ Every word in English has at least one syllable with a
primary stress or emphasis.
⚫ It is not only essential to stress certain syllables and
words, but we must also de-stress other syllables
and words.
Examples:
⚫ English –> [ING glish] (1st syllable is stressed; 2nd
syllable is slightly de-stressed)
Speaking Skills

75. Intonation
⚫Correct intonation and stress are the key to
speaking English fluently with good
pronunciation.
⚫The entire variation of pitch while speaking is
called intonation.
⚫Words that are stressed are key to
understanding and using the correct intonation
brings out the meaning.
⚫English spends more time on specific stressed
words while quickly gliding over the other, less
important, words.
Speaking Skills

76. ⚫ A sentence can be spoken differently, depending
on the speaker's intention.
⚫ Look at the following sentences. Speak them out
loud and especially stress the word that is in bold
writing.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
⚫ I did not read anything about the disaster.
Speaking Skills

77. ⚫ Effective writing is not a gift that you’re born with, rather it
is a skill that you cultivate. Clear writing means clear
thinking.
⚫ Think before you write: Before you put pen to paper or
hands to keyboard, consider what you want to say.
⚫ Ask yourself: What should my audience know or think
after reading this email, proposal, or report?
Writing Skills

78. Steps to Improve your Writing Skills
Be direct
⚫Make your point right up front.
⚫ By concisely presenting your main idea first,
you save your reader time and sharpen your
argument before diving into the bulk of your
writing.
⚫ If your opener is no good, then the whole
piece of writing will be no good.

79. Avoid jargons
⚫ Business writing is full of industry-specific
buzzwords and acronyms.
⚫And while these terms are sometimes
unavoidable and can occasionally be helpful as
shorthand, they often indicate lazy or cluttered
thinking.
⚫You should also avoid using grandiose words.
⚫Writers often mistakenly believe in using a big
word when a simple one will do.

80. Read what you write
⚫Put yourself in your reader’s shoes.
⚫Is your point clear and well structured?
⚫Are the sentences straightforward and
concise?
⚫Don’t be afraid to ask a colleague or friend
to edit your work.
⚫Welcome their feedback; don’t resent it.

81. Practice every day
⚫Writing is a skill, and skills improve with
practice.
⚫Read well-written material every day, and
be attentive to word choice, sentence
structure, and flow.
⚫Most importantly, build time into your
schedule for editing and revising.

82. Coherence
⚫ Coherence in writing is the "logical glue"
that allows readers to move easily and
clearly from one idea to the next.
⚫Coherence in writing is much more
difficult to sustain than coherent speech
because writers have no nonverbal clues
to inform them if their message is clear or
not.