This document provides an overview of the key topics and materials covered in the BUS 370 course at Western Michigan University. The course focuses on developing communication skills, including nonverbal, oral, and written communication. Specific topics covered include interpersonal applications of communication skills, business applications, the importance of communication, communication strategies and models, language patterns, and developing rapport. The document lists various course materials and resources available on the instructor's website.

1. BUS 370
• Course Information
• http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/bus370.html
• http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/syl370.html
• Course Materials
• http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/mir.html
• http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/bus370.ppt
• Class Conference
• http://vms.cc.wmich.edu/www/confer/
• BUS370-DISC and BUS370-CASES

2. Overview
• Communication Skills
• Nonverbal communication
• Oral communication
• Written communication
• Interpersonal Applications
• Business Applications

3. Why Study Communication?
• The Only Completely Portable Skill
• You will use it in every relationship
• You will need it regardless of your career path
• The “Information Age”
• The history of civilization is the history of information
• Language and written documents facilitate the transfer
of information and knowledge through time and space

4. Why Study Communication?
• Your Quality of Life Depends Primarily on
Your Communication Skills
• You Cannot Be Too Good at Communication
• People Overestimate Their Own
Communication Skills

5. We Want Others to Change

6. What Is Communication?
• Transfer of Meaning—No
• Influence of Mental Maps—Yes
• Redundant
• Visual
• Auditory
• Kinesthestic
• Energetic

7. What Is Communication?
• Conscious and Intentional
• Nonverbal
• Verbal
• Unconscious and Unintentional
• Nonverbal
• Verbal

8. Unconscious Processing
• Conscious Processing = 7±2/Second
• Unconscious Processing = 200,000,000/Sec.
• Short-term Memory
• Long-term Memory
• Habits
• Physical
• Mental

9. Habits
• Learned Behavior
• Established Over Time
• Practice
• Self-talk
• Change

10. Learning
• Unconscious Incompetence
• Conscious Incompetence
• Conscious Competence
• Unconscious Competence
• Mastery

11. External Reality
• The Map is Not the Territory
• We delete information
• We distort information
• We generalize
• We assign meaning
• Models of the World

12. Sensory Data
• The Building Blocks of Subjective Experience
• What we see
• What we hear
• What we touch, taste, and smell
• The Four-tuple
• Meanings and Memories

13. Filtering Experience
• Primary Mediation
• Secondary Mediation
• Genetic predisposition
• Conditioning
• Personal profiles of behavioral type
• Beliefs, values, core questions, and core metaphors
• Physical and mental state

14. Perception Can Be Tricky

15. The Communication Process
Sensory
Data
Sensory
Data
Sender Receiver
Filters
Beliefs
Values
Questions &
Metaphors
Beh. Type
State
Filters
Beliefs
Values
Questions &
Metaphors
Beh. Type
State
Decision-
Making
Message
Channel
The Bowman Communication Model, 1992-2003
Encoding
Decision-
Making
Encoding

16. Metaphor: The Language of Perception
• Metaphors and Similes
• My love is a flower.
• My love is like a flower.
• Core Metaphors
• Argument is war
• Business is war
• Business is a sport or a game
• Business is a building

17. Core Metaphors
• Metaphors, Similes, and Analogies
• Perceptual Filters
• Common Operational Metaphors
• Time is…
• Learning is…
• Men/Women are…
• Success is...
• Life is…

18. Experience, Language, and Meaning
Experience
Sensory Data
Mental Maps
Language Meaning

19. Symbol Systems
• Language
• Words and sentences
• Meaning and labels
• Mathematics
• Money

20. History of Communication
• Nonverbal: 150,000 years
• Oral: 55,000 years
• Written: 6,000 years
• Early writing: 4000 BC
• Egyptian hieroglyphics: 3000 BC
• Phoenician alphabet: 1500 to 2000 BC
• Book printing in China: 600 BC
• Book printing in Europe: 1400 AD

21. Communicating Meaning
• Physiology and Appearance: 55 percent
• Paralanguage: 38 percent
• Language: 7 percent

22. Sensory Data and Mental Maps
• Bridge Between Internal and External
• Internal and External Processing
• Internal Processing
• Posture and breathing
• Language and paralanguage
• Eye accessing cues

23. Sensory Modalities
• Visual
• Auditory
• Kinesthetic
• Touch
• Taste
• Smell
• Emotional responses (feelings)

24. Preferred Sensory Modalities
• People Use All Their Available Senses
• Some Prefer Visual
• Some Prefer Auditory
• Some Prefer the Kinesthetic Cluster
• Senses of touch, taste, and smell
• Associated emotional responses
• Some Prefer “Digital” Processing

25. Visuals
• Vocabulary
• I see what you mean.
• It looks good to me.
• Let’s stay focused on the problem.
• She has a bright future.
• He’s always in a fog.
• Physiology and Appearance
• Paralanguage

26. Auditories
• Vocabulary
• I hear what you are saying.
• It sounds good to me.
• Does the name Pavlov ring a bell?
• That’s music to my ears.
• He’s always blowing his own horn.
• Physiology and Appearance
• Paralanguage

27. Kinesthetics (Kinos)
• Vocabulary
• I can grasp the concept, and it feels right to me.
• It smells fishy to me.
• It left me with a bad taste in my mouth.
• She’s still rough around the edges.
• He’s a smooth operator.
• Physiology and Appearance
• Paralanguage

28. Eye Accessing Cues
Vr
Ar
Ai
Vc
Ac
K

29. Exercise: Observing Eye
Movements
• Ask questions that require internal processing.
• Visual
• Auditory
• Kinesthetic
• Taste or smell
• Touch
• Emotions

30. Exercise: Flexibility
• Determine your preferred system.
• What are you doing when you “think”?
• Speak for two minutes using predicates
from one sensory modality, then do the
the same for each of the other two.
• Work in groups and take turns speaking
using sense-based predicates in a systematic
way.

31. Rapport
• Finding Commonalities
• Values
• Vocabulary and paralanguage
• Physiology and appearance
• Matching and Mirroring
• Cross-over Matching
People who are like each other,
like each other.

32. Developing Rapport
• Nonverbal (what you see and do)
• Physiology
• Appearance
• Congruence
• Verbal (what you hear and say)
• Sense-based predicates
• Values, beliefs, and criteria
• Voice tone and rate of speech

33. Reading Nonverbal Messages
• Sensory Acuity
• Agree and Disagree
• Posture and Movement
• Associated or dissociated
• Bodily response

34. Exercises: Rapport
• Matching and Mirroring
• Observing others
• Practicing
• Calibration
• Like/dislike
• Yes/no

36. Congruence
• Physiology
• Left/right body
• Left/right brain
• Nonverbal and Verbal Messages
• “Parts”
• Groups

37. Strategies
• The Structure of Subjective Experience
• Four-tuples
• Syntax
• Learned Behavior
• TOTE (Test, Operate, Test, Exit)
• Habits
• Skills

38. Common Strategies
• Spelling
• Auditory (spell “phonics” phonetically)
• Visual
• Making Decisions
• Communicating
• Listening and speaking
• Writing

39. Decision-making Strategies
• Purchasing
• An inexpensive product
• Dinner in a nice restaurant
• An expensive product or service
• Relationships
• Career Choices

40. Communication Strategy, 1 & 2
• Pace
• Match (nonverbally and verbally)
• Meet expectations
• Lead
• Set direction
• Maintain interest
• Maintain rapport

41. Communication Strategy, 3 & 4
• Blend Outcomes
• Understand objectives and desires
• Create win-win solutions
• Motivate
• Clarify who does what next
• Future-pace possibilities
• Presuppose positive results

42. Exercise: Eliciting Strategies
• Ordering a Meal in a Restaurant
• Learning Something New
• Teaching Something for the First Time

43. Personal Profiles
• Achiever
• Communicator
• Specialist
• Perfectionist C
S
P
A

44. Profile Characteristics
• Achiever
• Likes to set goals, challenge the environment and win.
• Sees life as a competition.
• Communicator
• Likes to achieve results by working with and through people.
• Finds more enjoyment in the process than in the results.
• Specialist
• Likes to plan work and relationships.
• Finds enjoyment in knowing what to expect.
• Perfectionist
• Enjoys jobs requiring attention to detail.
• Complies with authority and tries to provide the “right” answer.

45. Metaprograms
• Action — Initiate or Respond
• Direction — Toward or Away From
• Source — Internal or External
• Conduct — Rule Follower or Breaker

46. More Metaprograms
• Response — Match or Mismatch
• Scope — Global or Specific
• Cognitive Style — Thinking or Feeling
• Confirmation — VAK and Times

47. Exercise: Eliciting Metaprograms
• Metaprograms are revealed by
• Nonverbal messages
• Language
• Questions
• What do you mean?
• How do you know?
• What’s important to you about that?

48. Changing Behavior
• Patterns and Pattern Interrupts
• Anchors and Anchoring
• Stimulus-response conditioning
• Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic anchors
• Advanced Language Patterns
• The Metamodel
• The Milton Model

49. Exercise: Anchoring
• Setting Anchors
• Kinesthetic
• Visual
• Auditory
• Stacking Anchors
• Collapsing Anchors
• Using Sliding Anchors

50. The Structure of
Subjective Experience
• Sorting for Time
• Past, present, and future
• Timelines
• Sorting for Like and Dislike
• Creating and Changing Meaning

51. Modalities and Submodalities
• Visual Submodalities
• Location, size, distance, brightness, point of view
• Color or black & white, moving or still
• Auditory Submodalities
• Location, tone, rate, pitch, inflection, rhythm
• Language, voice (your voice, the voice of a parent)
• Kinesthetic Submodalities
• Location, strength, duration, movement
• Quality (warm, cold, “tingly,” etc.)

52. Exercise: Changing Submodalities
• Select something, someone, or an activity
you want to like better.
• Elicit submodalities for
• Things you like.
• Things you dislike.
• Change the submodalities with which you
represent the thing, person, or activity.

53. Belief Systems
• Cultural
• Parental
• Group
• Individual
• Global (Identity)
• Cause-effect
• If X, then Y
• If I study, then I will...
• Rules
• Can/can’t
• Must/must not
• Should/should not

54. Values
• A Type of Belief
• Hierarchical
• Either Positive or Negative
• Something desired
• Something to avoid
• Congruent or Incongruent

55. Core Questions
• Remain Out of Conscious Awareness
• Focus Attention
• Influence Interpretation of Events
• Influence Psychological State
• Influence the Range of Possibilities

56. Exercise: Belief and Disbelief
• Elicit the submodalities of something you
believe absolutely.
• Elicit the submodalities of something you
doubt.
• Elicit the submodalities of something you
disbelieve.
• Select a limiting belief and change its
submodalities.

57. Frames and Reframes
• The Filters That Determine Meaning
• Influence State and Behavior
• Creating and Changing Frames
• Anchoring
• Reframing Context
• Reframing Content

58. Reframing Context
• Key Questions
• Where would the characteristic or behavior be useful?
• When would the characteristic or behavior be useful?
• What would have to be true for this to be useful?
• Common Context Reframes
• Rudolph’s red nose
• Oil
• Procrastination

59. Reframing Content
• Key Questions
• What else could this mean (or be)?
• What am I missing here?
• How can he or she believe that?
• How could this mean the opposite of what I thought?
• Common Content Reframes
• The ugly duckling
• Plastic or sawdust
• Failure

60. The Metamodel
• Used to Understand Another’s Mental Maps
• Used to Recover Lost Information
• Used to Help Correct Distortions
• Universal Metamodel Questions
• What, who, or how specifically?
• What do you mean?
• How do you know?
• What would happen if you did (or didn’t)?

61. Metamodel “Violations”
• Unspecified Nouns
• Abstract nouns (a student, teachers)
• Nominalizations (freedom, justice)
• Unspecified or Missing Pronouns
• Someone you know. . . .
• It’s wrong to think that.

62. Metamodel “Violations”
• Unspecified Verbs
• You have to learn this.
• You will solve your problems.
• Unwarranted Generalizations
• You never want to do anything.
• Politicians are crooks.

63. Metamodel “Violations”
• Unwarranted Comparisons
• Brand X gives you more.
• Sally is the best.
• Unwarranted Rules
• You can’t do that on television.
• Clean your plate.
• No pain, no gain.

64. The Milton Model
• Used to Change Another’s Mental Maps
• Used to Create New Possibilities
• Used to Influence

65. Milton Model Techniques
• Metamodel “Violations”
• Unspecified nouns, pronouns, and verbs.
• Generalizations
• Comparisons
• Shifts in referential index

66. More Milton Model Techniques
• Presuppositions
• Embedded Questions
• Embedded Commands
• Negative Commands
• Metaphors
• Quotes
• Ambiguities

67. Basic Language Skills
• My automobile prefers to warm up slowly.
• The organization is in excellent shape. For
example, the record profits last year.
• The company has decided to purchase new
furniture.
• While busy working at the computer all day
was no doubt the cause of her eye strain and
stiff neck.

68. More Basic Language Skills
• Not only will Alex need to justify his
behavior to his boss, but also to the
company president.
• The data is from “Service Is the Key”, by
Eileen Johnson in the May issue of The
Journal of Customer Relations.

69. Language Skills for Case 1
• As an employee of Con-U-Tel, it is my
responsibility to set up our companies
annual convention.
• I am writing this letter to inquire about your
hotel’s accommodations.
• How many people can your hotel
accommodate at one time?

70. More Language Skills for Case 1
• Does your hotel have banquet facilities?
• How many conference rooms does your
hotel have with audio/visual equipment?
• I must have your answer by July 10th so
that I can make a decision.
• Thank you in advance for sending this and
other helpful information.

71. Block Format and
Mixed Punctuation
• Date goes on left margin
• 5 January 2004
• January 5, 2004
• NOT: 1/5/2004 or 5.1.2004
• Inside address includes the following:
• Name of the individual with courtesy title
• Professional title and/or office or department
• Organization plus “mail stop” information
• City, state, and ZIP code information

72. Block Format and
Mixed Punctuation—Part 2
• Salutation
• Dear Ms. Goldman:
• Dear Director:
• Ladies and Gentlemen:
• The signature block includes the following:
• An appropriate complimentary close (Sincerely,
Cordially, Best Wishes)
• The signature of the person who wrote the letter
• The typed/printed name of the writer

73. Message Structure for Case 1
• Ask the most important question.
• What is the make-or-break question?
• Why are convention facilities more important than guest rooms?
• Why is it important to include the dates in the opening question?
• Explain your needs.
• What does she need to know to help you?
• What does she not need to know?
• What is required for transition to the list of secondary questions?

74. More Structure for Case 1
• Ask your secondary questions.
• What is implied by the numbered list?
• How do you ensure that the information you receive
will help you make a decision?
• Set and justify an end-date.
• Is it possible that she can help you in ways you haven’t
asked about?
• Why do you need a time index to justify a specific end-
date?