A Study of Street-Level Bureaucracy: A look at current applications of Michael Lipsky's Street-Level Bureaucratic Theory; defining the bureaucracy, the street-level bureaucratic paradox, the development of routines and heuristics, the innate complexity of bureaucratic work, and coping mechanisms employed
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
POLICY MAKING PROCESS
Policy
• a statement of intent for achieving an objective.
• Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective
• policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide
a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the
people.
• Importance and objective of any policy
• to solve existing challenges/problems in any society
• used as a tool to safeguard and ensure better services to
members of the society.
• Reasons for formulating a Policy
• Reforms (socio-economic, technological advancements, etc)
within and outside the country.
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
Catching up or slipping behind? Are policy makers embracing the potential of ...Policy in Practice
Giovanni Tonutti recently spoke at the Imagining Digital Future workshop organised by the Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research at Aalto University in Helsinki.
Giovanni's delivered a session, Catching up or slipping behind? Are policy makers embracing the potential of data analytics? His presentation focused on Policy in Practice's work promoting the smart use of data to improve the way social policy is designed and delivered.
The event looked at some of the challenges policy makers face in unlocking the potential of administrative data, and Giovanni shared how we have been able to help overcome them by combining our policy expertise and unique analytical capabilities.
Giovanni said "To be invited to such a high profile international event is testament of the impact that Policy in Practice's work is having, and equally it is a great opportunity to confront ourselves with the work and the challenges that similar organisations face in the wider European context."
For more information contact Giovanni Tonutti
giovannni@policyinpractice.co.uk
+44 (0) 330 088 9242
POLICY MAKING PROCESS
Policy
• a statement of intent for achieving an objective.
• Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective
• policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide
a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the
people.
• Importance and objective of any policy
• to solve existing challenges/problems in any society
• used as a tool to safeguard and ensure better services to
members of the society.
• Reasons for formulating a Policy
• Reforms (socio-economic, technological advancements, etc)
within and outside the country.
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
Catching up or slipping behind? Are policy makers embracing the potential of ...Policy in Practice
Giovanni Tonutti recently spoke at the Imagining Digital Future workshop organised by the Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research at Aalto University in Helsinki.
Giovanni's delivered a session, Catching up or slipping behind? Are policy makers embracing the potential of data analytics? His presentation focused on Policy in Practice's work promoting the smart use of data to improve the way social policy is designed and delivered.
The event looked at some of the challenges policy makers face in unlocking the potential of administrative data, and Giovanni shared how we have been able to help overcome them by combining our policy expertise and unique analytical capabilities.
Giovanni said "To be invited to such a high profile international event is testament of the impact that Policy in Practice's work is having, and equally it is a great opportunity to confront ourselves with the work and the challenges that similar organisations face in the wider European context."
For more information contact Giovanni Tonutti
giovannni@policyinpractice.co.uk
+44 (0) 330 088 9242
What makes indicators successful? Lessons from practitionersnefwellbeing
BRAINPOoL (Bringing alternative indicators into policy) is an EU-funded project aimed at identifying and overcoming the barriers to ‘Beyond GDP’ indicators being used in policy
Resilience Shift Policy Symposium - the role of public policy - Dr Svenja KeeleThe Resilience Shift
The Resilience Shift Policy Symposium took place on Wed 15 May 2019 in Melbourne Australia. This presentation was by Dr Svenja Keele and Professor Lars Coenen, from the University of Melbourne, who talked about the role of policy and the ‘policy spectrum’ as captured in the published report. The Symposium explored ways to incentivise resilience - by understanding the key drivers, and exploring the use of different policy approaches to enhance critical infrastructure resilience.
Rethinking regional development policy-makingOECD CFE
This presentation was presented at the launch of the OECD report “Rethinking Regional Development Policy-making” on 19 March 2018 in Brussels.
http://www.oecd.org/governance/rethinking-regional-development-policy-making-9789264293014-en.htm
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT IN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICY. IT TALKS ABOUT THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE VALUES AND OBJECTIVES DESCRIBED IN THE POLICY DESIGN.
Public relations in policy evaluation and implementationBolaji Okusaga
The role of Public Relations in helping to create an ambient environment for policy discussions and policy engagement continues to come under focus. This presentation discusses best practice route to attaining that objective.
Reusing Natural Experiments; Presentation by Michael-Paul JamesMichael-Paul James
Reusing Natural Experiments
Paper by Davidson Heath, Matthew C. Ringgenberg, Mehrdad Samadi, and Ingrid M. Werner
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Multiple Testing Corrections
Family-Wise Error Rate
FDR and FDP
Bootstrap
Simulations
Empirical Settings
Randomized Control Trial
Staggered Introductions
IV Regression
Regression Discontinuity Design
Compustate and CRSP Outcomes
Simulated True Treatment Effects
Comparing Multiple Testing Frameworks
Adjusted t-statistic Critical Values
Evaluating Existing Evidence
Business Combination Laws
Regulation SHO
Sequencing Tests
Results
Discussion
Caveats
p-Values are Only One Input for Inference
What is the Right Burden of Proof?
Improving Inference when Reusing a Natural Experiment
Corroborating Evidence
State and Test Causal Channels
Compound Exclusion Restrictions
Presentation on Institutional Shareholders And Corporate Social ResponsibilityMichael-Paul James
Institutional Shareholders And Corporate Social Responsibility
Paper by Tao Chen, Hui Dong, Chen Lin
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Institutional shareholders induce corporate managers to invest more in social goodness (increase CSR rating)
Two quasi-natural experiments
Random assignment in May demonstrates that higher institutional ownership motivates higher CSR ratings
Exogenous shocks in other industries demonstrate distracted investors lead to lower CSR ratings reducing social responsibility
Three additional measure reinforce distraction results
Voice is an important method to motivate CSR investments
Return Decomposition
By Long Chen and Xinlei Zhao
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Directly modeling discount rate news and backing out cash flow news
adds residual news to the latter
○ The method has led to erroneous conclusions:
■ Larger relative DR variance
■ Value stocks earn higher returns due to higher βCF
■ βCF is more important than total βtotal
○ DR news cannot be accurately estimated (low predictive power)
and backed out CF news inherits large misspecification error of DR
○ Modeled Treasury bonds reveals higher CF variance with no real CF
risk
○ Minor changes in predictive variables produce opposite results
Directly modeling cash flow news, discount rate news, and residual
○ Value firms have both lower modeled CF betas and DR betas, but
higher residual betas, indicating that the results in the current
literature are driven by the residual news.
Presentation on Predicting Excess Stock Returns Out of Sample: Can Anything B...Michael-Paul James
Predicting Excess Stock Returns
Out of Sample: Can Anything Beat
the Historical Average?
Paper by John Y. Campbell & Samuel B. Thompson
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
● Many variables are correlated with subsequent stock returns
● In the previous research, historical average stock returns have
outperformed most contenders
● Predictor variables in this paper outperformed out-of-sample once
restrictions were imposed on coefficient signs and return forecast
○ Small explanatory power, meaningful economic significance
● Although not fully described asset prices, out-of-sample performance
improves.
● Models generate meaningful utility gains for mean-variance investors
● Data accessibility and improvement may prove more valuable than
theoretical restrictions
Bad Beta, Good Beta
By John Y. Campbell And Tuomo Vuolteenaho
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Cash flow and discount rate betas estimates stock market risk factors
more efficiently than CAPM over time.
○ Cash flow news
■ Stock returns covariance with cash flows news
○ Discount rate news
■ Stock returns covariance with discount rate news
● “Bad” cash flow beta (risk) demands higher premiums than “good”
discount rate beta (risk).
● Value and small stocks have higher cash flow betas than growth and
large stocks on average.
● High average returns on value and small stocks are appropriate
compensation for risk, not an unrealized benefit to ownership.
● Overweighting small and value stocks benefit low risk aversion equity
investors
● Underweighting small and value stocks benefit high risk aversion
equity investors
● Model offers strong explanatory power in the cross section of asset
returns with theoretical values
● ICAPM outperforms the CAPM in empirical research
Presentation of Input Specificity and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks...Michael-Paul James
Input Specificity and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks in Production Networks by Jean-Noel Barrot and Julien Sauvagnat
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Firm level shocks propagate in production networks
● Customers drop 2-3% in sales growth when suppliers suffer a disaster
○ 25% drop in sales growth with respect to sample average of 10%
○ Temporary effect, without prior trends
○ Losses only affect active customer-supplier relationships
○ Larger effect when supplier produces differentiated goods with
high R&D, more patents, thus difficult to replace
○ Customer suffers 1% drop in market equity value
● Other suppliers experience drop in sales growth after another supplier
is hit, when customers are shared.
● Input disruptions are not compensated, resulting in sector wide losses
● Input specificity is a key determinant of the propagation of
idiosyncratic shocks in the economy
Presentation by Michael-Paul James on Passive Investors, Not Passive Owners by Ian R. Appel, Todd A. Gormley, Donald B. Keim.
Summary:
Study exploits exogenous variation in passive institutional ownership around the cutoff of Russell 1000 & 2000 inclusion. They find that passively managed mutual funds play important role in stock ownership, corporate behavior, and corporate policy.
The Log-Linear Return Approximation, Bubbles, and PredictabilityMichael-Paul James
Presentation by Michael-Paul James on The Log-Linear Return Approximation, Bubbles, and Predictability by Tom Engsted, Thomas Q. Pedersen, and Carsten Tanggaard
Competition and Bias by Harrison Hong and Marcin KacperczykMichael-Paul James
Competition and Bias
Paper by Harrison Hong and Marcin Kacperczyk
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Treatment effect: a decrease in analyst covering increases optimism bias one year after the merger relative to control.
-Evidence for competition reduction bias
-Larger bias impact for stocks with less coverage
Presentation on Social Collateral
Paper by Ha Diep-Nguyen and Huong Dang
Presented by Michael-Paul James
Paper uses an experimental design to test the impact of social image on repayment behavior
Presentation on Bank Quality, Judicial Efficiency, and Loan Repayment Delays ...Michael-Paul James
Presentation on Bank Quality, Judicial Efficiency,
and Loan Repayment Delays in Italy. Paper by Fabio Schiantarelli, Massimiliano Stacchini, and Philip E. Strahan. Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Presentation on Rhetoric, Reality, and Reputation: Do CSR and Political Lobby...Michael-Paul James
Presentation by Michael-Paul James on "Rhetoric, Reality, and Reputation: Do CSR and Political Lobbying Protect Shareholder Wealth against Environmental Lawsuits?" Paper by Chelsea Liu , Chee Seng Cheong, and Ralf Zurbruegg
Research Paper Presentation on Asset Redeployability, Liquidation Value, and ...Michael-Paul James
"Asset Redeployability, Liquidation Value, and Endogenous Capital Structure Heterogeneity"
Paper by Antonio E. Bernardo, Alex Fabisiak, and Ivo Welch
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Research Presentation on Reserve Management and Audit Committee Characteristi...Michael-Paul James
"Reserve Management and Audit Committee Characteristics: Evidence From U.S. Property–Liability Insurance Companies"
Paper by Wen-Yen Hsu, Yenyu (Rebecca) Huang, Gene Lai
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Presentation on Property–Liability Insurer Reserve Error: Motive, Manipulatio...Michael-Paul James
Property–Liability Insurer Reserve
Error: Motive, Manipulation, Or Mistake
Paper by Martin F. Grace, J. Tyler Leverty
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
What Is a Patent Worth? Evidence from the U.S. Patent “Lottery”Michael-Paul James
Presentation by Michael-Paul James on What Is a Patent Worth? Evidence from the U.S. Patent “Lottery” by Joan Farre-Mensa, Deepak Hegde, Alexander Ljungqvist.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
2. POLITICWhat is a Bureaucracy
A Bureaucracy is a rational actor that
aims to provide informed decision
making following reliable procedures.
Features (Max Weber)
● Strict hierarchical structure
● Rigid division of labor
● Formal chains of authority
Characteristics
● Specialized expertise
○ Authority for oversight
● Certainty
○ Standard procedures on
tested assumptions: rules
● Continuity
○ Commitment to procedures.
● Unity
2
3. POLITICThe Shaping of Policy
● Enabling Legislation
○ Assigns authority to agencies to fill in the
details of how a policy is to be
implemented
● Implementation
○ Process of putting a policy, plan, law, or
regulation into practice
● Autonomy
○ Bureaucrats enter a political process with
high levels of autonomy
● Proposed regulations
○ published in the federal register, daily
journal of the federal government.
● Laws to Control the Bureaucracy
○ Freedom of information act (1966)
○ National Envirnomental Policy Act (1969)
○ Privacy Act (1974)
○ Government in the Sunshine Act (1976)
● Congressional Oversight Power
○ Budgetary and personal controls
○ Congressional committees
○ Judicial Review
3
4. POLITICIron Triangle Congress
Interest Groups Bureaucracy
Funding&
PoliticalSupport
PolicyChoices&
Execution
Congressional Support, via Lobby
Low Regulation, Special Favors
ElectoralSupport
FriendlyLegislation&
Oversight
4
5. POLITICListofFederal
Agenciesinthe
UnitedStates
● United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
● United States Department of Commerce
● United States Department of Defense (DOD)
● United States Department of Education
● United States Department of Energy
● United States Department of Health and Human Services
● United States Department of Homeland Security
● United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
● United States Department of the Interior
● United States Department of Justice
● United States Department of Labor (DOL)
● United States Department of State (DOS)
● United States Department of Transportation
● United States Department of the Treasury
● United States Department of Veterans Affairs
5
6. DEFINELimitations of the Bureaucrats
● Street-Level Bureaucrats (SLB):
○ People who meet citizens at the interface between citizenship and government.
○ Teachers, Social Workers, Postal Workers, Police Officers, Firefighters, Judges, etc.
○ Responsible for delivering the policy created elsewhere.
● Exercise of discretion is a critical component
○ Limited by time, information, and resources, while processed in mass.
○ Difficult to apply what one knows quickly to a particular situation without full information
● Seemingly unrelated bureaucratic functions have unifying characteristics.
○ Value add is the comparative quality of comparing diverse occupations horizontally
“Policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it.” -Lipsky, 1980
6
7. DEFINEThe Reality of Policy Implementation
● Paradox: How to treat everyone equally while being responsive to individual
distinctiveness.
● Policy is the result of the aggregation of many roles, actions, and events.
○ The idealized state during creation quickly evolves as bureaucrats attempt to apply it.
● Heuristics and routines become the policy, regardless of original intent.
○ De jure discretion describes legally recognized practices
○ De facto describes conditions as they exist, although not necessarily legitimate
● Street level bureaucrats shape policy outcomes, and thus policy.
● Complexity makes equal and adequate service impossible.
● Inspite difficulties, citizens express a high level of satifisfaction with SLBs
7
8. COMPLEXComplex Working Conditions
Problem of resources
● Demand for services is almost always higher than supply.
● Government tries to provide service to as many people as possible.
● Better services often increases demand resulting in increased capacity
not increase in quality.
Ambiguity of Goals
Challenging relationship with clients
8
9. COMPLEXComplex Working Conditions
Problem of resources
Ambiguity of Goals
● Conflicting goals faced by professionals.
● Attempts to measure job performance may cause goal displacement:
such as focus on measurements or outputs and not the outcome or
purpose of the measurement..
Challenging relationship with clients
9
10. COMPLEXComplex Working Conditions
Problem of resources
Ambiguity of Goals
Challenging relationship with clients
● Client participation is often not voluntary, unlike costly private market.
● Less affluent persons are more likely to engage multiple service providers
● Street Level Bureaucrats have relative leverage over clients.
● Inherent inequality + overburdened: incentivizes to minimize time spent.
10
11. COMPLEXComplex Working Conditions
Under time and resource constraints, professionals tend to gauge a client’s
“worthiness of service” based on general characteristics and first impressions
to expedite decision making.
11
12. COPINGCoping Strategies: How to decide?
Complex working conditions
● Problem of resources
● Goal Ambiguity of goals
● Challenging relationship with
clients
Aim of Coping Strategies
● Reduce complexity
● Maintain occupational control
● Manage stress
Two primary Strategies
● Rationing services
● Conserving resources
12
13. COPINGRationing services
Vary the amount of services given to clients
● Queueing:
Prioritizing profesional time.
○ First come first serve
○ By appointment
○ Waiting list
● Prioritising
○ Paying more for personal attention.
○ Making exceptions to rules.
○ Ignoring a clients indiscretion.
● Creaming
○ Choosing only clients that are more
likely to be successful
● Worker bias
○ Likeability
○ Social demographic variables
○ Societal norms
13
14. COPINGConserving resources
Controlling the sitution by
● Husbanding
○ Creating a reservoir of excess resources that can be used when
needed
● Screening
○ The processing of information about clients before they interact with
service professionals
● Rubberstamping
○ When professionals routinely accept the judgement of other
professionals as their own.
14
15. CASECulture (Cohen 2018)
Informal Payments for Healthcare (IPHC) Illegal Activity Legal or Semi-Legal
Better Treatment from Payment Black Payment Grey Payment
Equal or Worse treatment from Payment Lost Payments Gratitude Payments
Attitudes n Positive (%) Partly Positive (%) Negative (%)
Accepting Gifts 87 62% 22% 16%
Favoritism (Protektsia) 63 13% 17% 70%
Taking Bribes 98 2% 3% 95%
Protektsia, a cultural norm in Israel, refers to the practice of showing friends and family preferential
treatment.
43%
15
16. CASERDI (Brattström and Hellström 2019)
Research, Development, and Innovation at Swedish Energy Agency (SEA)
Discretion Social Aspect Epistemic Aspect
Scope Broadening Find & fund new partners Evaluating market of ideas
Narrowing Steering competencies toward niches Finding epistemic niches
Programming Downward Create new processes for new priorities Create new content for future-orientation
Upward Create structure; introduce competitors Modifying former content with new themes
Criteria Selectivity Collaborate criteria, modify rules Create sub-criteria for specific fields
Flexibility Use criteria for ex-post justification Interpreting criteria to fund new fields
Epistemic Basic Steer towards commercialization Steer to basic science from innovation
Applied Steer towards applied sciences Steer to basic science from commercial
16
17. CASERangers (Maier and Winkel 2017)
Integrative conservation combines conservation objectives and sustainable forest management practices in service of timber production
Five factors of Influence
● Individual factors or characteristics
● Contextual factors, public pressure
● External actors, experts
● Organizational factors, internal norms
● Political factors, policy and process
Q1: How do local forest managers perceive their role and performance in the implementation of integrative
nature conservation policies?
Q2: To what extent are local management decisions related to nature conservation influenced by individual,
contextual, organizational or political factors, or external actors?
Q3: What general conclusions can be drawn for the implementation of integrated nature conservation
policies in forests primarily managed for timber production?
Findings
● Conflict between timber and conservation
○ Limited by local decisions
○ Internal struggle with public reaction
○ Different goals than management in
timber, recreation, and conservation
● Support for Integrative Conservation 17
18. CASEGap
Street-level bureaucracy primary looks at the individual and aggregates
decisions to determine the realized policy (Lipsky 1980).
Although research has been conducted on computerization within the
healthcare market (Giest and Raaphorst 2018), the field suffers a gap on the
effects of external structural norms and interfaces between the public and
SLBs.
Why does the gap exist?
What assumptions might be blurred through normalizing all client interface?
What can be learned through examining the channels of interaction?
18
19. SOURCESBibliography
● Brodkin, Evelyn Z. “Reflections on Street‐Level Bureaucracy: Past, Present, and Future.” Public Administration
Review. Hoboken, USA: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., November 2012.
● Funder, Mikkel, and Mweemba, Carol Emma. “Interface Bureaucrats and the Everyday Remaking of Climate
Interventions: Evidence from Climate Change Adaptation in Zambia.” Global Environmental Change 55 (March
2019): 130–138.
● Brattström, Erik, and Hellström, Tomas. “Street-Level Priority-Setting: The Role of Discretion in Implementation
of Research, Development, and Innovation Priorities.” Energy Policy 127 (April 2019): 240–247.
● Maier, Carolin, and Winkel, Georg. “Implementing Nature Conservation through Integrated Forest Management:
A Street-Level Bureaucracy Perspective on the German Public Forest Sector.” Forest Policy and Economics 82
(September 2017): 14–29.
● Cohen, Nissim. “How Culture Affects Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Bending the Rules in the Context of Informal
Payments for Health Care: The Israeli Case.” The American Review of Public Administration 48, no. 2 (February
2018): 175–187.
19
20. SOURCESBibliography
● Hoyle, Louise. “‘I Mean, Obviously You’re Using Your Discretion’: Nurses Use of Discretion in Policy
Implementation” 13, no. 2 (April 2014): 189–202.
● Buvik, Kristin. “The Hole in the Doughnut: a Study of Police Discretion in a Nightlife Setting.” Policing and
Society 26, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 771–788.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10439463.2014.989157.
● Chiarello, Elizabeth. “The War on Drugs Comes to the Pharmacy Counter: Frontline Work in the Shadow of
Discrepant Institutional Logics.” Law & Social Inquiry 40, no. 1 (February 2015): 86–122.
● Maynard-Moody, Steven, and Michael Musheno. "Dealing with Faces." In Cops, Teachers, Counselors: Stories
from the Front Lines of Public Service, 3-8. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11924.5.
● Lipsky, Martin. 2010 (reprint). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell
Sage Foundation, Preface & Chapters 1-2.
20
21. SOURCESBibliography
● Evans, Tony. Professional Discretion in Welfare Services Beyond Street-Level Bureaucracy. London: Taylor and
Francis, 2016.
● Cooper, Maxwell J F, Sornalingam, Sangeetha, O’Donnell, Catherine, and Cooper, Maxwell J F. “Street-Level
Bureaucracy: An Underused Theoretical Model for General Practice?” The British journal of general practice :
the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 65, no. 636 (July 1, 2015): 376–377.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1692293289/.
● Evans, Tony, and John Harris, Street-Level Bureaucracy, Social Work and the (Exaggerated) Death of Discretion,
The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 34, Issue 6, September 2004, Pages 871–895,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch106
● Buffat, Aurélien. "When and Why Discretion Is Weak or Strong: The Case of Taxing Officers in a Public
Unemployment Fund." In Understanding Street-level Bureaucracy, edited by Buffat Aurélien, Hupe Peter, and Hill
Michael, 79-96. Bristol, UK; Chicago, IL, USA: Bristol University Press, 2015. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t89bw0.9.
● Prottas, Jeffrey Manditch. People-Processing : the Street-Level Bureaucrat in Public Service Bureaucracies
Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1979.
21
22. AMAZINGYou are
AmazingAsk me all the questions you desire. I will do my best to answer
honestly and strive to grasp your intent and creativity
22