This document summarizes a student group's project to design and construct a fettuccine truss bridge with a 600mm clear span and maximum weight of 150g. It describes their methodology, which included material testing, precedent study of the Taylor-Southgate Bridge, multiple prototype designs, and structural analysis. Their final bridge design utilized I-beams, laminated fettuccine, and butt joints between members based on lessons learned from prototypes that deflected or broke.
The document describes the tensile structure roof at Denver International Airport. Some key details:
- The roof covers 375,000 square feet and is supported by 34 steel masts up to 45 meters high.
- It uses a catenary cable system similar to the Brooklyn Bridge, with over 10 miles of steel cable and 3.8 miles of aluminum clamping.
- The roof material is a double layer of PTFE fiberglass that is translucent, letting in natural light while reflecting solar heat gain.
The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan is the world's longest suspension bridge. It spans the Akashi Strait and connects Kobe to Awaji Island. When completed in 1998, it held the records for highest and longest suspension bridges at 280m tall and 1991m long. The bridge cost $4.3 billion to build and took over 10 years to construct using over 1 million cubic meters of concrete and 81,000 tons of steel. New techniques had to be developed to build the deep foundations in open sea conditions.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate strait, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. It is a suspension bridge built in the 1930s that is still one of the longest in the US. The bridge faces challenges from earthquakes, wind, and ocean currents. After a major earthquake in 1989, the Golden Gate Bridge underwent retrofitting to increase its earthquake resistance, as there is a high probability of a large quake in the region within the next 30 years.
The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed bridge that crosses the Tarn Valley in southern France. It is the tallest bridge in the world, with pylons reaching 343 meters high. The bridge was built to alleviate traffic congestion on the major route from Paris to Spain. Construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2004, ahead of schedule. A consortium of international contractors was involved in building the complex bridge, which involved constructing tall pylons, assembling the bridge deck between them, and installing cables to support the deck.
The document describes the analysis and design of a multi-purpose auditorium using STAAD.Pro v8i software. The auditorium will have a plinth area of 1900 sqm, seating capacity of 750, and height of 7.325m. It will be constructed using M30 grade concrete and Fe-500 steel. Bored cast-in-situ piles will be used for foundations. The STAAD model was generated and loads like dead, live, and wind loads were applied. Beams, columns, slabs, and foundations were designed to meet code requirements. Acoustic design considerations like reverberation time, echo reduction, and sound absorption were also addressed.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. Construction began in 1933 and was completed in 1937, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time. The bridge consists of two large concrete anchorages, steel towers, suspender cables that hang from main cables, and a deck suspended below. It was a pioneering engineering feat that presented many challenges due to the location's harsh environment and seismic activity. The iconic bridge remains one of the most beautiful examples of suspension bridge design.
Suspension bridges have several key components: cables that suspend the roadway from towers, towers that stabilize the cables, and anchorages that provide structure and keep the cables tight. A typical construction process involves building tower foundations, erecting the towers, installing saddles and cables between the towers, adding vertical suspender cables to hang the roadway, and constructing the deck between the towers. The main forces in a suspension bridge are tension in the cables and compression in the towers. Some of the world's largest suspension bridges include the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan and the Sidu River Bridge in China.
The document describes the tensile structure roof at Denver International Airport. Some key details:
- The roof covers 375,000 square feet and is supported by 34 steel masts up to 45 meters high.
- It uses a catenary cable system similar to the Brooklyn Bridge, with over 10 miles of steel cable and 3.8 miles of aluminum clamping.
- The roof material is a double layer of PTFE fiberglass that is translucent, letting in natural light while reflecting solar heat gain.
The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan is the world's longest suspension bridge. It spans the Akashi Strait and connects Kobe to Awaji Island. When completed in 1998, it held the records for highest and longest suspension bridges at 280m tall and 1991m long. The bridge cost $4.3 billion to build and took over 10 years to construct using over 1 million cubic meters of concrete and 81,000 tons of steel. New techniques had to be developed to build the deep foundations in open sea conditions.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate strait, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. It is a suspension bridge built in the 1930s that is still one of the longest in the US. The bridge faces challenges from earthquakes, wind, and ocean currents. After a major earthquake in 1989, the Golden Gate Bridge underwent retrofitting to increase its earthquake resistance, as there is a high probability of a large quake in the region within the next 30 years.
The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed bridge that crosses the Tarn Valley in southern France. It is the tallest bridge in the world, with pylons reaching 343 meters high. The bridge was built to alleviate traffic congestion on the major route from Paris to Spain. Construction began in 2001 and was completed in 2004, ahead of schedule. A consortium of international contractors was involved in building the complex bridge, which involved constructing tall pylons, assembling the bridge deck between them, and installing cables to support the deck.
The document describes the analysis and design of a multi-purpose auditorium using STAAD.Pro v8i software. The auditorium will have a plinth area of 1900 sqm, seating capacity of 750, and height of 7.325m. It will be constructed using M30 grade concrete and Fe-500 steel. Bored cast-in-situ piles will be used for foundations. The STAAD model was generated and loads like dead, live, and wind loads were applied. Beams, columns, slabs, and foundations were designed to meet code requirements. Acoustic design considerations like reverberation time, echo reduction, and sound absorption were also addressed.
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, connecting San Francisco to Marin County. Construction began in 1933 and was completed in 1937, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time. The bridge consists of two large concrete anchorages, steel towers, suspender cables that hang from main cables, and a deck suspended below. It was a pioneering engineering feat that presented many challenges due to the location's harsh environment and seismic activity. The iconic bridge remains one of the most beautiful examples of suspension bridge design.
Suspension bridges have several key components: cables that suspend the roadway from towers, towers that stabilize the cables, and anchorages that provide structure and keep the cables tight. A typical construction process involves building tower foundations, erecting the towers, installing saddles and cables between the towers, adding vertical suspender cables to hang the roadway, and constructing the deck between the towers. The main forces in a suspension bridge are tension in the cables and compression in the towers. Some of the world's largest suspension bridges include the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan and the Sidu River Bridge in China.
It is the presentation based on pre- stressed concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
The document provides an overview of the Wexford Opera House project, including background information on the existing theatre, the client brief, site location and constraints. It describes the architectural design of the new building, focusing on the structural design challenges of the main auditorium such as cantilevered balconies and roof trusses. Details are given on the stage area, fly tower and acoustic considerations.
ARCHITECT ALVAR AALTO
presentation by 2nd-year students of bachelor of architecture, INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AFFILIATED WITH I.K. GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
Paul Rudolph was an influential American architect active in the mid-20th century. He is known for buildings characterized by boldly contrasting masses and complexly interlocking spaces. Rudolph studied under Walter Gropius at Harvard and later chaired the School of Architecture at Yale University. Some of his notable works include the Yale Art and Architecture Building, considered his masterpiece, and various houses in Sarasota, Florida that helped define the Sarasota School of Architecture. Rudolph's style incorporated large amounts of glass, modular designs, and dramatic plays of light and shadow.
Sneha Waghire's presentation document covers three topics: a groin vault, a swimming pool case study, and the Burj Khalifa high-rise building in Dubai. The document includes diagrams and photos of each structure and details their designs and construction processes. It provides information on the Chaitanya Health Club swimming pool in Pune, including its location, facilities, and the 14 steps involved in pool construction. Details are also given on the Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made structure, including its records, design, and how it collects water from condensation.
The document provides information about precast concrete, including:
- Precast concrete is concrete that is cast off-site in a controlled environment using reusable molds. Elements can be joined to form structures.
- Products include buildings, walls, slabs, columns. Elements are poured into molds, cured, then transported and installed.
- History of precast concrete dates back to Rome. Examples given include the Sydney Opera House and buildings by Richard Meier.
- Advantages include reduced construction time, quality control, and earthquake resistance. Disadvantages include high costs for small projects and difficulty altering cast-in services.
The document discusses trussed tube structures, which use diagonal bracing on the exterior of the building. This bracing transfers both gravity and lateral loads, allowing the structure to resist wind and seismic forces more effectively. It eliminates the need for interior columns, increasing interior space flexibility. Examples given are the John Hancock Center, with distinctive x-bracing that absorbs forces in all dimensions, and the Onterie Center, with perimeter diagonal shear walls that allow for fewer, more widely spaced columns and larger windows than framed tube structures.
Louis i kahn
Born February 20, 1901 on Saaremmaa Island in Kuressaare.
Kahn's Jewish parents immigrated to the United States in 1906.
His given name at birth was Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky but was changed upon arrival in the US.
Kahn's architecture is notable for its simple, platonic forms and compositions.
Through the use of brick and poured-in place concrete masonry, he developed a contemporary and monumental architecture that maintained a sympathy for the site.
While rooted in the International Style, Kahn's architecture was an amalgam of his Beaux Arts education and a personal aesthetic impulse to develop his own architectural forms.
Kahn received the AIA Gold Medal in 1971 and the RIBA Gold Medal in 1972.
Louis Kahn is considered one of the foremost architects of the late twentieth century.
On March 17, 1974, he died of a heart attack in a men's restroom in Pennsylvania Station in New York City.
Education/ Occupation
He attended the University of Pennsylvania and received his Bachelors degree in architecture at the age of 24.
After college, he worked as a senior draftsman in the office of Philadelphia City Architect John Molitor.
To find his inspiration, he traveled through Europe visiting castles and medieval strongholds in 1928, only 4 years after graduating.
He finally started his own firm in 1935.
While he still designed and worked as a design critic on the side, Louis became a professor of architecture at Yale school of Architecture.
Personal designs
Kahn created many unique an intricate buildings, but among his most memorable were…
* The Yale University Art gallery: 1951.
* The Jonas Salk institute for Biological Studies: 1965
* The Margaret Esherick house: 1961
* The National Assembly building: 1962
Steel roofing and steel roof trusses provide durable and lightweight roofing options. Some key points:
- Steel roofing comes in various materials like galvanized steel, metal tiles, stainless steel, copper, and aluminum. It has advantages of durability and recyclability but requires maintenance to prevent corrosion.
- Steel roof trusses are prefabricated from C-shaped steel studs to provide a strong yet lightweight roof structure. Proper installation is critical, and trusses should not be modified without consulting the manufacturer.
- When specifying steel roof trusses, details like the roof span, pitch, openings, and wind/snow loads must be provided to the manufacturer so
The document provides details about the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, an outdoor performance venue located in Melbourne, Australia. It was designed by architect Barry Patten and opened in 1959. Patten's innovative design featured a large flexible canopy made of aluminum-faced plywood panels attached to a network of steel cables, supported by tall masts. This tensile structural system provided shelter while allowing sound to travel outward, making it well-suited for outdoor concerts. The Music Bowl has hosted many significant performances and events over the years and is considered an important example of mid-century architecture.
The John Hancock Center in Chicago is a 100-story, 1,127 foot tall skyscraper completed in 1969. It utilizes a braced tube structural system, where exterior cross trusses and diagonal bracing redistribute vertical and horizontal loads to the building's core, improving its ability to withstand lateral forces from wind and seismic activity. The tapering shape also helps reduce wind loads. Connections are made with prefabricated gusset plates and bolted steel members to simplify construction. The building was an early example of the "trussed tube" structural system that became widely used in later skyscrapers.
Louis I. Kahn designed the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) campus in Ahmedabad, India between 1963-1970. The 67-acre campus features exposed brick buildings arranged around courtyards and plazas. Kahn used heavy brick walls and concrete to create a modern yet monumental architectural style that responded well to the local climate. The campus layout emphasizes interaction and community among students and faculty through its open corridors, classrooms, and common spaces. The master plan and individual buildings, such as the library, were carefully designed by Kahn to enhance the learning environment.
Eero Saarinen was a Finnish American architect born in 1910. He studied architecture at Yale and worked for his father's firm before establishing his own practice. Some of Saarinen's most notable works include the TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, and Dulles International Airport outside Washington D.C. Saarinen is known for his organic architectural forms and sweeping structural curves. He believed architecture should enhance human life and fulfill beliefs in human dignity. Saarinen passed away in 1961 at the age of 50 while working on projects including the North Christian Church in Columbus, Indiana.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the widest long span bridge in the world. It spans the Sydney Harbour and is 1,149 meters long total. It has eight vehicle lanes, two train lines, a footway, and a cycleway crossing its 49 meter wide deck. The bridge's arch span is 503 meters long and its pylons are 89 meters high above sea level, made of concrete faced with granite. It was built using temporary anchorages and wire ropes as it was constructed from both sides of the harbor.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
The document provides details about the Résidence Andalous project in Sousse, Tunisia. It summarizes the building's construction including its cast concrete bearing walls and reinforced concrete slabs. Interior partitions are hollow brick while flooring uses local stone and marble. The design integrates well into the existing site with balanced masses and varied connecting passages between courtyards.
Building Structure Project 1 Fettuccine BridgeColby Hooi
The document is a report on analyzing the structural design of a fettuccine truss bridge model. It includes an introduction to truss structures and the project objectives. Various fettuccine brands were tested to determine their tensile and compressive strengths. Different arrangements of fettuccine were also experimentally tested, finding that an I-beam configuration with both vertical and horizontal layers carried the highest loads and was strongest. The report provides details on precedent bridge studies, materials testing, and the bridge design development process.
The document discusses the design and construction of a fettuccine truss bridge with a clear span of 350mm and weight limit of 180g by a group of 7 students. It includes sections on precedent studies of truss bridges, material testing and selection, structural analysis, model making methodology, and efficiency calculations. The goal is to design a truss bridge with high aesthetic value, minimal materials, and understanding of load distribution and tension/compression members in a truss.
It is the presentation based on pre- stressed concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
The document provides an overview of the Wexford Opera House project, including background information on the existing theatre, the client brief, site location and constraints. It describes the architectural design of the new building, focusing on the structural design challenges of the main auditorium such as cantilevered balconies and roof trusses. Details are given on the stage area, fly tower and acoustic considerations.
ARCHITECT ALVAR AALTO
presentation by 2nd-year students of bachelor of architecture, INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AFFILIATED WITH I.K. GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
Paul Rudolph was an influential American architect active in the mid-20th century. He is known for buildings characterized by boldly contrasting masses and complexly interlocking spaces. Rudolph studied under Walter Gropius at Harvard and later chaired the School of Architecture at Yale University. Some of his notable works include the Yale Art and Architecture Building, considered his masterpiece, and various houses in Sarasota, Florida that helped define the Sarasota School of Architecture. Rudolph's style incorporated large amounts of glass, modular designs, and dramatic plays of light and shadow.
Sneha Waghire's presentation document covers three topics: a groin vault, a swimming pool case study, and the Burj Khalifa high-rise building in Dubai. The document includes diagrams and photos of each structure and details their designs and construction processes. It provides information on the Chaitanya Health Club swimming pool in Pune, including its location, facilities, and the 14 steps involved in pool construction. Details are also given on the Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made structure, including its records, design, and how it collects water from condensation.
The document provides information about precast concrete, including:
- Precast concrete is concrete that is cast off-site in a controlled environment using reusable molds. Elements can be joined to form structures.
- Products include buildings, walls, slabs, columns. Elements are poured into molds, cured, then transported and installed.
- History of precast concrete dates back to Rome. Examples given include the Sydney Opera House and buildings by Richard Meier.
- Advantages include reduced construction time, quality control, and earthquake resistance. Disadvantages include high costs for small projects and difficulty altering cast-in services.
The document discusses trussed tube structures, which use diagonal bracing on the exterior of the building. This bracing transfers both gravity and lateral loads, allowing the structure to resist wind and seismic forces more effectively. It eliminates the need for interior columns, increasing interior space flexibility. Examples given are the John Hancock Center, with distinctive x-bracing that absorbs forces in all dimensions, and the Onterie Center, with perimeter diagonal shear walls that allow for fewer, more widely spaced columns and larger windows than framed tube structures.
Louis i kahn
Born February 20, 1901 on Saaremmaa Island in Kuressaare.
Kahn's Jewish parents immigrated to the United States in 1906.
His given name at birth was Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky but was changed upon arrival in the US.
Kahn's architecture is notable for its simple, platonic forms and compositions.
Through the use of brick and poured-in place concrete masonry, he developed a contemporary and monumental architecture that maintained a sympathy for the site.
While rooted in the International Style, Kahn's architecture was an amalgam of his Beaux Arts education and a personal aesthetic impulse to develop his own architectural forms.
Kahn received the AIA Gold Medal in 1971 and the RIBA Gold Medal in 1972.
Louis Kahn is considered one of the foremost architects of the late twentieth century.
On March 17, 1974, he died of a heart attack in a men's restroom in Pennsylvania Station in New York City.
Education/ Occupation
He attended the University of Pennsylvania and received his Bachelors degree in architecture at the age of 24.
After college, he worked as a senior draftsman in the office of Philadelphia City Architect John Molitor.
To find his inspiration, he traveled through Europe visiting castles and medieval strongholds in 1928, only 4 years after graduating.
He finally started his own firm in 1935.
While he still designed and worked as a design critic on the side, Louis became a professor of architecture at Yale school of Architecture.
Personal designs
Kahn created many unique an intricate buildings, but among his most memorable were…
* The Yale University Art gallery: 1951.
* The Jonas Salk institute for Biological Studies: 1965
* The Margaret Esherick house: 1961
* The National Assembly building: 1962
Steel roofing and steel roof trusses provide durable and lightweight roofing options. Some key points:
- Steel roofing comes in various materials like galvanized steel, metal tiles, stainless steel, copper, and aluminum. It has advantages of durability and recyclability but requires maintenance to prevent corrosion.
- Steel roof trusses are prefabricated from C-shaped steel studs to provide a strong yet lightweight roof structure. Proper installation is critical, and trusses should not be modified without consulting the manufacturer.
- When specifying steel roof trusses, details like the roof span, pitch, openings, and wind/snow loads must be provided to the manufacturer so
The document provides details about the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, an outdoor performance venue located in Melbourne, Australia. It was designed by architect Barry Patten and opened in 1959. Patten's innovative design featured a large flexible canopy made of aluminum-faced plywood panels attached to a network of steel cables, supported by tall masts. This tensile structural system provided shelter while allowing sound to travel outward, making it well-suited for outdoor concerts. The Music Bowl has hosted many significant performances and events over the years and is considered an important example of mid-century architecture.
The John Hancock Center in Chicago is a 100-story, 1,127 foot tall skyscraper completed in 1969. It utilizes a braced tube structural system, where exterior cross trusses and diagonal bracing redistribute vertical and horizontal loads to the building's core, improving its ability to withstand lateral forces from wind and seismic activity. The tapering shape also helps reduce wind loads. Connections are made with prefabricated gusset plates and bolted steel members to simplify construction. The building was an early example of the "trussed tube" structural system that became widely used in later skyscrapers.
Louis I. Kahn designed the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) campus in Ahmedabad, India between 1963-1970. The 67-acre campus features exposed brick buildings arranged around courtyards and plazas. Kahn used heavy brick walls and concrete to create a modern yet monumental architectural style that responded well to the local climate. The campus layout emphasizes interaction and community among students and faculty through its open corridors, classrooms, and common spaces. The master plan and individual buildings, such as the library, were carefully designed by Kahn to enhance the learning environment.
Eero Saarinen was a Finnish American architect born in 1910. He studied architecture at Yale and worked for his father's firm before establishing his own practice. Some of Saarinen's most notable works include the TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, and Dulles International Airport outside Washington D.C. Saarinen is known for his organic architectural forms and sweeping structural curves. He believed architecture should enhance human life and fulfill beliefs in human dignity. Saarinen passed away in 1961 at the age of 50 while working on projects including the North Christian Church in Columbus, Indiana.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the widest long span bridge in the world. It spans the Sydney Harbour and is 1,149 meters long total. It has eight vehicle lanes, two train lines, a footway, and a cycleway crossing its 49 meter wide deck. The bridge's arch span is 503 meters long and its pylons are 89 meters high above sea level, made of concrete faced with granite. It was built using temporary anchorages and wire ropes as it was constructed from both sides of the harbor.
This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.
The document provides details about the Résidence Andalous project in Sousse, Tunisia. It summarizes the building's construction including its cast concrete bearing walls and reinforced concrete slabs. Interior partitions are hollow brick while flooring uses local stone and marble. The design integrates well into the existing site with balanced masses and varied connecting passages between courtyards.
Building Structure Project 1 Fettuccine BridgeColby Hooi
The document is a report on analyzing the structural design of a fettuccine truss bridge model. It includes an introduction to truss structures and the project objectives. Various fettuccine brands were tested to determine their tensile and compressive strengths. Different arrangements of fettuccine were also experimentally tested, finding that an I-beam configuration with both vertical and horizontal layers carried the highest loads and was strongest. The report provides details on precedent bridge studies, materials testing, and the bridge design development process.
The document discusses the design and construction of a fettuccine truss bridge with a clear span of 350mm and weight limit of 180g by a group of 7 students. It includes sections on precedent studies of truss bridges, material testing and selection, structural analysis, model making methodology, and efficiency calculations. The goal is to design a truss bridge with high aesthetic value, minimal materials, and understanding of load distribution and tension/compression members in a truss.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build a truss bridge with fettuccine as the construction material. It outlines the objectives, scope, methodology and limitations of the project. The students tested different fettuccine brands and adhesives to select the strongest materials. They then designed multiple bridge models and tested them by adding weight until failure. The goal was to discover the most efficient bridge design that could withstand the greatest load while keeping the weight under 80 grams.
Building Structures: Fettuccine Truss BridgeEe Dong Chen
This document contains a summary of the methodology used to design and test a pasta bridge. It includes 6 chapters that discuss: truss selection and precedents, material specifications and testing, bridge prototyping, the final bridge design, conclusions, and individual case studies. Material tests were conducted to determine the best pasta brand, arrangement, and adhesive. Based on the results, San Remo pasta in an I-beam arrangement using super glue was selected. The document outlines the multi-step process used which involved preliminary studies, material selection and testing, improvisations to the original design, and pre-making templates before bridge construction.
The document describes the process of designing and testing a fettuccine truss bridge model. It discusses conducting material tests to select the strongest fettuccine brand and glue. Various truss designs were constructed and load tested, with the Warren truss with vertical members performing best. Over multiple iterations, the bridge design was improved by adding double layers and increasing members. The final bridge model withstood a load of 11.2kg and had an efficiency of 157.75. The document concludes the project provided valuable learning about truss structures and the importance of analyzing failures to improve the design.
The document describes the design process for a fettuccine truss bridge project. It includes precedent studies of existing truss bridges, material studies of different types of fettuccine, and analysis of 5 bridge designs tested to failure under increasing loads. The most efficient design supported 3.3kg before failure due to imbalanced structure and improper member attachment from inexperience with fettuccine properties and bridge construction.
Building Structure Project 1 Analysis ReportJoyeeLee0131
This document describes the process of designing and testing a fettuccine truss bridge. It begins with an introduction and methodology section outlining the goals and steps of the project. Materials testing is conducted to select the strongest type of fettuccine and adhesive. Multiple bridge designs are constructed and load tested, with improvements made based on results. A precedent truss bridge is studied for inspiration. The final optimized bridge design is load tested and calculations are performed to determine efficiency.
The document discusses different designs for distributors to distribute load on a bridge. Design 1 added two distributors between vertical surfaces to distribute the load. Design 2 rotated the angle of the distributor horizontally to enhance load distribution. Design 3 combined horizontal and vertical distributors by overlapping them. Design 4 reduced weight by reducing fettuccine while adding more strips. Design 5 proposes adding more beams to discharge the load across more beams to increase efficiency.
The document is a report on analyzing a fettuccine truss bridge model. It includes sections on precedent studies of truss bridges, testing of fettuccine material properties, designing and testing multiple bridge models, and analyzing the final bridge model. The group conducted material tests to understand fettuccine strength before designing 4 preliminary bridges and refining their design for the final bridge model, which they analyzed connections, load testing, and calculations on.
This document summarizes the testing and analysis of multiple fettuccine truss bridge designs. It describes the construction and load testing of initial bridges with varying heights and numbers of trusses. The first bridge design had a height of 9cm and 6 trusses, and was able to withstand a maximum load of 1337g before failing when the bottom members broke. Subsequent bridge designs were analyzed and improved based on the weaknesses identified in previous tests, with the goal of optimizing the design to support the greatest load while minimizing weight.
The spaghetti bridge project requires students to build a bridge out of spaghetti and glue that spans 24 inches, is no longer than 32 inches, and can support a 3 inch by 5 inch block of wood. The bridge will be graded based on its strength to weight ratio, with higher ratios earning a better grade. Students can work individually or with one or two partners, and must turn in their completed bridges by December 20th.
This document provides details on the design and testing process for a fettuccine bridge project. It begins with an introduction and learning outcomes. It then describes the methodology, which included a precedent study, materials testing, model making, structural analysis, model testing, and efficiency calculations. Warren truss was used as inspiration. Various fettuccine brands and adhesives were tested. 10 test bridges were constructed and analyzed before a final bridge was built. Structural analysis determined tension and compression members. The bridge was tested until failure to calculate efficiency.
Building Structure Project 1 Fettuccine BridgeDexter Ng
The document describes the design process for a fettuccine truss bridge project. It includes precedent studies of existing truss bridges to inform the design. Five bridge designs are presented and tested, with the goal of maximizing load capacity while minimizing weight. The final design achieved a maximum load of 3.3 kg and efficiency of 44.3, demonstrating an understanding of force distribution and material properties gained through an iterative design process.
The document provides instructions for building a spaghetti bridge in 5 steps. First, the builder plans the bridge by calculating spaghetti piece lengths. Second, the builder cuts spaghetti to the planned lengths. Third, the builder glues the edges of cut spaghetti pieces and checks measurements. Fourth, the builder glues all pieces together to complete the bridge structure. Finally, the builder admires and photographs their finished spaghetti bridge.
1. The document describes a project to construct a fettuccine truss bridge that can withstand a 5kg point load. It includes sections on precedent studies of an existing truss bridge, material testing of fettuccine, structural analysis, and testing of prototype bridge models.
2. Material testing evaluated the strength of different fettuccine arrangements and connections. Structural analysis identified tension and compression members in a prototype Warren truss bridge that failed to withstand the required load.
3. Iterative testing of modified Pennslyvania truss bridge models led to an optimized final design that achieved the target load capacity using minimum material.
The document describes the process of designing and testing models of a truss bridge made of fettuccine. Four truss bridge models were constructed and tested to evaluate their load bearing efficiency. The final design adopted the Warren truss pattern and used an I-beam structure to strengthen the beams. Various materials and methods were tested to optimize the bridge's strength and weight. Load testing provided data to analyze failures and improve subsequent designs.
This document provides information from a real estate company about how they market and sell homes. It discusses their commitment to clients, mission to earn business through performance, and philosophy of doing the right thing regardless of profit. It then details their comprehensive marketing strategy including online presence, relationships, and technology tools. Finally, it outlines 10 factors to consider when pricing a home to sell in the current market conditions.
- Optimization Direct is an IBM business partner that sells CPLEX optimization software and provides consulting services to help customers implement optimization solutions and maximize the benefits of IBM's software.
- The document discusses how to address modeling and optimization challenges for very large optimization models, including exploiting sparsity, tightening formulations, tuning the optimizer, and using heuristics to find good solutions within time limits.
- As an example, the document describes a heuristic scheduling approach that delivers solutions within 12-16% optimality gaps for large scheduling models that cannot be solved directly, outperforming serial solutions and providing speedups of 2-8x when run in parallel.
The document discusses the design and testing of two fettuccine truss bridge models. The first design was based on the Horace Wilkinson Bridge but failed structural testing. This led to a redesign with a simpler camelback truss design that emphasized strong base and top members. Testing found the second bridge could support over 3 kg before failing, showing improved efficiency over the initial design. The document provides details on the material selection, designs, force distributions, and testing results of the two bridge models.
building structures 1 fettuccine reportYaseen Syed
Fettuccine Truss Bridge
In this project, Student are required to produce or find a precedent study of a truss bridge in a group of 5 people. This project is required us to design and construct a fettuccine bridge with 750mm clear span and maximum weight of the fettuccine bridge is 200g. the design of the fettuccine bridge is using the information we get from the precedent study. the achievement is to achieve as much as load that the fettuccine bridge can handle until the bridge broke.
In a group of 5, we already tried out 3 different types of bridge to make sure which type of bridge or which type of bridge design can handle more load or the strongest bridge design.
This document outlines a group project to design and construct a 350mm fettuccine truss bridge with a maximum weight of 70g. It describes testing various materials to determine the strongest fettuccine brand and profiles. Different truss designs were tested, including Warren and Pratt trusses. Material testing examined compression and tensile strengths of different fettuccine lengths and orientations. The group's methodology included precedent studies, material testing, model making, structural analysis, and efficiency calculations. The final bridge design incorporated the strongest materials and connections based on testing results.
The document summarizes the testing and analysis of multiple fettuccine truss bridge designs. Several bridges were constructed with varying heights, numbers of trusses, and designs. Each bridge was load tested and the maximum load carried and point of failure was recorded. Through this iterative process, the designs were improved to create a final bridge with a height of 9cm, 6 trusses, a maximum load of 1337g, and an efficiency of 19.1. Weak points identified included failure of bottom members and poor initial workmanship with the new materials and construction techniques.
BUILDING STRUCTURES PROJECT 1 FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGEPatricia Kong
The document summarizes the methodology, precedent study, materials testing, and progression of building and testing multiple fettuccine truss bridges as part of a student project. Key points:
1) The project required building and testing a fettuccine truss bridge to withstand the most weight using minimal materials.
2) Multiple bridges were built and tested, with improvements made based on weaknesses identified.
3) Testing included materials testing to select the strongest fettuccine brand and adhesive, as well as load testing bridges to determine maximum weight supported.
4) The 127th Street Bridge was used as a precedent study for its unique Warren truss design with vertical elements.
The document discusses the design and construction of a fettuccine truss bridge with a clear span of 350mm and weight limit of 180g by a group of 7 students. It includes sections on precedent studies of truss bridges, material testing and selection, structural analysis, model making process, and efficiency calculations. The goal is to design a truss bridge with high aesthetic value, minimal materials, and understanding of structural forces.
The document describes the design process of a fettuccine bridge that meets requirements of having a 750mm clear span, weighing less than 200g, and being made only of fettuccine and glue. Five bridge designs are presented with increasing spans and load capacities, but design flaws caused premature failures. The final design achieves a 740mm span but has low efficiency due to minor construction errors. Methodologies including material testing, structural analysis, and efficiency calculations are used to optimize the bridge design.
This report summarizes the design, analysis, construction, and testing of a fettuccine truss bridge with a 750mm clear span and maximum weight of 200g. The report includes a precedent study of the Heshbon Bridge, analysis of the strength of fettuccine material and different adhesive types, methodology for the bridge construction including CAD drawings and individual fettuccine marking, and results from testing multiple bridge prototypes to determine design modifications needed to pass the requirements.
This document reports on the analysis of a fettuccine truss bridge built by a group of students for a class project. It describes the precedent study conducted on an existing truss bridge, the methodology used in designing and testing the fettuccine bridge model, which was required to have a 750mm clear span and weigh no more than 200g. The document outlines the testing of multiple bridge prototypes, analysis of failures, and design modifications made to improve the final bridge model.
1) The document describes the analysis and testing of different fettuccine bridge designs. Various materials were tested to determine the optimal fettuccine type and adhesive for constructing the bridge model.
2) Seven bridge tests were conducted, with improvements made after each test based on observations of how and where the bridges failed under increasing loads. The fourth and final bridge design achieved the highest efficiency but collapsed prematurely.
3) Material analyses determined that San Remo fettuccine and 3-second glue provided the best strength and bonding for the bridge structure. Various supports were also tested to improve load bearing capacity.
This document outlines a student group project to design and test a fettuccine truss bridge with the following objectives: 1) understand tension and compression forces in structures, 2) calculate the bridge's efficiency, and 3) produce an aesthetically pleasing bridge using minimal materials. The group investigated fettuccine and adhesive materials, designed and built a bridge based on truss principles, and tested its strength capacity. Their final bridge was within the 80g weight limit and spanned 350mm, allowing them to analyze its failure and calculate efficiency based on the load carried over mass.
This document describes the design and testing of a fettuccine truss bridge with a 350mm clear span by a group of 6 students. It provides details of their methodology, including testing different fettuccine and adhesive materials. It also gives an introduction to truss bridges and different truss designs. The document outlines the testing of 3 iterations of their fettuccine bridge, analyzing problems with each design and improvements made to increase the bridge's load capacity. The final bridge design sustained 8kg before failure, achieving the highest efficiency of 598%.
This document describes the design and testing of a fettuccine truss bridge with a 350mm clear span by a group of 6 students. It provides details of their methodology, including testing different fettuccine and adhesive materials. It also gives an introduction to truss bridges and different truss designs. The document outlines the testing of 3 iterations of their fettuccine bridge, analyzing problems with each design and improvements made to increase the bridge's load capacity. The final bridge design sustained 8kg before failure, achieving the highest efficiency of 598%.
Building structuresproject1 fettuccinnefinalmJ.j. Hayashi
The document is a report on analyzing a fettuccine truss bridge model. It includes sections on precedent studies of truss bridges, testing of fettuccine material properties, designing and testing multiple bridge models, and analyzing the final bridge model. The group tested different fettuccine configurations, adhesive types, and bridge designs. Their best performing final bridge included improvements like a waffle slab structure and reinforced joints to achieve a load capacity of 1813g before failure.
The document presents an analysis of a fettuccine truss bridge project completed by a group of 5 students. It includes a precedent study of Henszey's Wrought Iron Bridge, which informed the design of their bridge. Testing was conducted on the strength of the fettuccine and glue materials. Various beam designs were tested, and I-beams made of 5 fettuccine layers and 4-layer laminated fettuccine were found to be strongest. A bowstring truss design was selected, and the truss members were analyzed from the initial to final design.
This report summarizes the analysis and testing of fettuccine truss bridges constructed by a group of students. They first conducted a precedent study of real truss bridges to inform their design. Various adhesives and fettuccine types were then tested to determine the strongest materials. Multiple prototype bridges were constructed and load tested, with lessons learned from each iteration informing improvements to subsequent designs. The final bridge met requirements of spanning 600mm while weighing under 150g, and was able to withstand the highest loads during testing.
This document provides details about a project to design and test a fettuccine truss bridge. It includes sections on the introduction and objectives of the project, methodology, precedent studies of truss bridge designs, materials and equipment used, testing of 5 bridge models, details of the final bridge design, and conclusions. The goal was to design a fettuccine truss bridge with a 750mm clear span and maximum weight of 200g that could withstand loading until failure. Various bridge designs were tested and analyzed to understand how forces are distributed in a truss and improve the bridge strength.
This document provides details about a student project to analyze the tensile and compressive strength of materials by designing and testing a fettuccine truss bridge. The project involved precedent studies of truss bridges, determining material properties, designing and constructing multiple fettuccine bridges with different designs, and testing them to failure to analyze reasons for failure and calculate efficiency. Key steps included selecting adhesives, orienting members, and modifying designs between bridge iterations based on results of testing. The goal was to build a bridge that spanned 750mm with a maximum weight of 200g.
This document summarizes a student group project to design and construct a truss bridge made of fettuccine pasta. It describes the methodology used, including precedent studies of truss bridges, material and equipment testing, multiple iterations of model making and structural analysis. The group tested different pasta brands and adhesives to determine the strongest materials. They built six bridge models of varying designs, testing each to improve efficiency before selecting a final design. The document provides details on the project aims, outcomes, procedures, and presents analysis of a precedent truss bridge as a case study.
The document describes a student project to design and test a fettuccine truss bridge with the following key points:
1. The project involves studying the precedent Waddell "A" truss bridge and using this information to inform the design of their own fettuccine truss bridge, which must have a 600mm clear span and weigh no more than 150g.
2. Various tests were conducted on fettuccine materials and adhesives to determine the strongest options. Different bridge designs were then constructed and tested until a final bridge was selected.
3. The precedent Waddell "A" truss bridge is described in detail, including its history, design elements, and structural aspects to
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
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1. 3
Bachelor of Science (Hons) (Architecture)
Building Structures
(ARC 2523)
Project 1:
Fettuccine Truss Bridge
Nadia Othman 0303423
Siti Munirah Zazarin 0312710
Tan Lo Ming Marvin 0302352
Tan Woan Tyng 0312725
Wong Ai Ling 0303742
3. 5
Introduction
General Purpose of the Project
This project aims at evaluating, exploring and improving attributes of construction through designing an
efficient truss bridge. This is done through the exploration of different truss systems and construction
material (fettuccine), adhesives, as well as types of joints. By applying our understanding of tensile and
compressive strengths of the construction material, we then simultaneously gain a better understanding
of force distribution in the bridge constructed. Throughout the project, we are able to calculate load
distribution in a truss system. By doing so, we are then able to identify which members need to be
strengthened in terms of either tension or compression.
Project Outline
In a group of 5, we are to construct a bridge using only fettuccine and adhesive materials
(glue). The bridge constructed has a limitation of maximum weight 150g and 600mm clear
span. It is then tested using a point load. The hypothesis is that the higher the amount of load
carried, the more efficient the bridge. Also, the lighter the bridge, the higher its efficiency.
These are what we aim to achieve for maximum efficiency. This report consists of a precedent
study - The Taylor-Southgate Bridge. In this case study, we look the bridge’s connections,
arrangement of each member and how forces are transferred throughout the truss bridge. Sets
of testing results and development of our designated bridge through several trial-and-error
experiments and failure analyses are included.
Furthermore, calculations on the given questions and of the truss bridge itself are also
included.
Bridge Requirements
600mm clear span and maximum weight of 150g.
Only fettuccine and glue are allowed.
Loads have to be point load; focus on one specific point of the bridge.
Must be able to withstand each weight that is put on for 10 seconds.
4. 6
Methodology
In completing this project, the following methods are carried out:
Precedent Study
To give us a better understanding of a truss bridge, precedent studies are referred to. The
connections, arrangement of members and truss type are focused on. Based on our precedent
study findings, we then adopt desired features into our own truss design.
Material and Adhesive Strength Testing
Before constructing the bridge, we must first understand the physical properties of fettuccine.
Hence, we have tested the behaviour of the materials when subjected to either tension or
compression. These attributes are taken into consideration when designing our bridge.
Model Making
At the beginning of the designing process, simple sketches of the truss are made. Once a
design is decided on, we then generated it on AutoCAD. In constructing the bridge, these CAD
drawings of 1:1 scale are printed out to ease the process other than helping create a more
accurate model.
Structural Analysis
The truss is analysed by defining which members are tension and which are compression. The
structural analysis of our bridge is done using the same method as that of the truss analysis
exercises (appendix). Alternatively, we have also used bridge simulator softwares to calculate
the forces.
Working Schedule:
24 March 2014 Forming a group
5 April 2014 Testing on the strength of material (fettuccine) and
different adhesives
7 April 2014 Begin to design truss
12 April 2014 Final decision of design and first model making
16 April 2014 First model making
19 April 2014 First model making and testing
23 April 2014 Second model making
26 April 2014 Second model making and testing
27 April 2014 Final model making and strengthening
28 April 2014 Final fettuccine bridge testing and submission
Table 1: Working Schedule
5. 7
Equipment & Materials:
Fettuccine
Fettuccine is the main material used in making the bridge.
A ‘quality check’ is done on the material by separating the flat
fettuccine pieces with deformed ones. This enabled us to work
more efficiently.
Weights
Weights are used to determine the strength of the fettuccine bridge by
applying it as the point load on the bridge when testing the final
model.
Water bottles
Water bottles of two different sizes (500ml and 1.5l) are used as loads in the
test models. These are equivalent to 500g and 1.5kg.
S hook
The S hook is used to connect the fettuccine bridge
to the load (weights/water bottle) at the center of
the bridge. In our test models, a plastic bag is used
to hold the water bottles (load).
Plastic bag
Attached to S-hook to hold load.
Super glue
Use to hold fettuccine together. The reason we
have chosen this glue is because it can
adhesive in instant and also its high strength.
Kitchen Balance and Electronic Balance
Measuring equipment used for weighing our bridge to ensure it does not exceed the allowed
weight. Initially, a kitchen balance was used. However, we found that the recordings were
inaccurate, hence ended up weighing the bridge electronically.
6. 8
Precedent Study
Taylor-Southgate Bridge
To help give us a better understanding of a truss bridge, we have carried out a
precedent study on the Taylor-Southgate Bridge.
Main span length: 850 feet
Total length: 1,850 feet
Number of lanes: 4
Type of truss: Warren through truss with verticals
History
The Taylor-Southgate Bridge connects Newport, Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio and
spans the Ohio River. It carries U.S. Route 27. It opened in 1995, replacing the old Central
Bridge. The Taylor-Southgate Bridge was first proposed in the mid-1980s as a connection
between Main Street in Covington, Kentucky and Third Street Cincinnati, Ohio. It was designed
to relieve traffic from the adjacent Roebling Suspension Bridge. The crossing was named after
James Taylor, Jr. and Richard Southgate, two early settlers of Newport. It has four automobile
lanes an 850ft. central span, two pedestrian sidewalks, two approach spans of slightly different
lengths, and two piers in the river.
7. 9
Taylor’s Southgate Bridge is a prime example of a warren truss with verticals. A warren
truss consists of equilateral or isosceles triangles which minimizes the forces to only
compression and tension. Warren trusses commonly range from 150 ft. to 300 ft. When a load
moves through across a bridge, the forces on the members switch from compression to
tension. Most Warren trusses consist of verticals to limit the length of the floor system panels
and the unsupported length of the top chord. The verticals alternate in being tension members
and compression members. They carry insignificant load in a through truss but full live load in a
deck truss.
Figure: K-truss top chordFigure: Warren truss portal bracing
Figure: Interior view of bridge
Figure: Exterior View of bridge from afar
Warren Through Truss
Figure: Interior View of bridge from afar
8. 10
Joints
Taylor’s-Southgate Bridge mainly makes use of rigid connections with gusset plates.
Figure: Warren truss with verticals
Figure: Connection of web members to chord via gusset plates
Figure: Connections of portal bracing Figure: Connections for bracings of bottom chord
9. 11
Analysis
Strength of Material
i. Experimenting with Fettuccine
Experiments were conducted to determine the strength of the
fettucine. Different beam types as well as laminations were tested at a
minimum load of 500g, as seen in the table below. Different types of
adhesives were also tested in order to decide which be the best choice when
constructing the bridge.
Looking at the results, it can be concluded that the I-beam made up of 5 pieces of fettuccine is
strongest among all as it did not break, even after one minute. The laminated 4-layered fettuccine also
proved quite sturdy. The C-beam, L-beam and joists, on the other hand, either buckled or twisted when
tested. From this, we have chosen to use I-beams and laminated fettuccine in our bridge.
Out of the three types of adhesive tested, super glue turned out to be the best option, hence it
is what we have opted for in our construction process.
10. 12
Mock-Up Trusses
Before deciding on which truss type to apply in our design, we have tested out miniature trusses of the
same scale to see how they perform under a minimum load of 500g.
Howe Truss
500g - did not break
800g - bends and breaks at connections
Pennsylvania Truss
500g – bends, very bad deflection
Slanted Warren Truss
500g – breaks at 7 seconds
The type of trusses we decided to work on are the Howe truss and the Warren truss combined. Though
we feel that the Pennsylvania truss is high in aesthetic value, it is low in tension as its tension members
deflected upon testing. After much consideration, the following truss design is generated:
11. 13
Mockup Façade 1
The very first façade we made was constructed
by overlapping pieces of fettuccine on top of one
another. Instead of using whole strands of
fettuccine, they were cut short as separate
pieces. This turned out to be an unsuccessful
joint solution as it made the facade fragile,
making it difficult for force to be distributed. To
solve this problem, we came up with the following
solution.
The Solution:
Butt Joints
We resolved that each member should be joined with one another
using butt joints as it allows the façade to become levelled, hence
enabling force to be distributed evenly along the members. Also,
we found that the fettuccine is stronger when in Elevation B (image
below) rather than Elevation A, especially once laminated.
Therefore, we made this modification to help strengthen our bridge.
Mockup Façade 2
After completing one of the bridge facades, we
encountered a problem. We found that the
weight of that one façade itself was already
70g. Assuming the other façade is of the same
weight, we predict that the bridge altogether
would be >150g. We then had to simplify the
design to meet the project requirements.
Separate pieces of fettuccine
Overlapping the joints caused
unevenness
Elevation A
Elevation B
One façade weighed 70g – too heavy
12. 14
The Solution:
To reduce the weight of our bridge, we reduced the number of members in the truss. We also reduced
the length of the bottom chord as we felt that sides of 30mm each are sufficient in supporting the weight
of the bridge.
ii. Test Model 1
After resolving the issues faced, we then constructed our first complete bridge and proceeded with the
load testing. We added a 500ml water bottle at each interval to represent a load of 0.5kg.
Since the load tested is a point load, we decided to reinforce the middle. A 3-piece laminated fettuccine
is used at the very center.
Test Load (kg) 10-second test
1 0.5 ✔
2 1.0 ✔
3 1.5 ✔
4 2.0 ✔
5 2.5 ✘
74mm
30mm
Test Results
13. 15
The efficiency of the test model is:
( )
= 33.3
Based on our understanding of efficiency, our hypotheses are:
The heavier the bridge, the lower its efficiency.
The higher the load held, the higher the efficiency.
In other words, in calculating efficiency, the weight of the bridge is inversely proportional to the load it is
able to carry.
It is observed that our bridge is quite low in efficiency. In order to improve on its efficiency, we must
attempt to reduce its weight and increase its load-bearing ability.
Failure Analysis
We observed that the bridge failed at the very center. We found
that the whole bridge was still intact, but the laminated fettuccine
pieces we used to join the two facades together came off. We
believe that this happened either because the glue was not
completely dry when tested or that the butt joint was weak,
hence the member could not support the weight put onto it.
Apart from the I-beam falling off, we
found that the curve at the lower part
of the bridge split into two. After
having a closer look, we realized that
the member broke where our butt
joints connected to one another.
14. 16
iii. Test Model 2
Based on how the bridge failed in the previous test model, we decided to further strengthen the center
of the bridge. As observed in our ‘strength of material’ experiments, I-beams proved to be the strongest;
hence we decided to incorporate this beam type into our bridge. We used two I-beams at the center of
the bridge and placed them close to one another.
Center of the bridge:
Two I-beams, placed close to one
another
Side of bridge:
Supported using an I-beam
15. 17
Test Results
( )
When comparing this test model to the previous one (efficiency
score 33.33), it is 2 times more efficient. This indicates that all
changes made help improve the structural properties of the bridge.
Failure Analysis
When testing Test Model 2, the bridge was quite stable at 1 kg. However, the tension members started
deflecting at this point but did not break.
After reaching the maximum load (3.2 kg), the bridge snapped in half right in the middle. Unlike in Test
Model 1, the I-beam was still intact and still attached to the bridge. From this finding, we know that the I-
beams are strong but were placed too close to each other (load cannot be distributed evenly).
Test Load (kg) 10-second test
1 1.5 ✔
2 2 ✔
3 2.5 ✔
4 3 ✔
5 3.5 ✘
16. 18
Final Bridge Model
Having done several test models, the critical members of the truss are identified, hence
resulting in several design decisions. Members of the bridge are strengthened in accordance with
their chances of failure upon load application. This is done by laminating the fettuccine pieces as
such:
Most critical members – 3 layers of fettuccine
Less critical members – 2 layers of fettuccine
Least critical members – 1 layer of fettuccine
Based on the previous test model, it is observed that the compression members needed to be
reinforced. It is also observed that although the tension members showed deflection, they did not
break.
On the basis of this observation, we laminated the bridge as such:
When making changes to the bridge, we had to address the fact that our bridge was already at
maximum weight (150g). Thus, to enable us to add bracings for added support, we chose to
reduce the width of the bridge from the initial 7cm to 5cm. Having done this, our bridge achieved
a final weight of 147g.
7cm
5cm
17. 19
We believe that one of the causes of failure in Test Model 2 was that it lacked compression
members. Hence, the following addition was done to the upper façade (top part) of the Final Model:
With these added bracings, we predict the bridge to be able to carry more load than previously
achieved.
Seeing that the bridge failed in the middle in Test Models 1 and 2, we chose to stick to
our decision of using I beams in the center of the bridge. This time round, the two beams were
placed further apart from one another to enable force to be distributed more evenly.
Another modification made to the Final Model is that instead of joining the two facades together
using butt joints, we chose to overlap them. This is because we predict that by overlapping the
horizontal members, it would reduce the chances of them breaking off.
Base of Bridge
I-beams placed further apart from each other
(compared to Test Model 2)
Upper Façade of Bridge
18. 20
Bridge Testing
Tension
members begin
to buckle right
after the 1kg
weight is added
to the current
weight of 2kg.
Top chord
(compression
member) begins
to deflect at
around 6
seconds into the
testing.
The bridge
snaps at around
8 seconds.
The bridge
breaks into two
equal parts.
Snippets from Video of Bridge Testing
19. 21
Failure Analysis
As expected, the bridge, once again failed in the
middle. This time round, as the bridge did not
have a defined ‘center’, we had to attach the
hook to cling film which we wrapped around the
two I-beams. In our previous testing, the tension
members deflected but did not break. On the
day of the actual testing, a few of the tension
members failed as they snapped, quite close to
the joints. As observed in the time lapse
diagram, the members which show deflection
are those located either close to the center
Test Results
The efficiency of the final model is as follows:
( )
= 61.22
As a means of comparison, previous test models are looked at to identify the ‘best bridge’. The
performance of each bridge is recorded in the table below:
Test Model 1 Test Model 2 Final Model
Weight of bridge (g) 150 150 147
Maximum load held (kg) 2.5 3.2 3
Efficiency 33.33 68.27 61.22
Referring to the above table, it can be concluded that Test Model 2 observed the ‘most desired’ qualities
in a truss bridge.
20. 22
Truss Analysis
For analyzing purposes, only the upper part of the bridge (the Warren truss with verticals) is looked at.
The diagram below indicates the members in tension, compression, as well as members that are
neutral.
Calculation of the forces in the bridge members are found on the following pages.
Bridge Details:
Weight of bridge: 147g
Clear Span: 598mm
Length (Top Chord): 598mm
(Bottom Chord): 649mm
Width of base: 50mm
Height: 73mm
To cross-check our observations and findings, an online bridge simulator called Bridge Designer is used
to help calculate the amount of load exerted by each member. Through our observation, it is concluded
that our truss analysis values (calculations done) are quite similar to the simulation below.
25. 27
Suggestions of Improvement
Improvement 1
Figure: Diagram of forces acting on each member
Our failure lies in addressing the compression members. Initially we thought that all diagonal
members were tension members, thus we only applied one layer of fettuccine. It turns out that some
diagonals especially in the center, where load is mostly applied are actually compression members.
This weakens the center part as fettuccine is weak in compression.
Figure: Load being applied,
diagonal members being
compressed
Figure: Warping of
compression members
Figure: Members break off
26. 28
Improvement 2
During the final model testing, we did observe warping tension members, but did not address
the issue as the bridge broke due to the butt joints while the tension members remain intact. To improve
the model, we would cut down one layer of the arch, reducing it to two layers instead of three to reduce
the weight and thicken the diagonal members to two layers.
Figure: Suggested improvement to the bridge
Improvement 3
After completing the structural analysis of the bridge, it is resolved that the vertical members
do not add to the strength of the bridge, but instead adds weight. To increase its efficiency, the verticals
can be removed from the truss system.
27. 29
Conclusion
In general, we managed to keep the bridge under the 150g weight limit with a load capacity of
3kg. Our personal 5kg target was not met due to misinterpretation of load on the respective members.
We realized that it is significant to identify the truss form, joints and as load members early on to
increase work productivity. Moreover, use of adhesive and workmanship is important to ensure the
members are strong and do not crack halfway. Via this project, we have all learnt to manipulate
fettuccine to its potential in constructing a bridge. To further increase our understanding, we did
structural analysis regarding our truss to identify our mistakes. Despite failing the meet our aimed
target, we have all gained significant knowledge regarding truss design which will prove to be beneficial
in our future architectural paths.
28. 30
References
Boon, G. (2011). Warren Truss. Retrieved April 4, 2014 from:
http://www.garrettsbridges.com/design/warren-truss/
Lecture 15B.5: Truss Bridges. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2014 from:
http://www.haiyangshiyou.com/esdep/master/wg15b/l0500.htm
Taylor Southgate Bridge (US27). (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2014 from:
http://bridgestunnels.com/bridges/ohio-river/taylor-southgate-bridge-us-27/