This chapter discusses society and culture in colonial America. It describes the major population groups that immigrated to and lived in the colonies, including indentured servants, slaves, and various European ethnicities. The economies and systems of society that developed in the different regions are also examined, such as the plantation economy of the South centered around tobacco and the Puritan community structure of New England. Religions, education, and the spread of Enlightenment ideas are additionally covered. In summary, the chapter provides an overview of the diverse colonial population and the social, economic, and cultural patterns that emerged in provincial America.

1. Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,
AMERICAN HISTORYAMERICAN HISTORY
13/e13/e
Chapter Three: Society andChapter Three: Society and
Culture in Provincial AmericaCulture in Provincial America

2. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
2
America in 1700

3. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Diverging SocietiesDiverging Societies
 The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
 Immigration and Natural IncreaseImmigration and Natural Increase
– Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude
 OriginsOrigins
 Most Migrants Came as LaborersMost Migrants Came as Laborers
 Realities of Indentured ServitudeRealities of Indentured Servitude
 Most in Chesapeake Bay RegionMost in Chesapeake Bay Region
 Declining Birthrate in EnglandDeclining Birthrate in England
 African Slavery IncreasesAfrican Slavery Increases
3

4. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
– Birth and DeathBirth and Death
 Exceptional LongevityExceptional Longevity
in New Englandin New England
 More BalancedMore Balanced
Sex RatioSex Ratio
– Medicine in the ColoniesMedicine in the Colonies
 MidwivesMidwives
The Non-Indian Population of North America,
1700-1780
4

5. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
– Women and Families in the ChesapeakeWomen and Families in the Chesapeake
 Male Authority UnderminedMale Authority Undermined
 One Pregnancy Every Two Years (Average)One Pregnancy Every Two Years (Average)
 Greater Independence inGreater Independence in
the Souththe South
 Revival of PatriarchyRevival of Patriarchy
Virginia and Carolina, 1638
(Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
5

6. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
– Women and Families in New EnglandWomen and Families in New England
 Male-Dominated New EnglandMale-Dominated New England
 The Patriarchal PuritanThe Patriarchal Puritan
FamilyFamily
New England, 1755
(Royalty-Free /
CORBIS)
6

7. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The ColonialThe Colonial
PopulationPopulation
– The Beginnings of SlaveryThe Beginnings of Slavery
in British Americain British America
 The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage
 Growing SlaveGrowing Slave
PopulationPopulation
 11 million Forcibly put11 million Forcibly put
into Bondageinto Bondage
 Uncertain StatusUncertain Status
 Mixed Races-MulattosMixed Races-Mulattos
 Slave CodesSlave Codes
7

8. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
African Population of British
Colonies, 1620-1780
8
Slave Ship (Library of Congress)

9. Mixed Race Hierarchy
in Spanish America

10. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Immigrant Groups
In Colonial America
 The Colonial PopulationThe Colonial Population
– Changing Sources ofChanging Sources of
European ImmigrationEuropean Immigration
 Huguenots andHuguenots and
Pennsylvania DutchPennsylvania Dutch
 Scotch-IrishScotch-Irish
 Largest Contingent of ImmigrantsLargest Contingent of Immigrants
10

11. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Selling Tobacco
(American Heritage)
 The Colonial EconomiesThe Colonial Economies
 Rapid PopulationRapid Population
GrowthGrowth
– The Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy
 TobaccoTobacco
11

12. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial EconomiesThe Colonial Economies
– The Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy
 TobaccoTobacco
 IndigoIndigo
– Northern Economic and Technological LifeNorthern Economic and Technological Life
 More Diverse Agriculture in the NorthMore Diverse Agriculture in the North
 Saugus IronworksSaugus Ironworks
 Extractive IndustriesExtractive Industries
12

13. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial EconomiesThe Colonial Economies
– The Extent and Limits of TechnologyThe Extent and Limits of Technology
 Myth of Self-SufficiencyMyth of Self-Sufficiency
– The Rise of Colonial CommerceThe Rise of Colonial Commerce
 Shortage of CurrencyShortage of Currency
 Barter EconomyBarter Economy
 Triangular TradeTriangular Trade
 Colonies Provided Raw MaterialsColonies Provided Raw Materials
 Emerging Merchant ClassEmerging Merchant Class
13

14. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
14
The “Triangular Trade”

15. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 The Colonial EconomiesThe Colonial Economies
– The Rise of ConsumerismThe Rise of Consumerism
 Growing ConsumerismGrowing Consumerism
 Social ConsequencesSocial Consequences
 Luxuries Become NecessitiesLuxuries Become Necessities
15

16. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Landscape of Mulberry
plantation, South Carolina,
(Library of Congress)
 Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
 Social MobilitySocial Mobility
– The PlantationThe Plantation
 Vagaries of theVagaries of the
Plantation EconomyPlantation Economy
 Tobacco PlantationsTobacco Plantations
 Virginia and MarylandVirginia and Maryland
 Stratified SouthernStratified Southern
SocietySociety
16

17. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
– Plantation SlaveryPlantation Slavery
 Slave CultureSlave Culture
 Blending of ReligionsBlending of Religions
 Mulatto ChildrenMulatto Children
 Stono Rebellion-1739Stono Rebellion-1739
 South CarolinaSouth Carolina
17
African Population as a
Proportion of Total Population,
c. 1775

18. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
– The Puritan CommunityThe Puritan Community
 Patterns of SettlementPatterns of Settlement
 Puritan DemocracyPuritan Democracy
 Town MeetingsTown Meetings
 Population PressurePopulation Pressure
 Generational ConflictGenerational Conflict
 ““Primogeniture”Primogeniture”
 Firstborn SonsFirstborn Sons
18

19. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
19
The New England Town: Sudbury, MA, 17th
century

20. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
– The Witchcraft PhenomenonThe Witchcraft Phenomenon
 Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials
 Women of Low Social ClassWomen of Low Social Class
The Witch House,
Salem, Massachusetts
(Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
20

21. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society
– CitiesCities
 Growth of Colonial CitiesGrowth of Colonial Cities
 Port CitiesPort Cities
 Philadelphia and New YorkPhiladelphia and New York
 Commercial and Cultural ImportanceCommercial and Cultural Importance
21

22. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Awakenings and EnlightenmentsAwakenings and Enlightenments
– The Pattern of ReligionsThe Pattern of Religions
 Roots of Religious TolerationRoots of Religious Toleration
 Greater Than Most of EuropeGreater Than Most of Europe
 Church of England-VirginiaChurch of England-Virginia
 Anti-Catholicism-MarylandAnti-Catholicism-Maryland
 Jews Could Not Vote or Hold OfficeJews Could Not Vote or Hold Office
 Jeremiads-Sermons of DespairJeremiads-Sermons of Despair
– The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
 Old Lights and New LightsOld Lights and New Lights
– The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
 Traditional Authority ChallengedTraditional Authority Challenged
 Belief That People Could Control Their Own DestinyBelief That People Could Control Their Own Destiny
 Cities Become Intellectual CentersCities Become Intellectual Centers
22

23. American EnlightenmentAmerican Enlightenment
 Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
 Thomas PaineThomas Paine
 Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
 James MadisonJames Madison

24. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
 Awakenings and EnlightenmentsAwakenings and Enlightenments
– EducationEducation
 High White Literacy RatesHigh White Literacy Rates
 Bibles and AlmanacsBibles and Almanacs
 Liberal CurriculaLiberal Curricula
 Most Colleges Founded by Religious GroupsMost Colleges Founded by Religious Groups
 Harvard-1636Harvard-1636
– The Spread of ScienceThe Spread of Science
 Smallpox InoculationSmallpox Inoculation
– Concepts of Law and PoliticsConcepts of Law and Politics
 Colonial GovernmentsColonial Governments
24

25. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Slave Ship
(Library of Congress)
Where Historians Disagree:Where Historians Disagree:
The Origins of SlaveryThe Origins of Slavery
25

26. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Where Historians Disagree:Where Historians Disagree:
The Witchcraft TrialsThe Witchcraft Trials
26 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Chapter Three:Chapter Three:
Society and Culture in Provincial AmericaSociety and Culture in Provincial America
Poor Richard’s Almanack
(New York Public Library)
Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:
Colonial AlmanacsColonial Almanacs
27 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.