The document discusses the growing multiracial population in the United States. It notes that the multiracial population grew three times as fast as the overall population between 2000 and 2010. Currently, around 6.9% of the US population identifies as multiracial. Interracial relationships and marriages have increased in recent decades and are contributing to more multiracial individuals and families. The largest multiracial groups include those who are white and black, white and Asian, or white and Native American. Experts predict that the multiracial population will continue growing rapidly and significantly impact future US demographics and culture.
Black and Red- A Study by Nicole N. Harvin Nicole Harvin
An examination of the relations between African and Americans and Native Americans and a structured argument on why the two groups should join forces on social activist causes.
This is the introductory lecture for 1st year's students of English in American Civilization. It introduces them to the founding values of the American Nation
Black and Red- A Study by Nicole N. Harvin Nicole Harvin
An examination of the relations between African and Americans and Native Americans and a structured argument on why the two groups should join forces on social activist causes.
This is the introductory lecture for 1st year's students of English in American Civilization. It introduces them to the founding values of the American Nation
An examination of the complex relationship between Native Americans and African Americans and a structured argument as to why the two demographics should join forces on social activist causes.
Lecture NotesImmigration and the United States Chapter 4 Imm.docxsmile790243
Lecture Notes
Immigration and the United States
Chapter 4
Immigration and the United States
� The history of the United States is the history of immigration.
� Immigration in the U.S. was at it�s highest during the 1880-1920 period.
� Xenophobia � The fear of strangers or foreigners.
� Nativism �beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.
Catholics and Irish Immigrants
� Catholics in general and the Irish immigrants were the first Europeans to be ill-treated.
� Irish did not suffer their maltreatment in silence.
� To many whites, the Irish were worst than Blacks because the Blacks at least �knew their place.�
Chinese Immigrants
� Sinophobes � People who fear anything associated with China.
� White settlers found Chinese immigrants and their customs and religion difficult to understand.
� Railroad provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor in the 1860�s.
� In 1882 Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act which outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years.
The National Origin System
� Attempt at blocking the growing immigration from southern European countries such as from Italy and Greece.
� Gave preference to English speaking people from Western Europe.
The 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
� The goals of this act were to reunite families and protect the American labor market.
� It also listed the rules for becoming a citizen of the United States or Naturalization.
The Brain Drain
� The Brain Drain is the immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are needed by their home countries.
� We protest immigration but we do not mind as long as it is someone making a valuable contribution to our society.
Population Growth
� In the 1990�s legal immigration accounted for one fourth of the nation�s growth.
� California is the most extreme case of projected growth. It is expected to grow from 32 million people in 1995 to more than 49 million people by 2025.
Illegal Immigration
� Illegal immigrants and their families come to this country in search of higher-paying jobs than their home countries can provide.
� Most immigrants work in jobs that many U.S. born citizens do not want.
� The majority of illegal immigrants in the U.S. come from Mexico.
� In 2002 there were more than 8 Million illegal immigrants in the U.S.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
� Hiring of illegal immigrants became illegal and provided fines and prison sentences to employers who did not comply.
� Also made it illegal for employers to discriminate against legal immigrants because of their not being U.S. citizens.
Economic Impact of Immigration
� In some areas, heavy immigration can drain community resources.
� In some areas, immigration may be an economic burden and create unwanted competition for jobs.
� On a positive note, Immigrants can help revitalize the local economy in some instances.
California’s Proposition 187
� An attempt to reduce illegal immig ...
An examination of the complex relationship between Native Americans and African Americans and a structured argument as to why the two demographics should join forces on social activist causes.
Lecture NotesImmigration and the United States Chapter 4 Imm.docxsmile790243
Lecture Notes
Immigration and the United States
Chapter 4
Immigration and the United States
� The history of the United States is the history of immigration.
� Immigration in the U.S. was at it�s highest during the 1880-1920 period.
� Xenophobia � The fear of strangers or foreigners.
� Nativism �beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.
Catholics and Irish Immigrants
� Catholics in general and the Irish immigrants were the first Europeans to be ill-treated.
� Irish did not suffer their maltreatment in silence.
� To many whites, the Irish were worst than Blacks because the Blacks at least �knew their place.�
Chinese Immigrants
� Sinophobes � People who fear anything associated with China.
� White settlers found Chinese immigrants and their customs and religion difficult to understand.
� Railroad provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor in the 1860�s.
� In 1882 Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act which outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years.
The National Origin System
� Attempt at blocking the growing immigration from southern European countries such as from Italy and Greece.
� Gave preference to English speaking people from Western Europe.
The 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
� The goals of this act were to reunite families and protect the American labor market.
� It also listed the rules for becoming a citizen of the United States or Naturalization.
The Brain Drain
� The Brain Drain is the immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are needed by their home countries.
� We protest immigration but we do not mind as long as it is someone making a valuable contribution to our society.
Population Growth
� In the 1990�s legal immigration accounted for one fourth of the nation�s growth.
� California is the most extreme case of projected growth. It is expected to grow from 32 million people in 1995 to more than 49 million people by 2025.
Illegal Immigration
� Illegal immigrants and their families come to this country in search of higher-paying jobs than their home countries can provide.
� Most immigrants work in jobs that many U.S. born citizens do not want.
� The majority of illegal immigrants in the U.S. come from Mexico.
� In 2002 there were more than 8 Million illegal immigrants in the U.S.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
� Hiring of illegal immigrants became illegal and provided fines and prison sentences to employers who did not comply.
� Also made it illegal for employers to discriminate against legal immigrants because of their not being U.S. citizens.
Economic Impact of Immigration
� In some areas, heavy immigration can drain community resources.
� In some areas, immigration may be an economic burden and create unwanted competition for jobs.
� On a positive note, Immigrants can help revitalize the local economy in some instances.
California’s Proposition 187
� An attempt to reduce illegal immig ...
THIRD EDITION
PETER WINN
FOURTEEN
North of the Border
"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free," wrote Emma Lazarus in 1883. Inscribed on a bronze plaque at the
base of the Statue of Liberty at the entrance to New York Harbor, these
lines expressed the promise of "the land ofliberty" for generations of im-
migrants to the United States.
During the 1980s, more immigrants arrived in the United States than
in any other decade in history. Yet, unlike millions of their predecessors,
few of them were welcomed by Lady Liberty and few came from Europe.
Most were migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean who had
traveled north, not west, to reach the United States, and crossed borders,
not oceans, to arrive at its shores.
How this nation of immigrants deals with this new wave of immi-
grants from the south may well shape its domestic history and hemi-
spheric relations during the twenty-first century. It may also force the
United States of America to rethink what it means to be "American."
These new immigrants have made the United States the fifth largest
Spanish-speaking country in the world. Today, it has the hemisphere's
largest Puerto Rican city, second largest concentrations of Cubans, Sal-
vadorans, Haitians, and Jamaicans, and fourth largest Mexican metrop-
olis. People of Latin American origin have surpassed African-Americans
North of the Border I 585
as the nation's largest minority group. Their concentrations in such large
states as California, Florida, New York, and Texas-and in some of the
country's biggest cities-will increase their social and political impact
still further. By 202 5, they will be the largest race or ethnic group in Cali-
fornia, comprising 4 3 percent of the population of the largest state. Al-
ready more than half of Miami is of Latin American descent, and the
same is true for nearly 40 percent of Los Angeles and a quarter of Hous-
ton and New York. Increasingly, "Anglos"-a term that "Hispanics,"
people with Spanish American cultural roots, apply to all white English-
speaking North Americans-will have to come to terms with the fact that
they not only share the Americas with their Latin American and
Caribbean neighbors, but that they also share their own country with
growing communities of "Latinos," people of Latin American descent.
The 2000 census revealed that there were more than 3 5 million His-
panics living in the continental United States, a 58 percent increase over
1980 and a nine-fold rise over 1950. By 2005, there were over 40 million
Hispanics living on the mainland and their numbers were growing four
times as fast as the U.S. population as a whole, as a result of immigra-
tion-legal and illegal-as well as higher birth rates. If current trends
continue, there will be more than roo million Hispanic-Americans by
the year 2050, when they will comprise one-quarter of this country's
populatio ...
(£7 INVENTING HISPANICS A DIVERSE MINORITY RESISTS BEI.docxmercysuttle
\(£7
INVENTING HISPANICS: A DIVERSE MINORITY
RESISTS BEING LABELED
Amitai Etzioni
GOALS
To illustrate the complexity of Hisp a nic cultural identity in the United States
To present so me of the economi c and political issues that affect America's largest "minor
ity" group
Thirt y yea rs ago immig rant s fro m Latin America who seltled in the United States were perceived
in ter m s of their home nation-as, for example. Cuba n America ns or Mexican America ns, just as
European newcomers were seen as Itali a n America ns or Poli sh Americans. Today the immigrant
fl ow from Central a nd South America has grown substanti J l1 y. and the newcomers are known as
Hispa nics.
Some observers have exp ressed co ncern that efforts to make Hi spa nics a single minority
group-for purpo ses rang ing from el ec tions to education to the allocatio n of public funds-are
furth e r dividing America n society along racial lines . But attempts. both incide ntal and ideologi
cal, to fo rge these American immigran ts into a st ro ngl y d efin ed minority are encountering an
un anti cipated prob lem. Hi spanics by and large do not see th emselves as a di sti nct minority
grou p; they do see themselves as America ns.
HISPANICS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS
Hispan ics are p articularly important for understanding the future of diversity in American soci
~ty. ~lrea~y th ey have overtaken African Americans to beco m e the nati on's largest minority. and
Immig ra tIOn patte rns en sure that the number of H ispanics will continue to grow more rapidl y
than th a t of Africa n America n s.
U.S. race relations h ave long b een understood in term s of black and white. Until recently.
many books on th e subject did not even m e nti o n other races, or did so o nly as a brief after
thought. No w recognition is g row ing t ha t Hi spa nics a re replac ing blacks as the primary minorit y.
But whereas blacks have long been r aising their p o litical con sciousness, Hispanics have only just
begun to find th eir political legs.
. Recent inc reases in minority populations and a d ecline in the white majority in the
UOited States h ave driven seve ral African- America n leaders. including Jesse Jackson a nd form er
From Brookings Review \Vinter 200 2 10-11 C . .'~.J
R . db '" . ' pp. opy rl g ht 2002 by the IlW{Il..lllgS InstItution Pres... All nghts reserVl"U.
epnnle y permi SS ion. Reprinted with pcrmis~iOI1 from th e 8rookm~s In ..titutc.
90
91 Inventing 11i spanics: A Diverse Minority Resists Being Labeled
New York City Mayor David Dinkins, along with a few Hispanics, such as Fernando Ferrer, a
candidate for the 2002 mayoral election in New York City, and some on the white left (writing in
The American Prospect) to champion a coalition of minor ities to unseat the "white establishment"
and become the power-holders and shapers of America's future. The coalition's leaders are system
atically encouraging Hispanics (and Asian Americans) ...
[email protected] / Hispanic Americans
SOCY 3020-E01 Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.
Fall 2018
Latinos/Hispanics in the U.S.
By the numbers:
Approximately 56.6 Million as of July 1, 2015. (about 18% of the U.S. population & constantly
growing.) (U.S. Census Bureau)
65% are of Mexican background, 9% Puerto Rican, 3.5% Cuban. The rest are grouped as ‘other’
including the Caribbean people, South Americans, and Central Americans (Pew Research Center).
Of the 15+ million of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. approximately 10 million are Hispanic
immigrants of which 7 million are of Mexican nationality (Pew Research Center).
More than half of the Latino/Hispanic American population resides in these three states: California,
Texas, and Florida.
“California had the largest Hispanic population of any state (15.2 million) in 2015. Texas had the largest
numeric increase within the Hispanic population since July 1, 2014. New Mexico had the highest
percentage of Hispanics at 48.0 percent” (U.S. Census Bureau).
Stewart County in southwest Georgia experienced the most growth in the Hispanic population since
2000, growing 1,754% over 13 years (Pew Research Center).
Latino vs. Hispanics
Latino vs. Hispanic: The Terminology Conflict
What is “Latino?” A Latino is someone from Latin America.
What is “Hispanic?” A Hispanic is an “Hispano parlante” which translates into a Spanish-speaking
individual.
Why both terms? Both terms are used interchangeably in order to try to include as many Latin Ethnic
groups as possible.
Which one is used over the other depends on different parts of the country. Usually, Latino is
predominantly used as a term in the East Coast and Hispanic is used in the West Coast, even though
either term is being applied interchangeably nowadays.
Why does the government prefers “Latino” over “Hispanic?” It simply correlates to the federal
government being on the East Coast and using the term “Latino.”
Pan-Latinoness
Mexico
Mexico is divided in 31 states.
Pop: 124 million.
Ranked 10th most populated country in the world behind Russia and followed by Japan.
Central America & The Caribbean
U.K., U.S., French, Dutch, and independent countries.
Seven Central American countries.
South America
Twelve countries.
One French Territory.
One British Territory
Five different languages spoken:
Spanish,
Portuguese in Brazil.
French in French Guyana,
Dutch in Suriname,
English in Guyana.
“Pan-Latinoness:” Myth or Reality?
The Pan-Latino approach is an example of a panethnicity factor in U.S. society.
As Schaefer (2002) explains, panethnicity “refers to the development of solidarity among ethnic
subgroups.
Non-Hispanics often give single label to the diverse group of native-born Latino Americans and
immigrants.
This labeling by the out-group is similar to the dominant group’s wa.
Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
Carthage was a Phoenician state that included, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea.
The Kingdom of Carthage was the major power in the western Mediterranean from its establishment by the semi-legendary Queen Dido in 814 B.C. until its fall following its struggles against the rising Roman Republic. Carthage was one of the great trading powers of the Mediterranean and had relatively few rivals until its fall from grace, namely the Etruscans and the Greek city-states of Sicily and Cyrenaica. Much of Carthage's foreign policy depended on maintaining its mercantile dominance and expanding its control over island territories with which it could base its powerful navies and trade fleet.
The Phoenicians were the great mariners of the ancient world, and their thalassocracy (maritime realm) was organized into city-states. It is important to understand there was never a country or empire called “Phoenicia.” A possible origin of the historical name for this Semitic/Canaanite culture might have come from the ancient Greek Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē) meaning “Purple Land.” That is because the Phoenicians were famous in their own time for their dark purple dye—a rare and prized commodity. Inhabitants of the Phoenician city-states along the Eastern Mediterranean coast (like Sidon and Tyre) might have called themselves Kenaani (Canaanites).
With the coming of the new millenuim, the entire world has entered the globalized age, which is characterized by the US global power leading the world after the fall of the ex- USSR. The emergence of globaization rose several questions about the role of the US: Is it acting in favor preserving the world cultures, or trying to model the world according to the US Western and liberal values? This; in fact, has paved the way to rise of such theories, expliaing that the US has enetered a new phase of conflict which is basically cutural in order to survive and promote its cultural values.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) refers to human communication via computers and includes many different forms of synchronous, asynchronous or real-time interaction that humans have with each other using computers as tools to exchange text, images, audio and video.
The Bill Clinton Era the 1990s and the new millenniumBoutkhil Guemide
The Presidency of Bill Clinton has been an important era in the history of the US. Clinton is best known of his economic policies; namely, Clintonomics which produced a huge surplus of the budget. In foreign policy, Clinton is best known of the Engagement and Enlargement which relied on building of a new world order based on both Democracy and Freemarket economy.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher-centered to student-centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks. Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
Globally, educational systems are adopting new technologies to integrate ICT in the teaching and learning process, to prepare students with the knowledge and skills they need in their subject matter. In this way the teaching profession is evolving from teacher- centered to student- centered learning environments. ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks.
Nowadays ICT facilitate not only the delivery of lessons but also the learning process itself. This includes computer based technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure, desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are used as instructional tools at schools.
The US presence in the Middle East can be explained to the fact that it always defends its interets in the region. For, that reason, the US uses divergent means and methods to achieve its ends.
The lecture analyzes the phenomenon of Globalization, the technological revolution, the over exploitation of ICTs, and the rise of Information Society.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. INTRODUCTION
USA: The Melting Pot Country;
Since the establishment of the 13 colonies, many waves of European settlers set foot and settled
in America;
After Independence: America became diverse demographically.
Multiracial Americans: Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races“.
In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-
identified as multiracial.
Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American
suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one
ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised.
Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial
discrimination against minorities.
While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify
so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national
ancestries.
3. Today, multiracial individuals are found in every
corner of the country.
Multiracial groups in the United States include many
African Americans, Louisiana Creoles, Métis
Americans, Mestizo Americans, Hapas,
Melungeons, Lumbees, Houmas, and several
other communities found primarily in the Eastern US.
4. The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of
various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which
have now developed nations.
The African- American Civil Rights Movement (1955–
1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth
century worked to achieve social justice and equal
enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all
ethnicities.
In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as
multiracial.
5. Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the US,
beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native
women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur
trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes.
In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists
primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes
as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also
imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English.
Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured
servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the
women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their
descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial
period in Virginia.
Paul Heinegg ‘eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in
censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial
years.’
6. 1789: Olaudah Equiano’s autobiography was published. He advocated interracial
marriage between whites and blacks. By the late eighteenth century, a high
proportion of mixed-race slaves- evidence of miscegenation by white men.
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States.
Only the heads of households were identified by name.
Native Americans were included among "Other;" "Free people of color".
Slaves were counted separately.
People of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto.
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people
of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed.
The Second Great Awakening: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South
urged slaveholders to free their slaves. This led many men to free their slaves.
1782 – 1810: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one
percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
7. Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states
during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this
did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other
powerful white men from taking slave women as
concubines and having multiracial children with them.
In California and the western US, there were greater
numbers of Latino and Asian residents.
These were prohibited from official relationships with
whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting
marriage between European and Asian Americans until
the 1950s.
8. Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century.
The one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law influenced by the
popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. After regaining political power in Southern states
by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose racial segregation to restore
white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and enforcement of
federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African
Americans and other minority citizens.
In 1967 the United States Supreme Court case, Loving vs. Virginia ruled that anti-miscegenation
laws were unconstitutional.
1997: Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts
when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial
categories.
This resulted in a change to the 2000 US Census, which allowed participants to select more than
one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American,"
"Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and
"Other."
9. US population is increasingly multiracial
The current growth rate of biracial families is three times faster than that
of the rest of the population.
6.9 % of the US population is of mixed race: a big jump from the past and
points to a population that is expected to grow.
1970: among babies living with two parents, only 1 % had parents who
were different races from each other. By 2013, it has risen to 10 %.
Kim Parker: "From 2000-2010, multiracial population grew three times as
fast as the overall population, and when we look at the number of babies
being born that are mixed race and the rise in interracial marriage, we can
see that not only is it continuing to grow but the growth could accelerate in
the future.“
10. White and Native American 50 %
White -Asian 16%
Black and Native American 12%
White and Black 11%
White and Latino 6%
Hispanic and Black 5%
11. 2012: 36 % of mixed race babies born were biracial white and black,
24 % were biracial white and Asia.
12 % were white and Native American.
Rapid increases in mixed-race marriages have likely fueled much of the rise in
the share of multiracial babies.
1980: the share of marriages between spouses of different races has almost
quadrupled up to 6%.
Even with that sharp increase, however, black-white couplings represented only
about one-in-nine of the approximately 280,000 new interracial or interethnic
marriages in 2008.
White-Hispanic couples accounted for 41% of such new marriages; white-Asian
couples made up 15%; and white-black couples made up 11%.
12.
13.
14. The great majority of intermarriages take place between Hispanics, Asians, and
whites. If there is a great population of multiracial people, it is almost certain
that they will be some combination of Hispanic and white, or Asian and white.
By 2050: there will have a large population of white people with Latino or Asian
last names, and a cultural understanding similar to the descendants of ethnic
European immigrants.
Among all mixed- race adults who are married or living with a partner, about
12% say their spouse or partner is two or more races.
Multiracial adults with a white background are significantly less likely than
single-race whites to have a white partner (67% vs. 92%).
Multiracial adults with a black background are also less likely than single-race
blacks to have a spouse or partner who is black only (54% vs. 86%).
15.
16.
17. Overall, the politics of multiracial Americans
resemble the country as a whole.
Democratic Party Republican Party
Multiracial adults 57% 37%
Black and American Indian adults 89% 11%
single-race blacks 92% 8%
single-race whites 41% 55%
White and Asian biracial adults 60% 38%