1. Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,
AMERICAN HISTORYAMERICAN HISTORY
13/e13/e
Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire

2. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
 Electoral StabilityElectoral Stability
 High Turnout for ElectionsHigh Turnout for Elections
 Cultural Basis of Party IdentificationCultural Basis of Party Identification
 Catholics Tended to Vote DemocratCatholics Tended to Vote Democrat
2

3. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– The National GovernmentThe National Government
 Civil War Pension SystemCivil War Pension System
 Fed. Govt. Relatively InactiveFed. Govt. Relatively Inactive
The State, War, and Navy
Building, Washington DC
(Library of Congress)
3

4. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– Presidents and PatronagePresidents and Patronage
 Stalwarts and Half-BreedsStalwarts and Half-Breeds
 Garfield Assassinated-1881Garfield Assassinated-1881
 Charles J. GuiteauCharles J. Guiteau
 Pendleton Act-1883Pendleton Act-1883
 Supported by Chester A. ArthurSupported by Chester A. Arthur
4
President and Mrs.
Rutherford B. Hayes
(Library of Congress)

5.  The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– Cleveland, Harrison, and the TariffCleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff
 Election of 1884Election of 1884
– New Public IssuesNew Public Issues
 Sherman Antitrust Act-1890Sherman Antitrust Act-1890
 Used to Break up Labor UnionsUsed to Break up Labor Unions
 McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
 Interstate Commerce Act-1887Interstate Commerce Act-1887
 Used to Regulate RailroadsUsed to Regulate Railroads
 Five-person CommissionFive-person Commission
 Little Practical EffectLittle Practical Effect
Grover Cleveland
(Library of Congress)
Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
5

6. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– The Agrarian RevoltThe Agrarian Revolt
– The GrangersThe Grangers
 OriginsOrigins
 Supported Farmer InterestsSupported Farmer Interests
 Economic GrievancesEconomic Grievances
 Political ProgramPolitical Program
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7. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– The Farmers’ AlliancesThe Farmers’ Alliances
 Mary LeaseMary Lease
 Birth of the People’s Party-1892Birth of the People’s Party-1892
7
““Raise less corn and more hell!”Raise less corn and more hell!”
Mary LeaseMary Lease

8. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Politics of EquilibriumThe Politics of Equilibrium
– The Populist ConstituencyThe Populist Constituency
 ““Free Silver”Free Silver”
 ““Colored Alliances”Colored Alliances”
– Populist IdeasPopulist Ideas
 Populist PlatformPopulist Platform
 Favored Direct Election of U.S. SenatorsFavored Direct Election of U.S. Senators
 1717thth
Amendment-1913Amendment-1913
 Populism’s Ideological ChallengePopulism’s Ideological Challenge
8

9. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Crisis of the 1890sThe Crisis of the 1890s
– The Panic of 1893The Panic of 1893
 Overexpansion and Weak DemandOverexpansion and Weak Demand
 Most Severe Depression up to that PointMost Severe Depression up to that Point
 ““Coxey’s Army”-1894Coxey’s Army”-1894
 Demanded Public Works ProjectsDemanded Public Works Projects
– The Silver QuestionThe Silver Question
 ““Crime of 73”-Discontinued Silver CoinageCrime of 73”-Discontinued Silver Coinage
 Coinage Act of 1873Coinage Act of 1873
 Symbolic Importance of the Currency QuestionSymbolic Importance of the Currency Question
9

10. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 ““A Cross of Gold”A Cross of Gold”
– The Emergence of BryanThe Emergence of Bryan
 William McKinleyWilliam McKinley
 ““Cross of Gold” Speech-1896Cross of Gold” Speech-1896
 William J. BryanWilliam J. Bryan
 ““Fusion”Fusion”
10
William McKinley
(Library of Congress)

11. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 ““A Cross of Gold”A Cross of Gold”
– The Conservative VictoryThe Conservative Victory
 Birth of ModernBirth of Modern
CampaigningCampaigning
 End of the People’sEnd of the People’s
Party-1896Party-1896
 Populists Severely DefeatedPopulists Severely Defeated
– McKinley and RecoveryMcKinley and Recovery
 Currency ActCurrency Act
Election of 1896
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12. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 Stirrings of ImperialismStirrings of Imperialism
– The New Manifest DestinyThe New Manifest Destiny
 Increasing Importance of TradeIncreasing Importance of Trade
 Intellectual Justifications for ImperialismIntellectual Justifications for Imperialism
 Admiral Alfred Thayer MahanAdmiral Alfred Thayer Mahan
 The Influence of Sea Power upon HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power upon History
 Annexation of Hawaii-1898Annexation of Hawaii-1898
– Hemispheric HegemonyHemispheric Hegemony
 Venezuelan DisputeVenezuelan Dispute
 U.S. vs. Great BritainU.S. vs. Great Britain
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15. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 Stirrings of ImperialismStirrings of Imperialism
– Hawaii and SamoaHawaii and Samoa
 Self-Sufficient SocietiesSelf-Sufficient Societies
 Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani
 Revolution by American Planters and U.S. MarinesRevolution by American Planters and U.S. Marines
 AcquisitionAcquisition
of Samoa-1899of Samoa-1899
 Threat from GermanyThreat from Germany
15
Hawaiian Sugar
Cane Plantation

17. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 War with Spain/Spanish-American War-1898War with Spain/Spanish-American War-1898
– Controversy over CubaControversy over Cuba
 Cuban Revolt-1895Cuban Revolt-1895
 TheThe U.S.SU.S.S MaineMaine
 Call for War from ImperialistsCall for War from Imperialists
 ““Yellow Press”Yellow Press”
 William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst
 Dupoy de Lome LetterDupoy de Lome Letter
17
““You furnish the pictures…and I’ll furnishYou furnish the pictures…and I’ll furnish
the war”the war” William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

19. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 War with SpainWar with Spain
– ““A SplendidA Splendid
Little War”Little War”
 Supply andSupply and
Mobilization ProblemsMobilization Problems
 Secretary of State John HaySecretary of State John Hay
 Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers
– Seizing the PhilippinesSeizing the Philippines
 Commodore Dewey’s VictoryCommodore Dewey’s Victory
 Manila BayManila Bay
The Spanish-American
War in Cuba, 1898.
19

21. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 War with SpainWar with Spain
– The Battle for CubaThe Battle for Cuba
 The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders
 Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
 Battle of San Juan HillBattle of San Juan Hill
 Kettle HillKettle Hill
Theodore Roosevelt
and the Rough Riders
(Library of Congress)
21

23. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 War with SpainWar with Spain
– Puerto Rico and the United StatesPuerto Rico and the United States
 Annexation of Puerto RicoAnnexation of Puerto Rico
 Sugar EconomySugar Economy
– The Debate over the PhilippinesThe Debate over the Philippines
 The Philippines QuestionThe Philippines Question
 Treaty of Paris-Dec. 1898Treaty of Paris-Dec. 1898
 Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesCuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
 $20 Million Paid to Spain$20 Million Paid to Spain
 Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League
 Large Costs of an Empire and Burdensome TaxesLarge Costs of an Empire and Burdensome Taxes
 Election of 1900Election of 1900
 Most Americans Favored National ColonialismMost Americans Favored National Colonialism
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25. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Republic as EmpireThe Republic as Empire
– Governing the ColoniesGoverning the Colonies
 Platt Amendment-1901Platt Amendment-1901
 Cuba Made into a ProtectorateCuba Made into a Protectorate
 U.S. Could Intervene to Protect Life and PropertyU.S. Could Intervene to Protect Life and Property
 American Economic DominanceAmerican Economic Dominance
– The Philippine War (1898-1902)The Philippine War (1898-1902)
 Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
 Guerilla Tactics and Brutal WarfareGuerilla Tactics and Brutal Warfare
 4300 U.S. Servicemen Killed4300 U.S. Servicemen Killed
 50,000 to 200,000 Filipinos Killed50,000 to 200,000 Filipinos Killed
 Growing Economic DependenceGrowing Economic Dependence
 Philippines Finally Gain Independence in 1946Philippines Finally Gain Independence in 1946
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26. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
Filipino
Prisoners

27. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
 The Republic as EmpireThe Republic as Empire
– The Open DoorThe Open Door
 Hay’s “Open Door Notes”Hay’s “Open Door Notes”
 Boxer Rebellion-1900Boxer Rebellion-1900
 China Threatened by Western DominationChina Threatened by Western Domination
 Chinese Nationalists Wanted Expel All ForeignersChinese Nationalists Wanted Expel All Foreigners
– A Modern Military SystemA Modern Military System
 Root’s Military ReformsRoot’s Military Reforms
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29. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
The American South Pacific Empire, 1900.29

30. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:
The ChautauquasThe Chautauquas
30

31. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
Where Historians Disagree:Where Historians Disagree:
PopulismPopulism
31

32. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
America in the World:America in the World:
ImperialismImperialism
Imperialism at
High Tide: 1900
32

33. Chapter Nineteen:Chapter Nineteen:
From Crisis to EmpireFrom Crisis to Empire
The Yellow Dugan Kid
(Library of Congress)
Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:
Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
33