STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
This presentation is prepared by Danbam
(KKKM2833 Manufacturing Processes)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. DEFINITION OF BRICK
• A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements
in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay,
but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed
of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in
numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period,
and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-
fired bricks.
3. MANUFACTURY PROCESS OF BRICK
• The process of making clay brick is generally uniform, although manufactures tailor their
production to fit their particular raw materials.
• In general, the manufacturing process consists of essentially of six stages:
• Mining and Gathering raw materials
• Preparation of raw material (crushing, grinding, screening and mixing the raw materials)
• Making of the brick or Forming Process (forming, cutting and coating)
• Drying
• Curing ( firing and cooling)
• Packaging and storing
4. MINING AND GATHERING RAW MATERIALS
• The choice of the mining method of clay will depend on the kind of clay, on the depth,
thickness, hardness and physical geology of the clay location under the ground.
• The general method of extracting clay from the quarry is once or twice a year using heavy
plant machinery to stock pile large amounts, so to ensure continuous brick production
regardless of the weather conditions and because clays are rarely present as pure
minerals but rather mixtures of the different clay types; laboratory testing of the clays from
different parts of quarry will determine the characteristics of the layers and will be stock in
separate different categories which will facilitate the blending of the raw materials.
5. PREPATION OF THE RAW MATERIAL
• In the manufacturer, the clay rock is crashed and reduced in smaller particles, and then the material
produced is screen through an inclined vibrating screening machine to control the particle sizes prior to
water being added.
• During the screening, manufactures adjust and compensate the different variations in chemical composition
and physical properties by blending clays from different locations and sources to fit their standard of the end
product. Consequently, to fulfil their requirements of perfect clay for bricks making, or for the composition of
the raw material to fulfil their standard, the different mixes and proportions of clay and chemical are blended
together, prior to add water, as which of them affect the working properties of clays causing them to vary in
their behaviour affecting the properties of the final product. At the same time, manufacture has standardized
their end product and their manufacturing processes to limit variations in the processing and the
inconsistency in end product.
• For instance, a clay brick that when cure turn white may be developed commercially because, by adding
various minerals like oxide of iron will affect the propriety of the brick in such a way that when cure it will
produce a red brick if also there is consistency in the manufacturing processes.
• Example: Clay containing from 5 to 8 % of oxide of iron will, under ordinary conditions of firing, produce a
red brick; but if the clay contains 3 to 4% of alkalis, or the brick is fired too hard, the colour will be darker
and purple. An excess of Alumina compound tending to make the colour lighter and brighter.
6. FORMING OF THE BRICK
• The first step in forming process is to produce a homogeneous plastic clay mass work up into proper consistency by
adding water to clay in a mixing chamber with one or more revolving shafts with blade extensions. After the kneading,
the plastic clay mass is ready for forming.
• There are three different methods of shaping and forming brick: the stiff-mud process or extrusion process
• 6. A. The stiff-mud process or extrusion process
• In the stiff-mud process or extrusion process, the clay is mixed with just enough water to produce clay plastic mass
with water in the range of 10 to 15 percent of the clay mass. Next, the clay is extruded through a "die", producing a
horizontal column of clay which passes by conveyor belt through an automatic wire cutter to create the individual brick.
The cutter spaces and die size are precisely calculated to compensate for shrinkage during drying and firing.
• 6. B. Soft-mud process
• In the soft-mud process or moulded process, the clay contains too much water to be extruded. The plastic clay mass
contain 20 to 30 percent of water per mass is used to produce brick either by hand or machine. In the machine driven
soft-mud process, standard brick are produce in mass quantities as the machine replicate the hand-making process
much quicker.
• 6. C. Hand making
• In the simplest form which is done by hand, the craftsman will produce one brick at the time by stuffing a lump of soft
clay in a mould and the excess clay is stuff from the top of the mould and the brick is turned out. The mould is
lubricated with either sand or water to prevent the brick from sticking in the mould.
• 6. D. The dry-press process
• In this process hydraulic or compressed air rams is used to press clay with very low plasticity, containing no more than
ten percent of water by weight, into steel moulds under pressures from 500 to 1500 psi creating a very compact and
dense brick.
7. DRYING PROCESS
• Prior to the brick to be fired in the kiln, after the brick is formed using any of the method
describes above, it containing 7 to 30 percent of moisture, depending upon the forming
method. This moisture must be removed prior to the brick can be fired in the kiln
otherwise, there will be formation of scum and certain mechanical defects from occurring
or the brick will explode when the brick is subject to the intense heat of the kiln. This
drying process which last about 18 to 40 hours, is normally done by placing the green
brick in enclosed dryer which utilize excess heat supplied from the exhaust heat of kiln to
maximize thermal efficiency. To ensure good result, devices are installed to measure and
control humidity in the drying facilities.
8. FIRING
• After the drying, the brick are fired in furnace chamber called kiln for 10 to 40 hours,
where there are subject to a temperature of ranging between 100 to 1200 degrees
centigrade depending on clay type or material used and the type of finished brick
required.
• During the process, clay particles and impurities will undergo changes as the temperature
in the kilns rises. The remaining water in the brick will dry up or evaporate; unlike the
metal, clay softens slowly and melts or vitrifies gradually in rising temperature. The clay
molecules mass breaks down becomes soft enough to stick together; the mass becomes
tight, solid and non absorbent giving the brick it texture and colour. To ensure a good
product and avoid the brick to be deformed due to heat also called viscous fusion, kiln is
fitted with sensors to control the temperature in the different stage the firing process.
9. 7.A.1. WHAT IS A KILN
• In brief, kilns are just containers for heat; fuelled by natural gas, coal, sawdust, and
methane gas from landfills or a combination of these fuels.
• There are many different types of kilns but the most common types are the continuous
kilns (tunnel) which are always firing; they never cool and are capable of turning out large
quantities of bricks at steady constant rate and the periodic (intermittent) kilns which are
fired on an intermittent schedule.
10. PACKAGING
• Following the firing process is the packaging but prior to that the bricks are gradually cool
down, for 10 hours for tunnel kiln and form 5 to 24 hours in periodic kiln, as the rate of
cooling affect directly the final colour of the bricks.
• After the brick has cool downs, there are unload from the kiln; sorted, graded, packaged
and place in a storage yard or loaded rail cars or truck of delivery
11. TYPES OF BRICK
• Three basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, and chemically set bricks. Each type is
manufactured differently.
• But there are many others.
12. Mudbrick
• Unfired bricks, also known as mudbricks, are made from a wet, clay-containing soil mixed with
straw or similar binders. They are air-dried until ready for use.
Fired brick
• Raw bricks were sun-dried before fired
• Fired bricks are burned in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are
formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country,
either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most
economical.
• Normally, bricks contain the following ingredients:
• Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight
• Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight
• Lime – 2 to 5% by weight
• Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight
• Magnesia – less than 1% by weight
Molded bricks
• It starts with the raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay
is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into
steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired ("burned") at 900–1000 °C to
achieve strength.
13. Extruded bricks
• For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft
extrusion) in a pugmill. This mixture is forced through a die to create a long cable of material of
the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of
wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it produces hard, dense bricks, and
suitable dies can produce perforations as well. The introduction of such holes reduces the
volume of clay needed, and hence the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and
have different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20
to 40 hours at 50 to 150 °C before being fired. The heat for drying is often waste heat from the
kiln.
• European-style extruded bricks or blocks are used in single-wall construction with finishes
applied on the inside and outside. Their many voids comprise a greater proportion of the
volume than the solid, thin walls of fired clay. Such bricks are made in 15-, 25-, 30-, 42-, and
50-cm widths. Some models have very high thermal insulation properties, making them suitable
for zero-energy buildings.
Dry-pressed bricks
• The dry-press method is similar to the soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix,
so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer
burn make this method more expensive.