The one who owns petrol owns the commonwealth; the one who owns food owns the nation.” This quote is claimed to have been phrased by Henry A. Kissinger in 1974, the United States Foreign Minister at the time.
This paper is written to question the wide spread belief among anthropologists that pre historic hunter gatherers knew about agriculture long before agriculture began to be practiced. The paper suggests gradually accumulating human knowledge led to the development of agriculture, rather than population pressure, favourable mutations or convenient climate all of which would have occurred at various times long before agriculture was developed without leading to the discovery of agriculture.
The document provides an overview of how human subsistence strategies have evolved from hunting and gathering to agriculture and eventually industrialization. It describes key transitions such as the development of horticulture around 10,000 years ago in areas like the Fertile Crescent, which involved the cultivation of plants. This allowed for more sedentary lifestyles and population growth. Further agricultural intensification led to the rise of civilizations, social stratification, and urban centers supported by surrounding agricultural populations. The document contrasts preindustrial and industrial societies in their use of energy and relationship to the environment.
Agriculture involves growing and harvesting plants and animals for food, fiber, and other goods. It began in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic era between 7000-10000 years ago when humans domesticated eight crops including wheat and lentils. Ancient civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia developed irrigation networks using canals and dikes to regulate flooding from rivers like the Nile. During later eras, metal tools improved farming techniques and animals were further domesticated. Major agricultural advances included irrigation systems in medieval Europe, the British Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-19th centuries, and the development of hybrid seeds and mechanized equipment in the 19th-20th centuries.
During the Paleolithic era, hunting, gathering, and basic technology were essential for human survival. Hunting provided tribes with meat and materials for tools and shelter. Gathering supplemented the diet with plants, fruits, and nuts. Tribes lived in basic huts and tents made from bones and hides, and traveled to follow animal herds. Gender roles also emerged, with men typically hunting and women gathering and caring for children. These basic survival behaviors and social structures laid the foundation for modern human nature.
Navajo Agriculture v. Industrial AgricultureAshley Evans
This document provides an overview of Navajo agriculture practices compared to modern industrial agriculture. It notes that the Navajo had a more holistic and spiritual approach to farming, integrating crops like corn, beans and squash using sustainable dryland farming techniques. They saw plants and animals as relatives. In contrast, modern industrial agriculture relies on monoculture crops, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and factory farming of animals in confined and inhumane conditions. The document examines how the Navajo's agricultural practices and diets changed negatively after being forced from their land during colonization.
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
This document summarizes the key arguments made by Jared Diamond in his article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race". Diamond argues that the adoption of agriculture led to worse health and nutrition outcomes for many early farmers compared to hunter-gatherers. Paleopathological evidence from skeletal remains shows early farmers experienced greater malnutrition, infectious disease, and shorter average lifespans. Diamond believes agriculture encouraged population growth and inequality between social classes and sexes, ultimately trapping societies into an unsustainable system, though it allowed for greater food production.
The Neolithic Revolution began around 12,000 BCE as some humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more sedentary agricultural societies, settling in permanent villages. This was driven by climate change, food scarcity, and increasing populations. Early sites included the Zagros Mountains where animals like cows, pigs, sheep, and goats were domesticated. Farming allowed for surplus food and more complex, hierarchical societies to emerge with specialized workers, social classes, governments, religions, and other institutions, leading to early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China along major river valleys.
The document discusses several ancient civilizations and their geographical locations, natural environments, cultural contributions, forms of government, and economic activities. It provides details on the locations and climates of Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Egypt in the valley of the Nile River, China along the Hoang-Ho and Yang-Tse-Kiang rivers, India near the Nile, and Greece along the Mediterranean coast. It also summarizes the cultural innovations of these civilizations, including astronomy from Mesopotamia, makeup from Egypt, the compass from China, numerals and silk from India, democracy and philosophy from Greece.
This paper is written to question the wide spread belief among anthropologists that pre historic hunter gatherers knew about agriculture long before agriculture began to be practiced. The paper suggests gradually accumulating human knowledge led to the development of agriculture, rather than population pressure, favourable mutations or convenient climate all of which would have occurred at various times long before agriculture was developed without leading to the discovery of agriculture.
The document provides an overview of how human subsistence strategies have evolved from hunting and gathering to agriculture and eventually industrialization. It describes key transitions such as the development of horticulture around 10,000 years ago in areas like the Fertile Crescent, which involved the cultivation of plants. This allowed for more sedentary lifestyles and population growth. Further agricultural intensification led to the rise of civilizations, social stratification, and urban centers supported by surrounding agricultural populations. The document contrasts preindustrial and industrial societies in their use of energy and relationship to the environment.
Agriculture involves growing and harvesting plants and animals for food, fiber, and other goods. It began in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic era between 7000-10000 years ago when humans domesticated eight crops including wheat and lentils. Ancient civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia developed irrigation networks using canals and dikes to regulate flooding from rivers like the Nile. During later eras, metal tools improved farming techniques and animals were further domesticated. Major agricultural advances included irrigation systems in medieval Europe, the British Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-19th centuries, and the development of hybrid seeds and mechanized equipment in the 19th-20th centuries.
During the Paleolithic era, hunting, gathering, and basic technology were essential for human survival. Hunting provided tribes with meat and materials for tools and shelter. Gathering supplemented the diet with plants, fruits, and nuts. Tribes lived in basic huts and tents made from bones and hides, and traveled to follow animal herds. Gender roles also emerged, with men typically hunting and women gathering and caring for children. These basic survival behaviors and social structures laid the foundation for modern human nature.
Navajo Agriculture v. Industrial AgricultureAshley Evans
This document provides an overview of Navajo agriculture practices compared to modern industrial agriculture. It notes that the Navajo had a more holistic and spiritual approach to farming, integrating crops like corn, beans and squash using sustainable dryland farming techniques. They saw plants and animals as relatives. In contrast, modern industrial agriculture relies on monoculture crops, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and factory farming of animals in confined and inhumane conditions. The document examines how the Navajo's agricultural practices and diets changed negatively after being forced from their land during colonization.
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
This document summarizes the key arguments made by Jared Diamond in his article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race". Diamond argues that the adoption of agriculture led to worse health and nutrition outcomes for many early farmers compared to hunter-gatherers. Paleopathological evidence from skeletal remains shows early farmers experienced greater malnutrition, infectious disease, and shorter average lifespans. Diamond believes agriculture encouraged population growth and inequality between social classes and sexes, ultimately trapping societies into an unsustainable system, though it allowed for greater food production.
The Neolithic Revolution began around 12,000 BCE as some humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more sedentary agricultural societies, settling in permanent villages. This was driven by climate change, food scarcity, and increasing populations. Early sites included the Zagros Mountains where animals like cows, pigs, sheep, and goats were domesticated. Farming allowed for surplus food and more complex, hierarchical societies to emerge with specialized workers, social classes, governments, religions, and other institutions, leading to early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China along major river valleys.
The document discusses several ancient civilizations and their geographical locations, natural environments, cultural contributions, forms of government, and economic activities. It provides details on the locations and climates of Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Egypt in the valley of the Nile River, China along the Hoang-Ho and Yang-Tse-Kiang rivers, India near the Nile, and Greece along the Mediterranean coast. It also summarizes the cultural innovations of these civilizations, including astronomy from Mesopotamia, makeup from Egypt, the compass from China, numerals and silk from India, democracy and philosophy from Greece.
1) Global food prices spiked in 2008 due to declining global food stocks and rising demand from population growth and dietary changes. This highlighted the world's inability to consistently produce enough food and raised concerns about achieving global food security.
2) Achieving a "second green revolution" through agricultural innovations that double food production by 2030 is seen as necessary to feed a projected world population of 9 billion by mid-century.
3) Rising meat consumption in developing countries like China is increasing global demand for grain, as it takes 5-10 times as much grain to produce the equivalent calories from meat as from eating grain directly. This diversion of grain to livestock is exacerbating global food security challenges.
The document discusses the myth that Cretan migrants introduced the tradition of gathering and eating wild greens to Anatolia. However, the author's research found evidence that gathering wild edibles was a common tradition throughout Anatolia, including in central Cappadocia where no Cretan migrants settled. While Cretan Turks brought culinary traditions from Crete, gathering wild plants for food cannot solely be attributed to them. The document also compares wild edible plants recorded in different regions of Turkey and discusses the role of wild greens in local diets.
- Plants are essential to humanity as they provide the food necessary for survival. Currently, too many people suffer from malnutrition due to insufficient food.
- Population is growing exponentially but food production only increases arithmetically, meaning food will not be able to sustain the rising population without interventions.
- Malthus theorized that population, left unchecked, grows geometrically while the means of subsistence only grows arithmetically, leading to starvation unless population growth is controlled. Food production must be increased to support the growing global population.
Humans now use 40-50% of freshwater for irrigation, households, and industry, doubling water withdrawals in the last 40 years. More land has been converted to cropland in the past 30 years than the prior 150. One quarter of Earth's land is now cultivated systems. Since 1980, 35% of mangroves and 20% of coral reefs have been destroyed or degraded. At least one quarter of marine fish stocks are overharvested, with the global fish catch declining since the 1980s due to overfishing. To meet rising global population and demand, food production will need to double by 2030, requiring another green revolution to increase agricultural yields in half the time as the original in the mid-
Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses the ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb construction. It explains that the Egyptians believed the soul, or ka, needed to be able to recognize and return to the preserved body after death in order to live forever. Therefore, they developed an intricate mummification process where internal organs were removed and the body was dried with preservatives to halt decomposition and keep the physical form intact for the afterlife. Wealthy Egyptians would also construct elaborate tombs containing provisions and artifacts to aid the deceased in the next world. Overall, the document outlines the religious motivations and technical methods used by ancient Egyptians to prepare bodies and graves for eternal life after mortal death.
Human beings emerged in Africa around 250,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, populating the world. Paleolithic societies consisted of small bands of 25-30 hunter-gatherers who were nomadic. Around 12,000 years ago, agriculture began to emerge, allowing people to produce surplus food and live in larger, more permanent settlements. Early civilizations developed around 3500-3000 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Peru, featuring city life, class divisions, and early forms of government. While sharing common features, Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations also had important differences in their development.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world in two waves over 35,000 years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 16th century caused global climate change that impacted societies through famine, disease and migration. Finally, it outlines the state of the world in 1492 and the major civilizations and empires that existed prior to European exploration and colonization.
The document summarizes the agricultural revolution that occurred between 8,000-5,000 BCE. It began independently in different parts of the world as nomadic hunter-gatherer societies transitioned to more settled agricultural lifestyles due to climate change and scarce resources. The Fertile Crescent was an early region of domestication of plants like wheat and barley and animals like sheep and goats. Early farming societies had advantages of steady food and larger populations but also risks of disease and dependence on certain crops. New technologies and social structures varying from pastoral to village societies to chiefdoms emerged during this period of human development.
The first migration and agricultural revolutionMsCCostello
Early humans originated in Africa around 200,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa in waves starting around 100,000 years ago, arriving first in the Middle East. The agricultural revolution, where humans shifted from hunter-gathering to farming, began occurring independently in different regions around 10,000 BCE, including the Fertile Crescent, China, New Guinea, and South America. Agriculture allowed for larger settlements and trading of surpluses, leading to the development of civilization and writing. Climate changes at the end of the last ice age may have influenced some groups to adopt agriculture. The rise of farming also significantly impacted the environment through deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes several passages about scientific discoveries and historical events that changed human understanding of the world. It discusses how Greek philosophers like Thales began using reason and observation to understand nature. It describes Spencer Wells' research tracing human migration origins in Africa. It outlines a hypothesized climate catastrophe in the 6th century AD that may have impacted societies. It examines Jared Diamond's theory about why some civilizations developed technologies and wealth more than others based on location and domesticatable plants and animals. Finally, it outlines impacts of the Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds, including the introduction of new crops and diseases.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 6th century AD caused global climate change that devastated populations and contributed to major shifts in power and the rise of new religions.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originating from a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how they migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also provides details on civilizations and political situations in various regions in 1492, prior to major changes brought by figures like Christopher Columbus.
Jack Oughton - Environmental Determinism in Guns Germs And Steel.docJack Oughton
The document summarizes Jared Diamond's argument in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel that environmental factors determined the differing historical trajectories of human societies. Specifically, it discusses Diamond's view that Eurasia's east-west axis, abundance of domesticable plants and animals, and location near the Fertile Crescent gave it advantages that allowed agricultural civilizations to develop technologies and immunities that enabled them to conquer other regions like the Americas. While acknowledging Diamond's extensive research, the document also questions the degree to which the environment alone can explain global history.
1. Vermiculture, or worm farming, is an important part of developing a circular economy and macro-agriculture system in China. Earthworms can process large amounts of organic waste into premium organic fertilizer, improving soil quality and the environment.
2. As intensive livestock and aquaculture have increased in China, there is a need to properly treat the large volumes of manure and waste these industries produce. Vermiculture can play a key role in stabilizing sludge from wastewater treatment plants and recycling organic wastes.
3. While vermiculture was an established industry in parts of the Western world by the 1990s, processing tens of thousands of tons of waste per week,
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and civilization. It describes how modern genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses the impact of climate change on human history, as well as evidence that advanced civilizations existed along the Amazon River in South America over 1,500 years ago.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans today back to a small tribe in Africa that was forced to migrate 50,000 years ago due to climate change. It then discusses the two major waves of human migration out of Africa across Asia, Europe and the Americas over 35,000 years. Finally, it provides an overview of the major civilizations, religions and political structures that existed in different regions of the world in 1492.
The document discusses the development of early human civilizations in the Ancient Near East. It notes:
- Jericho (c. 8000 BCE) and Çatal Hüyük (c. 6700-5700 BCE) were among the earliest Neolithic settlements, practicing agriculture.
- The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded regularly, depositing rich soil and requiring irrigation systems. Uruk emerged as one of the earliest cities.
- The Sumerians arrived c. 4000 BCE and established independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. They were later conquered by the Akkadians and Amorites.
- The Hittites also established an empire in
1) Big History examines history from the beginning of time to the present day, seeking common themes and patterns across disciplines. It encourages an open and inquisitive perspective.
2) Genetic evidence traces modern humans back to an African origin around 60,000 years ago, from which humans migrated in waves, adapting to new environments around the world.
3) A massive volcanic eruption in 536 AD impacted the global climate, contributing to famine and plague outbreaks that may have weakened the Roman Empire. Natural disasters can influence historical events.
Panera Bread located at 453 Old Smizer Mill Road in Fenton, Missouri will donate a percentage of its sales from 4:00pm to 8:00pm on Wednesday, February 19th, 2014 to Bandstanders when customers show a flyer for the event, though purchases made with gift cards, catering orders, and retail items will be excluded from the donation amount.
Panera Bread began in 1981 as Au Bon Pain Co., founded by Louis Kane and Ron Shaich. It prospered along the east coast of the United States and internationally throughout the 1980s and 1990s, becoming the dominant bakery-cafe operator. The presentation discusses Panera's history, products, external environment including Porter's Five Forces analysis, and internal environment through SWOT and IFAS/EFAS analyses. It identifies key strengths as high quality products, strong franchises, loyal customers, and brand image, and opportunities in organic food growth and technology advances.
1) Global food prices spiked in 2008 due to declining global food stocks and rising demand from population growth and dietary changes. This highlighted the world's inability to consistently produce enough food and raised concerns about achieving global food security.
2) Achieving a "second green revolution" through agricultural innovations that double food production by 2030 is seen as necessary to feed a projected world population of 9 billion by mid-century.
3) Rising meat consumption in developing countries like China is increasing global demand for grain, as it takes 5-10 times as much grain to produce the equivalent calories from meat as from eating grain directly. This diversion of grain to livestock is exacerbating global food security challenges.
The document discusses the myth that Cretan migrants introduced the tradition of gathering and eating wild greens to Anatolia. However, the author's research found evidence that gathering wild edibles was a common tradition throughout Anatolia, including in central Cappadocia where no Cretan migrants settled. While Cretan Turks brought culinary traditions from Crete, gathering wild plants for food cannot solely be attributed to them. The document also compares wild edible plants recorded in different regions of Turkey and discusses the role of wild greens in local diets.
- Plants are essential to humanity as they provide the food necessary for survival. Currently, too many people suffer from malnutrition due to insufficient food.
- Population is growing exponentially but food production only increases arithmetically, meaning food will not be able to sustain the rising population without interventions.
- Malthus theorized that population, left unchecked, grows geometrically while the means of subsistence only grows arithmetically, leading to starvation unless population growth is controlled. Food production must be increased to support the growing global population.
Humans now use 40-50% of freshwater for irrigation, households, and industry, doubling water withdrawals in the last 40 years. More land has been converted to cropland in the past 30 years than the prior 150. One quarter of Earth's land is now cultivated systems. Since 1980, 35% of mangroves and 20% of coral reefs have been destroyed or degraded. At least one quarter of marine fish stocks are overharvested, with the global fish catch declining since the 1980s due to overfishing. To meet rising global population and demand, food production will need to double by 2030, requiring another green revolution to increase agricultural yields in half the time as the original in the mid-
Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses the ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb construction. It explains that the Egyptians believed the soul, or ka, needed to be able to recognize and return to the preserved body after death in order to live forever. Therefore, they developed an intricate mummification process where internal organs were removed and the body was dried with preservatives to halt decomposition and keep the physical form intact for the afterlife. Wealthy Egyptians would also construct elaborate tombs containing provisions and artifacts to aid the deceased in the next world. Overall, the document outlines the religious motivations and technical methods used by ancient Egyptians to prepare bodies and graves for eternal life after mortal death.
Human beings emerged in Africa around 250,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, populating the world. Paleolithic societies consisted of small bands of 25-30 hunter-gatherers who were nomadic. Around 12,000 years ago, agriculture began to emerge, allowing people to produce surplus food and live in larger, more permanent settlements. Early civilizations developed around 3500-3000 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Peru, featuring city life, class divisions, and early forms of government. While sharing common features, Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations also had important differences in their development.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world in two waves over 35,000 years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 16th century caused global climate change that impacted societies through famine, disease and migration. Finally, it outlines the state of the world in 1492 and the major civilizations and empires that existed prior to European exploration and colonization.
The document summarizes the agricultural revolution that occurred between 8,000-5,000 BCE. It began independently in different parts of the world as nomadic hunter-gatherer societies transitioned to more settled agricultural lifestyles due to climate change and scarce resources. The Fertile Crescent was an early region of domestication of plants like wheat and barley and animals like sheep and goats. Early farming societies had advantages of steady food and larger populations but also risks of disease and dependence on certain crops. New technologies and social structures varying from pastoral to village societies to chiefdoms emerged during this period of human development.
The first migration and agricultural revolutionMsCCostello
Early humans originated in Africa around 200,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa in waves starting around 100,000 years ago, arriving first in the Middle East. The agricultural revolution, where humans shifted from hunter-gathering to farming, began occurring independently in different regions around 10,000 BCE, including the Fertile Crescent, China, New Guinea, and South America. Agriculture allowed for larger settlements and trading of surpluses, leading to the development of civilization and writing. Climate changes at the end of the last ice age may have influenced some groups to adopt agriculture. The rise of farming also significantly impacted the environment through deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes several passages about scientific discoveries and historical events that changed human understanding of the world. It discusses how Greek philosophers like Thales began using reason and observation to understand nature. It describes Spencer Wells' research tracing human migration origins in Africa. It outlines a hypothesized climate catastrophe in the 6th century AD that may have impacted societies. It examines Jared Diamond's theory about why some civilizations developed technologies and wealth more than others based on location and domesticatable plants and animals. Finally, it outlines impacts of the Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds, including the introduction of new crops and diseases.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 6th century AD caused global climate change that devastated populations and contributed to major shifts in power and the rise of new religions.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originating from a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how they migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also provides details on civilizations and political situations in various regions in 1492, prior to major changes brought by figures like Christopher Columbus.
Jack Oughton - Environmental Determinism in Guns Germs And Steel.docJack Oughton
The document summarizes Jared Diamond's argument in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel that environmental factors determined the differing historical trajectories of human societies. Specifically, it discusses Diamond's view that Eurasia's east-west axis, abundance of domesticable plants and animals, and location near the Fertile Crescent gave it advantages that allowed agricultural civilizations to develop technologies and immunities that enabled them to conquer other regions like the Americas. While acknowledging Diamond's extensive research, the document also questions the degree to which the environment alone can explain global history.
1. Vermiculture, or worm farming, is an important part of developing a circular economy and macro-agriculture system in China. Earthworms can process large amounts of organic waste into premium organic fertilizer, improving soil quality and the environment.
2. As intensive livestock and aquaculture have increased in China, there is a need to properly treat the large volumes of manure and waste these industries produce. Vermiculture can play a key role in stabilizing sludge from wastewater treatment plants and recycling organic wastes.
3. While vermiculture was an established industry in parts of the Western world by the 1990s, processing tens of thousands of tons of waste per week,
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and civilization. It describes how modern genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses the impact of climate change on human history, as well as evidence that advanced civilizations existed along the Amazon River in South America over 1,500 years ago.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans today back to a small tribe in Africa that was forced to migrate 50,000 years ago due to climate change. It then discusses the two major waves of human migration out of Africa across Asia, Europe and the Americas over 35,000 years. Finally, it provides an overview of the major civilizations, religions and political structures that existed in different regions of the world in 1492.
The document discusses the development of early human civilizations in the Ancient Near East. It notes:
- Jericho (c. 8000 BCE) and Çatal Hüyük (c. 6700-5700 BCE) were among the earliest Neolithic settlements, practicing agriculture.
- The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded regularly, depositing rich soil and requiring irrigation systems. Uruk emerged as one of the earliest cities.
- The Sumerians arrived c. 4000 BCE and established independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. They were later conquered by the Akkadians and Amorites.
- The Hittites also established an empire in
1) Big History examines history from the beginning of time to the present day, seeking common themes and patterns across disciplines. It encourages an open and inquisitive perspective.
2) Genetic evidence traces modern humans back to an African origin around 60,000 years ago, from which humans migrated in waves, adapting to new environments around the world.
3) A massive volcanic eruption in 536 AD impacted the global climate, contributing to famine and plague outbreaks that may have weakened the Roman Empire. Natural disasters can influence historical events.
Panera Bread located at 453 Old Smizer Mill Road in Fenton, Missouri will donate a percentage of its sales from 4:00pm to 8:00pm on Wednesday, February 19th, 2014 to Bandstanders when customers show a flyer for the event, though purchases made with gift cards, catering orders, and retail items will be excluded from the donation amount.
Panera Bread began in 1981 as Au Bon Pain Co., founded by Louis Kane and Ron Shaich. It prospered along the east coast of the United States and internationally throughout the 1980s and 1990s, becoming the dominant bakery-cafe operator. The presentation discusses Panera's history, products, external environment including Porter's Five Forces analysis, and internal environment through SWOT and IFAS/EFAS analyses. It identifies key strengths as high quality products, strong franchises, loyal customers, and brand image, and opportunities in organic food growth and technology advances.
This financial modeling project values Panera Bread Company for 2013. The analysts built a model incorporating Panera's financial statements from 2009-2013. They analyzed historical ratios, created a 5-year forecast, and determined Panera's WACC was 7.56%. Using this to discount future cash flows, they valued Panera at $184.23 per share, close to the actual stock price of $176.96. While the conference call signaled some risks, the valuation aligned closely with Panera's performance.
This document analyzes Panera Bread Company and its financial standing as of fiscal year end 2013. The analysis examines Panera's historical performance and future growth prospects. Key points extracted from the company's annual reports were used to create pro forma financial statements projecting the next five years. A discounted cash flow model was then developed to estimate Panera's share value based on future cash flows. The model projects revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities to determine free cash flow. This is discounted to calculate Panera's estimated share price of $172.27 as of November 2014.
Panera Bread is developing an integrated marketing communications plan to promote its focus on using clean, healthy ingredients. The plan will utilize social media, online video ads, food and lifestyle blogs, print magazines, and other channels. The goal is to increase brand awareness by 40% and followers on social platforms. Advertisements will feature customers in a 'Slice of Life' framework to appeal emotionally. The marketing strategy aims to increase knowledge of Panera Bread's elimination of unhealthy ingredients and newly reformulated products through a combination of traditional and non-traditional media channels. Feedback will be gathered through both qualitative and quantitative metrics.
Farming in ancient Greece was difficult due to limited good soil and mountainous terrain, yet the Greeks adapted to grow key crops like barley, grapes, and olives. Most farms were small, around 4-5 acres, and relied on family labor though larger estates used slaves. The main crops were barley, grapes, olives, and wheat, which were well-suited to the dry, poor conditions. Farming techniques improved over time to better meet the growing demands of Greek towns.
Panera Bread Company's mission is to provide a quiet, welcoming atmosphere for friends and family to gather away from it all. The document outlines Panera's bakery, cafe, and nutrition menus, highlighting various freshly baked breads, sandwiches, soups, and salads. It also shows that weekly earnings per cafe have increased each year from 2005 to 2008.
This document provides an overview of Panera Bread, including its management, history, competitors, performance, opportunities, threats, strengths, weaknesses, and strategic proposal. Panera Bread is a North American fast-casual chain restaurant serving bakery goods, salads, sandwiches and more. Recently, Panera Bread has made changes to its upper management and menu by removing artificial ingredients. It aims to improve customer experience through remodeling all of its over 1,900 locations within 5 years, with a total capital expenditure of $744 million. The remodels focus on addressing long wait times and providing a more pleasant dining environment.
The Panera Bread restaurant chain has its corporate headquarters in Richmond Heights, MO. It began in 1981 and now has over 1,540 bakery-cafes across the US. The mission statement is "A loaf of bread in every arm." Panera is known for its fresh bread and soup and focuses on healthy options. It donates unsold baked goods daily and over $200k annually to local charities through its Operation Dough-nation program.
This document provides an analysis of the annual reports of Starbucks, Dunkin' Brands, and Panera Bread. It begins with an introduction stating that the purpose is to evaluate the financial performance and condition of the companies. Ratios will be used to analyze aspects of the companies' finances. The document recommends investing in Starbucks as it is more secure and offers fair investor returns. The analysis will then compare ratios of the three food industry companies and conclude with an overall recommendation.
Panera Bread spent most of its 2011 media budget on spot TV (36%) and outdoor advertising (5%). In 2012, it increased spending on cable TV to 24% while still focusing on spot TV (38%) and outdoor (32%). Starbucks spent most on network TV (46%) in 2011 and cable TV (46%) in 2012. Dunkin Donuts focused on outdoor (65% and 61%) and national spot radio advertising. McDonald's invested heavily in outdoor advertising in both 2011 (70%) and 2012 (49%). Subway allocated most funds to outdoor advertising in 2011 (27%) and network radio (20%).
1) Panera Bread has experienced strong revenue and net income growth over the past several years, with revenues increasing by over 100% and net income doubling from 2002 to 2006.
2) Profit margins have remained relatively steady at around 10-15%, indicating good cost control as the company has grown.
3) Financial ratios such as return on assets, return on equity, and times interest earned all indicate good performance and no significant financial risks.
In summary, Panera Bread's financial performance over this period has been very good, with consistent revenue and profit growth while maintaining healthy profit margins and financial ratios. This
The document analyzes Panera Bread Company's strategy for growth. It provides an overview of the company's history and external environment. An analysis of the competitive industry landscape shows high rivalry and threat of substitutes. Panera's internal strengths include its brand loyalty and menu options. However, its aggressive growth reliance on new franchise partners poses risks. The SWOT analysis identifies opportunities in new markets but threats from multiple competitors. Recommendations include acquiring other brands or expanding internationally to support Panera's growth targets.
#MITXData 2014 - Lessons From the Public Sector: How the City of Boston Is Le...MITX
2014 MITX Data & Analytics Summit
Lessons From the Public Sector: How the City of Boston Is Leveraging the Data Deluge
Speaker: Jascha Franklin-Hodge (@jfh), CIO, City of Boston
Data, data, data - most of us are drowning in it. As our businesses grow and technology allows us to capture more if it, how can it be used in a way that benefits the customer? In this session, attendees will learn how the City of Boston is harnessing data and predictive analytics to improve its products and customer experience, becoming more transparent, and making itself accountable in the over 500 different public services the city provides its residents. Jascha Franklin-Hodge, Chief Information Officer of the City of Boston, will share how the Department of Innovation & Technology is turning big data into a competitive advantage, evolving products and service in a way that puts the customer first.
Unit 7: What's for Dinner Tonight? Evidence of Early AgricultureBig History Project
1. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence at three early farming sites that provides insights into the development of agriculture.
2. At the Banpo site in China dated to around 6000 BCE, archaeologists found pottery, farming tools, and evidence of rice and millet cultivation, indicating the people there were early farmers.
3. At the Guila Naquitz cave in Mexico dated to around 9000 BCE, squash seeds and evidence of maize cultivation were found, showing the early adoption of agriculture despite a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
4. At Lake Condah in Australia dated to around 8000 BCE, archaeologists discovered extensive eel farming through the use of constructed ponds and stone fish traps, demonstrating
The document discusses the origins and rise of agriculture and food domestication. It describes how agriculture began as people transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyles during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, around 10,000 years ago. Various theories are presented for what motivated this transition, such as climate change, population pressure, or the desire for a more sedentary lifestyle. The document then discusses the origins of agriculture in different regions, including the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Americas. It provides details on early domestication of plants and animals in these areas beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.
The document discusses the Fertile Crescent region and the development of early agricultural societies there approximately 12,000 years ago. Recently, the region experienced the worst 3-year drought on record, exacerbating political, water, and agricultural issues and causing widespread failures and human migrations. Researchers analyzed how climate factors like the recent droughts contributed to conditions that led to the Syrian civil war. The researchers believe multiple factors intensified one another, including unsustainable agricultural policies that depleted groundwater supplies, worsening the effects of the severe 2006-2007 drought.
Early humans during the Stone Age lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting wild animals and gathering plants for food, they created simple tools and weapons made of stone to aid in their survival, and they lived nomadic lifestyles, constantly on the move in search of resources as they lacked agriculture.
1. Archaeologists found artifacts in the Fertile Crescent that helped them understand prehistoric cultures and provided evidence of early hominids.
2. The Fertile Crescent saw many important developments, including the origins of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the establishment of some of the world's first civilizations like Sumeria.
3. Geography played a key role in the development of civilizations in the Fertile Crescent. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers provided water for irrigation and transportation, while the river valleys produced fertile soil that supported early agriculture.
The document discusses the agricultural practices and way of life of early Filipinos. It describes how they transitioned from hunter-gatherers to cultivating plants and herding animals around 10,000 years ago, allowing them to grow in numbers and live in settled communities. It then provides details on their staple foods, styles of dress, social structure led by village chiefs or datus, and arts that developed.
Early humans lived in nomadic hunter-gatherer clans, using stone tools and living in caves. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups transitioned to agriculture and settled in permanent villages along river valleys, where they could farm crops and domesticate animals. This led to population growth and specialization of labor, with some people becoming artisans, priests, or traders. River valleys like Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley became early centers of civilization.
Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized":
- Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor.
- Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations.
- Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. improves standards of living.
- Formal social hierarchies and government. More complex social structures with defined roles like leaders, priests, artisans.
- Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems, advanced skills in areas like math, science that demonstrate intellectual/c
For most of our time on Earth, we humans have survived by hunting and gathering food from our natural environment.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized":
- Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor.
- Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations.
- Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. signifies more advanced problem-solving skills.
- Social hierarchy and organization. Roles like leaders, craftspeople, traders indicate division of labor and more intricate social structures.
- Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems demonstrate surplus production and leisure time for non
Prehistory is divided into three main periods - the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic, which began over 2 million years ago, saw the emergence and evolution of early humans from primate ancestors in Africa. Key hominid species that developed over this time include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Neanderthals and Homo sapiens existed side by side in Europe for thousands of years before Neanderthals went extinct. The Neolithic began around 9000 BC when early humans adopted agriculture and settled in villages. During the Metal Ages beginning around 5000 BC, humans began using
History can be interpreted in different ways based on facts from primary and secondary sources. While based on facts, people interpret history differently, influencing how it is defined and written. Symbolism has been important to human development and culture, and gives insight into human behavior through artifacts. A catastrophic event like major volcanic eruptions may have occurred thousands of years ago, blocking the sun with dust and causing global climate change, droughts, and famine that led to the decline of civilizations.
History can be interpreted in different ways based on facts from primary and secondary sources. While based on facts, people interpret history differently, influencing how it is defined and written. Symbolism has been important to human development and culture, and gives insight into human behavior through artifacts. A catastrophic event changed the world's climate thousands of years ago, possibly due to volcanic eruptions, which caused global drought, famine, and death and contributed to the fall of civilizations like the Roman Empire.
The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Raceby Jared.docxchristalgrieg
"The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Race"
by Jared Diamond, Prof. UCLA School of Medicine
Discover-May 1987, pp. 64-66
To science we owe dramatic changes in our smug self-image. Astronomy taught
us that our Earth isn't the center of the universe but merely one of billions of heavenly
bodies. From biology we learned that we weren't specially created by God but evolved
along with millions of other species. Now archaeology is demolishing another sacred
belief: that human history over the past million years has been a long tale of progress. In
particular, recent discoveries suggest that the adoption of agriculture, supposedly our
most decisive step toward a better life, was in many ways a catastrophe from which we
have never recovered. With agriculture came the gross social and sexual inequality, the
disease and despotism,that curse our existence.
At first, the evidence against this revisionist interpretation will strike twentieth
century Americans as irrefutable. We're better off in almost every respect than people of
the Middle Ages who in turn had it easier than cavemen, who in turn were better off than
apes. Just count our advantages. We enjoy the most abundant and varied foods, the best
tools and material goods, some of the longest and healthiest lives, in history. Most of us
are safe from starvation and predators. We get our energy from oil and machines, not
from our sweat. What neo-Luddite among us would trade his life for that of a medieval
peasant, a caveman, or an ape?
For most of our history we supported ourselves by hunting and gathering: we
hunted wild animals and foraged for wild plants. It's a life that philosophers have
traditionally regarded as nasty, brutish, and short. Since no food is grown and little is
stored, there is (in this view) no respite from the struggle that starts anew each day to find
wild foods and avoid starving. Our escape from this misery was facilitated only 10,000
years ago, when in different parts of the world people began to domesticate plants and
animals. The agricultural revolution gradually spread until today it's nearly universal and
few tribes of hunter-gatherers survive.
From the progressivist perspective on which I was brought
up to ask "Why did almost all our hunter-gatherer ancestors adopt
agriculture?" is silly. Of course they adopted it because agriculture
is an efficient way to get more food for less work. Planted crops
yield far more tons per acre than roots and berries. Just imagine a
band of savages, exhausted from searching for nuts or chasing wild
animals, suddenly gazing for the first time at a fruit-laden orchard
or a pasture full of sheep. How many milliseconds do you think it
would take them to appreciate the advantages of agriculture?
The progressivist party line sometimes even goes so far as to
credit agriculture with the remarkable flowering of art that has taken
place over the past few thousand years. Since crops can be stored,
and since it takes less time to pick ...
The Bronze Age was a later period of the Stone Age, lasting from around 3000 BCE to 1200 BCE. During this time, early humans began to develop bronze metalworking techniques to create tools and weapons rather than relying solely on stone. This marked an important transition period as the first widespread use of metal allowed for improved toolmaking and the development of more advanced civilizations.
The document discusses the history of Jericho, the oldest continuously inhabited city. It attributes Jericho's 14,000 year survival to key environmental advantages, including abundant water from a natural spring, fertile soil, and strategic location. The Natufian people established the first settlement in Jericho around 14,000 years ago, taking advantage of the region's biological and geographical resources that also facilitated the development of agriculture. Jericho's reliable access to water and protective geographical features have enabled it to endure as a human settlement for millennia.
The documents discuss the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras, comparing their lifestyles, technologies, and forms of art. The Paleolithic era involved nomadic hunter-gatherer societies who used basic stone tools, while the Neolithic era saw the development of sedentary agricultural communities, permanent structures like Stonehenge, and advances in tools and weapons. Both eras struggled to survive using primitive methods, but had distinct cultural differences in how they organized their societies and economies.
Similar to Bread is the foundation of civilization (18)
Mexico's wheat production is forecast to increase slightly in 2016/17 to 3.9 million metric tons due to favorable weather conditions. Wheat consumption is also expected to increase due to population growth and continued popularity of wheat-based foods. Total wheat imports are estimated to rise to 4.45 million metric tons to meet higher demand for milling varieties. The majority of Mexico's wheat is produced in the northern states of Sonora and Baja California, with Sonora contributing nearly half of total production.
The long-awaited Panama Canal expansion opened earlier this Summer with a ceremonial ship passing through the waterway. Based on extensive research including more than 100 studies on the economic feasibility, market demand, environmental impact and other technical engineering aspects, the Panama Canal expansion involved the construction of a ‘Third Set of Locks’ that will now allow larger ships to pass through the famous canal.
Family-owned Catalyst, formerly Pharm-Tech, custom formulates and manufactures feed and nutritional supplements for customers in the livestock, poultry, pet, wildlife and aquaculture industries. It operates five production plants, three in Idaho and two in Iowa. Its range of over 100 products includes digestive aids, mineral supplements and most recently Certified Organic blends and finished feeds.
Wholegrain Ingredient Producers EDME, based in England, has pioneered an innovative new category of ingredients. Michael Carr, Sales and Marketing Director of natural ingredient producer at EDME says, “We’ve identified a growing interest in sprouted foods and have developed a brand new product category to help bakers and food manufacturers meet that interest and demand.” Sprouted grains meet the demand for new wholegrain ingredients that are nutritious, soft and tender, as well as being more palatable and digestible.
Last month, we outlined the new regulations that grain processors needed to be aware of. This included the new NFPA 652 and OSHA initiatives. This month we delve into the array of options available to control combustible dust. Grain processors need to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each before choosing the smartest approach.
Operating in 140 countries and boasting 90 service stations worldwide, Bühler has been at the vanguard of industrial process technologies and solutions for over 150 years. Contributing significantly to feeding the world’s ever-growing population, Bühler manufactures equipment for processing of maize, wheat, chocolate, rice, pasta and breakfast cereals globally. In fact, 65 percent of wheat milled around the globe is processed on Bühler grain mills and around 30 percent of global rice production is processed using Bühler equipment.
A consolidation of highly respected British brands E R & F Turner, Christy & Norris and Miracle Mills, Christy Turner Ltd is renowned for quality British engineering and innovation in the milling industry. With flaking mills operational around the globe, the leading UK engineering firm talks us through their top tips for increasing the longevity and performance of your flaking rolls.
On the 26 October this year, Milling and Grain magazine attended OCRIM’s 6th technical conference “Wheat, Flour and…” at its headquarters located in Cremona, home to violin extraordinaire Antonio Stradivari and arguably one of Northern Italy’s most picturesque historical cities. The annual event was aimed at clients, local residents, and friends in the worlds of industry, academia and politics.
CROP farmers anxiously watching prices fall to ever less remunerative levels have had further unwelcome news over the past couple of months from yet higher cereal and oilseed crop estimates across the Northern Hemisphere.
Joordens Zaden in Kessel, The Netherlands is an international specialist in the development and production of seed for green manure crops, forage crops and forage grasses. The seeds comply with the high quality requirements of ISTA and are strictly checked every week by external quality controllers from the Dutch General Inspection Service (NAK).
A leading miller since the company was founded in 1919, over the years Grand Moulins in Paris has been able to diversify its activities and innovate to maximize customer satisfaction.
With over a century of experience in the design, quality and installation of grain storage systems, Bentall Rowlands Storage Systems Limited is a leading UK manufacturer in complete storage and processing equipment for the agricultural and industrial markets.
Lucrative power balancing schemes offered by National Grid and EirGrid can provide the milling and grain industry with long-term revenues of up to £90,000 per megawatt. These demand side response schemes involve energy-intensive businesses reducing power consumption for short periods to stabilize the electricity grid. Aggregators help coordinate multiple businesses to form a virtual power plant and ensure adequate response to requests from grid operators, earning significant income without capital costs for participating mills.
Calysta, the company developing and introducing a new protein source based on single-cell organisms - a bacterium called methylococcus – and destined for inclusion in fishfeeds, has built a ‘market introduction facility’ in Teesside, England, with production beginning in this last quarter of 2016.
Changes in flour quality are and will continue to be a problem for the bakery industry. Large amounts of grain are processed by the milling industry and many resources used to secure the flour produced have a consistent quality.
The Bakery Innovation Center (BIC) at the Bühler headquarters is now five years old. As a center for vocational training and further education for bakers and millers, it is very popular.
As “enlightened” as such statement by what Stanford University calls “the most influential English speaking philosopher of the 19th century” is, one could easily make an argument that when it comes to commodity market analysis the statement seems to be as useful as a bicycle to a fish.
3. T
he one who owns petrol owns the
commonwealth; the one who owns
food owns the nation.” This quote is
claimed to have been phrased by Henry A.
Kissinger in 1974, the United States Foreign
Minister at the time.
Confirming his saying, wheat has always
played an important role in forming human
history as it is the very first of our food
resources. In this article, it will be mentioned
how wheat had an ability to create a civiliza-
tion and accordingly the archeological proofs
that support this claim.
Wheat and humanity
Wheat has always been essential to
humanity being one of the first domesticated
crops.
It differs from other crops with it being
satisfying in calorie and the raw material
of bread. It also gets on well with humans,
furthermore, it would not be wrong to say
that it rules the world.
Wheat is cultivated in an area of about
six million square meters in the world; more
than half of Europe or all Australia. For
instance, imagine an area fivefold of the USA
and two-fold of India. This is the area on
which wheat has a big impact.
Moreover, it has the biggest ecological
tolerance as a plant in the world, other than
human beings. What I want to say is that
ecological tolerance is the ability to adapt
oneself to different geographies and climates.
In other words, the ‘human-wheat’ relation-
ship has always been involved in colonization
throughout history.
This couple – human-and-wheat - prob-
ably started colonization 14,000 years ago.
We can also say that when humans
first came across wheat, it stole his heart
and became the ruler of the whole world.
Humans put wheat under his control, plant-
ing it in different lands and thus wheat con-
vinced him to live together. This relationship
means settlement and settlements means
the beginning of a civilization.
Nutrition a basic human instinct
Nutrition has been one of the basic
instincts for humans for about 3.5 million
years. It was also a basic instinct before
human began to be a human. Likewise, all
living beings have the same instincts: a need
for nutrition, surviving and reproducing.
It was 3.5 million years ago when human
started to exist as a human beings and first
initiated toolmaking in order to be able to
use these tools to get food. 3,485,000 years
of this time was all about hunting and collect-
ing. For about 3,485,000 years, humans only
maintained their existence by means of hunt-
ing and collecting from nature not attempting
to make any agricultural production at all.
After that, about two million years ago,
humans left Africa and spread into other
parts of the world. During their journey, they
invented agriculture. This was probably the
most important invention after toolmaking
and being able to keep fire under control.
Then, humans noticed something while
observing nature: It was that the same plant
was born again after the seeds fell to earth.
However, as I mentioned before, 3,485,000
”
“Wheat brings new habits”
– Charles Darwin
by Dr Ahmet Uhri, Archeologist, The Department of Archeology,
Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey
Dr Uhri gave a
presentation on the
10th Anniversary
of the Turkish Flour
Industrialists Federation
Congress and
Exhibition in Antalya
in late March 2014
on the history of
wheat and its value
in human nutrition.
10 | March - April 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
4. years had to pass for him to discover such
things. In other words, everything started
14 to 15,000 years ago when humans, first
having lived as a wanderer, eventually set-
tled down and started agriculture. This new
beginning is called the Neolithic Revolution
by archeologists and historians.
Southeastern Anatolia
All of these have been proven to be true by
the archeologists excavating in Southeastern
Anatolia Region within the body of GAP
(Southeastern Anatolia Project).
The excavations in Hallan Çemi, Çayönü,
Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Çori, Körtiktepe, Mezra
Teleilat, Gürcütepe and Diyarbakır Çayönü
give us some information including another
meaning to the term ‘neolithic’. These exca-
vations also claim that farmers first began to
emerge gradually about 14,000 years ago.
Mehmet Özdoğan, an expert of this field,
suggests that:
“Briefly, the Neolithic period reflects the
period of reformation in the areas such as
nutrition, technology and lifestyle.
“In the basis of these reforms, this period
was a kind of revolution lasting from 12,000
to 6000 BC. The beginning of this period
was mainly associated with the disappear-
ance of what Last Ice Age caused and the
appearance of today’s climates. Throughout
the world, people tried to adapt themselves
to these changing climatic conditions with
the help of technology and their social habits.
“However, this revolution was a different
one in some regions of the Near East when
compared to the rest of the world. Thus, a
new lifestyle came into being affecting the
entire world.”
March - April 2014 | 11GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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5. The epigram above by Charles Darwin
makes sense now: “Wheat brings new hab-
its.” This revolution in the regions of Near
East and the appearance of a new lifestyle
are again connected to wheat as its ‘home-
town’ is Southeastern Anatolia Region. Due
to the archeobotanic data that we have,
DNA analysis results show that today’s
einkorn and emmer wheats have a kind
of relation with the ones in Karacadağ in
Southeastern Region.
Göbekli Tepe near Urfa, where the
excavations have been going since 1995,
contributes a lot to Near East archeology
and provides some satisfactory results. This
12,000-year-old area makes us realise how
people began agriculture and settlement.
Kalus Schmidt, one of the excavators in
Göbekli Tepe says: “At that time, Göbekli
Tepe still belonged to the hunters and
gatherers. This place also represents the
final period of hunters who were about
to discover a lifestyle based on farming to
supply nutrition and to initiate the Neolithic
Period.”
First use resembles today’s use
However, I can say that the first use of
wheat resembles today’s use of wheat.
In the Southeastern Region, in the exca-
vation sites like Çayönü, Nevali Çori and
Hallan Çemi, Mediterreanean coasts (Nahal
Oren, Hayonim etc.) in Palestine between
the years of 11,000 – 9300 BC, Jordan
Plateau and the Rift Valley (Ayn Mallaha),
Tell Mureybet in northern Syria, along with
the seeds of barley, einkorn, acorn, lentil,
chickpea, beans , ground stones, stoves and
food storages have been found. 2
In the settlements of this culture named
as Natuf Culture in literature, roasted grain
samples and grain roasting places found in
Tell Mureybet 3 are the proofs that people
used roasting. Eroded teeth found in Natuf
skeletons show that this was caused by the
common usage of ground stones remained
in their vegetables.
On the other hand, the examination
made on the Hittite skeletons shows the
same results and this leads us to the fact
that this kind of grinding was used for a long
time and in various places. Also, there is a
fact that Strontium/Calcium in their bones
was the consequence of being closer to the
herbivores rather than carnivores. This sug-
gests that the vegetative food has a leading
role in Natuf people’s diet.
That is to say, this was not easy for
people to come to these days. It has been a
long journey from the first grinding crops to
today’s various and modern bakery products.
Wheat started our civilisation as
we know it
The result of the transition from gathering
and hunting period to the first production
has been like a revolution for human beings.
They have reached a civilized level in the
past 15,000 years. In other words, they have
developed metallurgy, changed the way of
settlement, invented writing, started urbani-
sation and progressed on in time.
Shortly, wheat started civilisation or the
civilisation started when it met the human.
It was love, but not love at first sight. They
observed each other for a certain time and
sometimes they got closer. However, some-
times they did not. In the end, they realised
that they could not live without each other.
The main issue is the prehistoric period
of wheat and it is possible to provide a basis
for the place of wheat in prehistoric times by
giving some examples. In the myths found in
the documents of Sumerians, who first used
writing, some information about wheat has
been provided to lead us along the way.
Among these myths, Dumuzi and
Enkimdu are highly interesting in content.
They are also considered as the sources
of Kain and Habil. This myth is about the
rivalry between the lifestyles of farmers and
shepherds. The myth reveals that Goddess
Inanna is about to choose her husband. The
candidates are Shepherd God Dumuzi and
Farmer God Enkimdu. Enkimdu says that he
will give gifts to Dumuzi if he withdraws.
Moreover, there is also wheat among
these gifts. When we are already into the
prehistoric times, it will be a good idea to
go further into the next periods since some
other civilisations also emerge.
It is seen that Storm God Tarhunt is
depicted as holding a bunch of wheat and
grapes as a sign of fertility on the famous Ivriz
embossment remained from Late Hittites.
In later periods, it is also clear in the
descriptions that Demeter, Goddess
of Fertility, again is holding some wheat.
Furthermore, there are about 180 bread,
cake, pastry and pie names in Hittite docu-
ments1, but these names are given to them
according to their forms, contents, ingredi-
ents and tastes.
For instance, thin bread (phyllo), thick
bread (a loaf of bread), small bread, bread in
the shape of a fish and the moon (croissant),
bread in the shape of an ear, a bunch of
grapes, a tooth, a sheep, a human, a boat and
a tyre, sweet bread (pastry), bread with beer
or peas, oily bread, sour bread, wet bread,
wheat, rye, barley bread, etc.
Humans took wheat with him on
migrations
About 14,000 years ago, the relationship
between human and wheat that first started
near Urfa in Southeastern Anatolia provided
human with chance for settlement and ena-
bled them to begin agriculture.
Having stayed in the same region for a
long time together, this couple, human and
wheat, became inseparable in time. As a
consequence, human never left wheat and
took him wherever it went during the migra-
tion started 9000 years ago.
This led to the rapid tranmission of the
new lifestyles to other regions of the world.
During this 9000 year-period, wheat reached
Atlantic coasts leaving Southeastern Anatolia
with human. In the meantime, not only the
new agriculture technologies and wheat, but
also the new lifestyles reached the entire
12 | March - April 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
6. world like a packet referred to as Neolithic
Pack by archeologists.
If we take the holy scriptures into consid-
eration, since they are the products of human-
ity, the saying, “You shall eat weed; until you
become earth, you shall eat bread by the sweat
of your brow…”1 has come true. Human
landing on Earth from heaven has lived his own
heaven and hell on Earth. •
References & Footnotes
1 A.Uhri, “Ekmek ve Uygarlık”, Metro-Gastro/42,
Metro Kültür Yay., İstanbul-2007, s.121.
2 M.Özdoğan, “Neolitik Dönem: Günümüz
Uygarlığının Temel Taşları”, 12.000 Yıl
Önce “Uygarlığın Anadolu’dan Avrupa’ya
Yolculuğunun Başlangıcı” Neolitik Dönem,
(edt.)N.Başgelen, YKY Yay., İstanbul-2007, 9-20.
3 G.Willcox-M.Savard, “Güneydoğu Anadolu’da
Tarımın Benimsenmesine İlişkin Botanik
Veriler”, Anadolu’da Uygarlığın Doğuşu
ve Avrupa’ya Yayılımı-Türkiye’de Neolitik
Dönem-Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, (edt.)
M.Özdoğan-N.Başgelen, Arkeoloji ve Sanat
Yay., İstanbul-2007, s.427-440.
4 K.Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe” 12.000 Yıl
Önce “Uygarlığın Anadolu’dan Avrupa’ya
Yolculuğunun Başlangıcı” Neolitik Dönem,
(edt.)N.Başgelen, YKY Yay., İstanbul-2007,
s.93-95.
5 P.Dolukhanov, Eski Ortadoğu’da Çevre
ve Etnik Yapı, Çev.S.Aydın, İmge Yay.,
Ankara-1998, 200-202 ve M.N.Cohen, The
Food Crisis in Prehistory, Yale Unv. Press.,
USA-1977, s.135.
6 M.Roaf, Mezopotamya ve Eski Yakındoğu,
Çev.Z.Kılıç, İletişim yay., İstanbul-1996, s.27.
7 C.K.Maisels, Uygarlığın Doğuşu, Çev.A.Şenel,
İmge Ktbv. Yay., Ankara-1999, s.145.
8 Roaf 1996, s.29.
9 A.Ünal, Etiler ve Hititler, Etibank Yay.,
İstanbul-1999, s.221.
10 Dolukhanov 1998, s.204 Roaf 1996, s.29, ve
Maisels 1999, s.123 ayrıca Cohen 1977, s.135.
11 S.H.Hook, Ortadoğu Mitolojisi, Çev.A.Şenel,
İmge Ktbv., Ankara-1993, s.36-37.
12 A.Ünal, Etiler ve Hititler, Etibank Yay.,
İstanbul-1999, 215
13 Ünal 1999, 215-217.
14 Tekvin, 3: 18-19. Kitabı Mukaddes, Kitabı
Mukaddes Şirketi, İstanbul-1993.
March - April 2014 | 13GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
A/S
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8. www.gfmt.co.uk
LINKS
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A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891
INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION
In this issue:
• Researching
and reporting:
the roller flour
milling revolution
• What is
Fumigation?
A technique of
pest control using
a toxic gas
• VIV Europe
preview
Our pull out
centre section
March-April2014
• Bread is the
foundation of
civilization
• Conserving
grains:
through drying
• Flour miller
values
weighbridge
technology on
the island of
Zanzibar
first published in 1891
This digital Re-print is part of the March | April 2014 edition of Grain & Feed
Milling Technology magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full
online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on
the docstoc website.
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
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tion please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link
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Article reprints
All Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these
have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc).
If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more informa-
tion on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints