A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain. They can be primary, originating in the brain, or secondary, spreading from other areas. Primary brain tumors are graded based on how abnormal the cells appear. Common types include gliomas such as astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor's size and location but may include headaches, nausea, vision or speech problems. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI and CT scans, along with biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and radiosurgery, depending on the tumor type and stage.

2. Content
 Tumor
 Brain Tumor
 Tumor grade and types
 Classification of brain tumor
 Etiology
 Risk factor
 signs and symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Treatment

3. Tumor
• When cells divides abnormally and uncontrollably, they can form a mass or
lump of tissue.
• Tumors can either be Benign( non- cancerous) or malignant(cancerous).

4. Brain Tumor
• A collection or mass of abnormal cells in brain.
• Skull, which encloses the brain is very rigid, any growth inside this restricted
place can cause problems.
• When these tumors grow inside the brain it increases intra-cranial pressure,
which can cause brain damage.

5. Grade and Types
• WHO first published a universal classification system for CNS tumors in 1979.
According to
their microscopic
features
Primary brain
Tumor
Secondary brain
Tumor

6. Primary Brain tumor
• Originates in the CNS (Central Nervous System).
• Either Benign or Malignant .
• Grade I :- Tissue is benign.
# Cells look nearly normal like brain cell.
# They grow slowly.
• Grade II :- Tissue is malignant
# Cells look less like normal cells than cells in a Grade I.
• Grade III :- Cells of malignant tissue looks very different from normal
cells.
# Abnormal cells are actively growing.
• Grade IV :- Cells of malignant tissue looks abnormal and tend to grow
quickly.

7. Types of Primary brain Tumor
• According to cells types or the part in which they begin.
• Mostly begins in the glial cell called GLIOMA.

8. Gliomas
Astrocytomas
Glioblastoma multiforme
Oligodendrogliomas
Ependymomas and Ependymoblastomas
Meduloblastomas
Meningiomas
Pituitary adenomas
Schwannomas
Primary CNS lymphoma

9. • Also called metastatic brain tumor.
• Originates from malignancies outside of the CNS and spread to
the brain.
• Most common site – Frontal lobe.
• Approx 6 months is avg. survival with the treatment but varies
widely by the extent of other systemic metastases.

10. • No known cause
• Few possible are: genetics,
• radiation treatment
• injuries to brain.
• Ionizing radiation
• Family history

11. • Depend on tumor size, type and location
• headaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• change in speech, vision or hearing
• problems in body balancing and walking
• Change in mood, personality or ability to
concentrate
• memory loss
• Seizure or convulsions
• Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs

12. • LAB Diagnosis
• Perimetry
• EEG ( Electroencephalogram)
• Lumbar puncture
• Endocrine testing
• Tumor imaging are in 3 types-
1. Static imaging
2. Dynamic imaging
3. Computer integration imaging

13. • Static neurological imaging include CT and MRI , where Non invasive
technique that provide accurate anatomical and functional analysis.
• Computed Tompgraphy
:- Uses ionizing radiation, thin bands of X-ray to produce images.
• Contrast enhancement helps to identify isodense tumors from
surrounding parenchyma, hypodense lesions in edematous area and
optimal sites for tumors biopsy.

14. • MRI ( Magnetic resonance imaging)
• It uses strong magnetic field.
• Detect tumors as well as evaluating edema, hydrocephalus or
hemorrhage.
• Contrast enhancement with gadolinium sharpness the
definition of lesions.

15. Dynamic imaging
• PET Scans:- Non- invasive and uses cyclotron and specific isotopes to
obtain information about metabolism and physiology of the tumor and
surrounding tissue.
• SPECT Scans :- It is functional imaging techniques evolved from PET scan .
Uses isotopes , cyclotron to assess cerebral blood flow and determining tumor
location
• MRI spectroscopy :- Use to detect one or multiple tumors.
• MR Angiography :- Imaging of blood vessels without any contrast or
ionizing radiation.
• Biopsy :- A surgical biopsy is performed to obtain tumor tissue as part of
tumor resection or as a separate diagnostic procedure.

16. PET
MRA
Spectroscopy
Biopsy

17. Treatment
 Chemotherapy:- Used independently or as an adjustment to surgery
or radiation.
 Radio surgery: - As a delivery of a high dose of ionizing radiation in a
single fraction, to a small precisely defined volume of tissue.
 Radiation therapy:- Uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells
and shrink tumors.
 Surgery:- Remove the part/ tissue which is affected by tumor.

18. References
 https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/brain-tumors-in-
adults#1
 https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-tumor
 https://www.medicinenet.com/brain_tumor/article.htm
 https:// www.bir.com
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25289169
 https://www.slideshare.net/yassinalsaleh1/ovarian-tumor-in-
children-and-adolscent?qid=4f78aed5-a058-4f06-8ddc-
64cbc58b2d17&v=&b=&from_search=62

19. Thank you….