Brain development of_the_infant-1
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The document discusses brain development in infants. It explains that an infant's brain wiring is shaped by external experiences, and that parents can influence development by touching, talking, singing, and cuddling with the infant. It also notes that infants experience the world through their five senses, and parents can provide sensory experiences through music, colorful surroundings, aromas, and textures. Finally, it states that early relationships are important for emotional and social development, and that parents should smile, use different voice tones, and provide calm interactions and social opportunities.
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Student 1 Stacia
The brain
The brain develops at an unbelievable rate from infancy into the toddler age. The brain consists of microscopic brain cells and the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the most complex brain structure. It is responsible for our intelligence. Within the brain are neurons that store and transmit information.
Growth of infant brain.
During the prenatal period, neurons are produced in the embryo’s neural tube. They then move to form other parts of the brain. They eventually form fibers and synaptic connections with other cells. In infancy and toddlerhood, the neural fibers increase tremendously. The neurons are stimulated from input and form communication systems that support complex abilities. The stimulation results in synapses that ensure children obtain motor, cognitive, and social skills. A child’s brain needs to be appropriately stimulated during the formation of synapses.
Physical growth.
Different parts of the body grow at different rates. The cephalocaudal trend and the proximodistal trend. The cephalocaudal trend is when the head develops more quickly than the lower half of the body. At birth, the head is most of a child’s body length. The rest of the body eventually catches up. The proximodistal trend is defined as growth from the center of the body and out. In infancy and early childhood, arms and legs grow ahead of hands and feet.
Brain Plasticity.
Plasticity is a basic property of the nervous system. Synaptic connections support brain plasticity. Within the first years of life, the brain is very plastic. This means than it is able to reorganize, something that mature brain cannot do as well. Essentially, brain injury after this time is less likely to yield improvements but with it is possible with practicing relevant tasks.
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1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
2
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Skeletal Age
Epiphyses
Fontanels
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
3
Brain Development
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheres
Lateralization
Brain plasticity
At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
About half of the brain is made up of glial cells which are responsible for myelination, the coating of.
PerceptualDevelopment.pdf
Newborn babies have functioning senses but their perception of the world is still developing. Their vision is poor at birth, only able to see at a distance of 20 feet what adults see at 240 feet, but improves to 20/40 vision by 6 months. Babies show interest in faces soon after birth and preferences for some colors by 4 months. Perceptual constancy, the ability to perceive objects as the same despite changes in sensory input, emerges around 3 months for size and shape. Infants can hear in the womb and outside, preferring complex sounds. They respond to touch and pain at birth. Sensitivity to smell and taste may be present before birth and infants can differentiate between sweet, sour and bitter by 2 hours
Understanding the Importance of Sensory Toys for Infants.pptx
Diversity in Toys is an online toy shop that brings together unique and custom toys, art supplies, accessories, inclusive toys, multicultural toys and many more. Our goal is to make available toys that enable children to see themselves reflected as a positive member in society, and have these available in one single location
Parenta Magazine Issue 7 May 2015 LR
The article discusses the importance of sleep for toddler development. It notes that toddlers need 11.5 hours of nighttime sleep on average to produce growth hormone and develop properly. Establishing a consistent bedtime routine helps toddlers wind down for sleep. Inadequate sleep can negatively impact behavior, learning, weight, and more. The article stresses that ensuring toddlers get the full amount of recommended sleep is vital for their health, happiness, and development.
Developmental-Milestones.docx
This document provides a developmental milestones chart covering physical, cognitive, communication, social/emotional, and moral/spiritual domains from ages 0-3 months through 2-3 years. It outlines abilities and behaviors typical for infants and toddlers at various ages in each domain, such as motor skills, language development, social interactions, and emerging spirituality. The chart is intended to help caregivers understand age-appropriate development and identify any delays.
Franchesca thomas activity plan
This document outlines an activity plan for teaching 4-year-olds about healthy eyes. The plan includes introducing the topic through a book reading and poster, acting out being blind, discussing eye doctor visits, and setting up an eye doctor's office in dramatic play. Goals are to promote understanding of eye health and function, vocabulary expansion, and gross motor skills. Materials listed are books, posters, scarves, pamphlets. Evaluation and extensions include a classroom speaker, newsletter for parents, and take-home pamphlets from a planned eye doctor field trip.
Unlocking the Secrets to Childhood Happiness
Every parent’s wish is for their child to grow up happy. At Little Zak’s, we share this wish with all our parents and do our best to give our children their best start in life. Here are our secrets to unlocking childhood happiness.
Kids Learn
This document discusses the importance of early learning for children from birth to age 4. It notes that 50% of a person's ability to learn is developed in this time. It provides examples of shapes and letters that children can learn to recognize and draw between ages 3-4. It emphasizes that play is an effective form of learning for children and that parents are a child's first teachers.
Nuerons to Readiness
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. They have dendrites that receive information, a cell body that contains genetic material, and an axon that sends information to other neurons. Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses and the release of neurotransmitters across small gaps between neurons called synapses. Experiences and stimuli shape the development of neural pathways and connections in the brain throughout childhood and adolescence as the brain undergoes pruning and myelination.
The benefits of culture for early years (Italy)
The benefits of culture for early years (Italy)
Giorgio Tamburlini, Paediatrician & President, Centre for Child Health and Development, Trieste, Italy at the 5th edition of the OECD Summer Academy on Cultural and Creayive Industries and Local Development, 2022.
More info https://oe.cd/sacci
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