The document provides information on writing a research paper, including its typical structure and components. It discusses the parts of a research paper like the title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also explains key aspects of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and summarizing findings. Additionally, it defines important research concepts like variables, the scientific method, and characteristics of good research.

2. Submitted By: Botor, Shayne B.
IX- Fahrenheit
Submitted To: Mr. Ric Garry Buenavie
(Research Teacher)
In

3. A GOOD RESEARCH PAPER
HAVE 5 DIFFERENT PARTS
• Title page
• Abstract
• Background of the Study
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology/Instrumentation
Chapter 4: Result & Discussion
Chapter 5: Conclusion & Recommendation
• Survey
• Appendices
• Bibliography

4. STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
1. Observation - using the 5 senses; sight, taste, smell,
touch, hear
“Curiosity- asking questions”
2. Statement of the problem - asking questions based
on the observation
3. Formulating Hypothesis
Null- negative/ positive & short ideas sentence
Alternative- with complete statements or ideas
4. Testing the validity of hypothesis through
experiment
5. Conclusion - the final statement or judgement of the
research paper

5. RESEARCH
o Is defined as the scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts
that links an individuals speculation with reality.
o In other words, research is the systematic study
of trend or event which involves careful
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data or facts that
relates man’s thinking with reality.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
• Empirical
• Research is based on direct experience or observation by
the researcher.
• Logical
• Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
• Cyclical
• Is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem
and ends with a problem.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
• Analytical
• Utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering
data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental
and case study.
• Critical
• Exhibits careful and precise judgment.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
• Methodical
• Is conducted in a methodical manner without bias
using systematic method and procedures.
• Replicability
• The research design and procedures are replicated
or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive a
valid and conclusive results.

9. QUALITIES OF A GOOD
RESEARCHER
Research-oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCHER
 Intellectual Curiosity
 Prudence
 Healthy Criticism
 Intellectual Honesty
 Intellectual Creativity

11. VALUES OF RESEARCH TO
MAN
• Research is of great value to man. Through
research, the quality of man’s life has
improved from conventional to modern, hence,
life becomes not online meaningful but
enriching as well.
• Therefore, man must be a dreamer and
ambitious but he must be industrious to
achieve his dreams.

12. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1. Research improves quality of life.
2. Research improves the exportation of food
products.
3. Research responds to the economic recovery
and austerity measure of the country.
4. Research trains graduates to become
responsive to the economic development of
the country and compete globally.

13. TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Basic Research - also known as
“fundamental research’’ or “pure research”
e.g. Boyle’s Law
Charles Law
Archimedes Principle
Hooke’s Law
Newton’s Law

14. TYPES OF RESEARCH
2. Applied Research - a type of research
that involves seeking new application of a
problem such as development of a new
system or procedure, new device or new
method in order to solve the problem.
e.g. Fish waste pollution problem
Gas shortage

15. TYPES OF RESEARCH
3. Developmental Research - a decision-
oriented research involving the application
of the steps of the scientific method in
response to an immediate need to existing
practices.
e.g. The Culture of Seaweeds

16. CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
1. Library Research - done in the library
where answers to specific questions or
problems of the study are available.

17. CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
2. Field Research - is conducted in a natural
setting.
- No changes in the
environment are made.
- Applicable to descriptive
survey and experimental
methods.
e.g. Cultivation of Eucheuena using and staking methods
Cultivation of Oyster (Osteria iredalie) using hanging and
bamboo raft methods

18. CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
3. Laboratory Research - is conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly
specified and equipped area.
Purposes:
1. To test hypotheses derived from theory.
2. To control variance under research conditions.
3. To discover the relations between the dependent and
independent variables.
e.g. Cultivation of Blue Crab (Nepturius pelagicus) in Aquaria using
Pellets and Bread Meal as Feeds
Effectiveness of Teaching Research using Conventional and Modern
Methods

19. VARIABLE
• Defined as a quantity susceptible of
fluctuation or change in value or
magnitude under different conditions.
• Numerical values or categories represent
these quantities.

20. TYPES OF VARIABLE
• Independent Variable
 is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the
researcher to determine its relationship to an observed
phenomenon.
• Dependent Variable
 is the response variable which is observed and
measured to determine the effect of independent
variable.
 It changes when the independent variable varies.

21. TYPES OF VARIABLE
• Moderator Variable
 A secondary or special type of independent
variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes between the independent variable and
dependent variable.
• Control Variable
 A variable that is controlled by the investigator in
which the effects can be neutralized or removing
the variable.

22. TYPES OF VARIABLE
• Intervening Variable
 A variable which intercedes with the independent
variable and dependent variable but its effects can
strengthen or weaken the independent variable or
dependent variable.

23. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
Problems/Objectives Hypothesis Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework
Assumptions
Review of Related
Literature
Research Design
Data Collection Data Processing and
Statistical Treatment
Analysis and Interpretation Summary, Conclusion
and Recommendations

24. COMPONENTS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
Generally speaking, a research process starts with a
problem.
Based on major problem identified, he then formulates
the specific problems/objectives of the study.
Using the specific problems/objectives as basis, he tests
the hypothesis either null or alternative to have a
scientific conclusion of the study either to reject or
accept it.
He constructs a theoretical or conceptual framework as
basis for describing properly the relationships of
variables to be used in the study.

25. COMPONENTS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
Then, he states the assumption clearly to provide the
foundation of the study.
RRL – to determine the similarities and differences of
the findings to past studies and to gain insights.
Uses the most appropriate design.
He can decide the definite research instrument for
collecting data and these data are processed either
manually or by machine, whichever is more
convenient, economical and accurate using the correct
statistical tools in order that a reasonable precise
analysis and interpretation of the results can be aimed.

26. COMPONENTS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
Then finally, summarize the study.
Answers conclusion based on the findings and
hypothesis tested.
Maxes recommendations for further studies.

27. SCIENTIFIC PAPER IS
ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO
THIS FORMAT:
Title
Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Materials and Method
III. Results
IV.Discussion
Conclusion
References
This format has
become standard
because it is suitable
for most reports of
original research. It is
basically logical and
it is easy to use.

28. RESEARCH TITLE
The best time to finalize the title is after you
have written the text, so that the title will reflect
the paper’s content.

29. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
TITLE
o Grammatically correct
o Complete enough to stand alone.
o Two or three-word title may be too vague but a
15 or 15-word title is unnecessarily long.
Maximum of 10 words is better.
o If you cannot avoid to shorten a title, consider
breaking it into main title and subtitle.

30. NOTE:
The American Psychological Association (APA)
uses the IMRaD headings in its APA style sheet.
Thus, IMRaD format is also known as APA
format, IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Result
and Discussion) is a common format used for
academic (scientific) research papers.

31. RESEARCH PROBLEM
There are 5 factors to consider to determine whether that a
problem is researchable or not.
1. The problem is existing in the locality or country but no
known solution to the problem.
2. The solution can be answered by using statistical
methods and techniques.
3. There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested.
4. The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific
investigation to arrive at precise solution.
5. Serious needs/ problems of the people where it demands
research.

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Specific
o the problem should be specifically stated.
Measurable
o Using research instrument.
Achievable
o Using correct statistical tools to arrive at precise results.

33. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Realistic
o Real results are attained because they are gathered
scientifically and not manipulated.
Time-bound
o Is required in every activity because the shorter
completion of the activity, the better.

34. SOURCES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
1. Specialization of the researcher
2. Current and past researcher
3. Recommendations from theses, dissertations
and research journals
4. Original and creative ideas of the researcher
based on the problems met in the locality and
country.

35. CRITERIA OF A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Interesting
2. Innovative
3. Cost-effective
4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the
people.
5. Relevant to government’s trusts
6. Measurable and time-bound

36. RESEARCH PROJECT
PROPOSAL PREPARATION
 Research proposal project is prepared for
financial assistance by the funding agencies
like the National Research Council of the
Philippines (NCRP), Philippine Council for
Aquatic and Marine Research and
Development (PCAMRD) and many others.
It has financial and personnel requirement.