Tropical and dry land fruit crop :- Pomegranate

1. Welcome To my Presentation 1

2. Navsari Agricultural University
ASPEE College of Horticulture &
Forestry, NAU, Navsari
FSC 501:Tropical and Dry land Fruit
Production (2+1)
2

3. 3
Submitted To;
Dr. Y. N. Tandel
Assistant Professor
ACHF, NAU, Navsari
Speaker;
Patel Khushbuben Ashokbhai
Reg. No.:-2020218032
M.Sc. Horticulture
Dept. of Fruit Science

4. Pomegranate
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5. Content:-
Botanical Discription
Introduction
Anatomy of pomegranate fruit
Commercial and Medicinal Uses
Nutritional value
Climate and soil
Propagation
Planting
Planting season
Irrigation
Manure and Fertilizer
Floral Biology
5

6. Cont…
Flowering and fruiting development
Bahar treatment or flower initiation
Pollination
Essential operation
Harvesting and Yield
Varieties
Grading
Packing
Storage
Insect-pest
Disease
Physiological Disorder
Progressive farmer
Reference Books 6

7. Botanical discription
 Scientific name: Punica granatum L.
 Family: Punicaceae
 Origin: Iran
 Chromosome no: 2n=2X=18
 Botanical classification: Dicotyledoneae
 Climate adaptability: Subtropical
 Fruit morphology: Balausta
 Fruit based on respiration rate: Non-climacteric
 Type of inflorescence: Hypanthodium
 Pollination:Cross pollination (by insect-Honey Bee)
 Edible part: Juicy seed coat (Aril)
 Bearing habit: Mix bearing
 Other Names: Fruit of Paradise, Anar, Fruit of Love,
National Fruit of Iran
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8. Introduction
• Pomegranate is one of the favourite fruits of
tropical and subtropical regions
• The pomegranate is native from Iran It is widely
cultivated in Mediterranean countries like Spain,
Egypt, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and also grown in
Burma, China, Japan, California and Pakistan
• In India it is commercially cultivated in
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Panjab and Haryana
• In Gujarat, Dholka, Bhavnagar, Banaskatha,
Sabarkatha, Mehsana and Kutchh etc.
8

9. Cont…
• Winter hardy and highly drought tolerant
• Excellent choice crop for arid and semi-arid
conditions of India
• Leading State in Production:- Maharashtra
• National Research centre for Pomegranate(NRCP)
is situated at Solapur, Maharashtra established in
2005
• Red colour in aril and skin due to presence of
anthocyanin
• Pomegranate taste is due to citric acid
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10. Anatomy of Pomegranate fruit
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11. Commercial and Medicinal uses
• The fruit is symbolic of plenty and very much liked for its cool,
refreshing juice and valued for its medicinal properties
• The juice of pomegranate is believed to be good for leprosy patients.
• The grains of the fruit are also eaten fresh in most of the hot
countries and are used as condiment
• The bark and rind of the fruits are commonly used in dysentery and
diarrhea and the rind is also used as dying material for cloth.
• Dried seeds of pomegranate with pulp are available as ‘Anardana’.
• Frequent intake of pomegranate juice can maintain good flow of the
blood in the body. Along with this, it decreases the risk of heart
attack and heart strokes
• Pomegranates peel, bark and leaves are used to calm the stomach
disorder or diarrhea due to any kind of digestive problems and
pomegranate juice is also used for handling problems of dysentery
and cholera
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12. Nutritional Values
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13. Climate and Soil
Climate:
• Pomegranates prefer a semi-arid to subtropical climate and are
naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers
• A humid climate adversely affects the formation of fruit. The tree
can be severely injured by temperatures below -11 °C
• Pomegranates can be successfully grown in areas with temperature
ranging from 25-35 °C and an annual rainfall of 500-800mm.
• The optimum temperature for fruit development is 38 °C
Soil:
• Calcareous to deep loamy, well drained & fertile is best. Soil
having a pH of 7.5
• Tolerate to alkalinity & salinity
• Sensitive to moisture fluctuation
• Heavy soils with poor drainage facilities are unsuitable for its
cultivation
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14. Propagation
• Seeds germinate easily without going through a rest period
• Trees are not true to variety grown from seed so it not use for
commercial purpose
• Asexually by means of hardwood or softwood cuttings or air-
layering
– Trees, grown from softwood cuttings make late in the growing
season
– Hardwood cuttings are the easiest and most satisfactory method
of growing pomegranates & cuttings are 25-50 cm long & 6-
12mm thick. Treatment by quick dip method with
IBA(2000ppm) under mist condition results in high rooting
percentage
– The rooted cutting will be ready for planting in 8-9 months
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15. • Air layering is also successful in pomegranate
• When layered during rainy season with IBA treatment
(10,000ppm) in lanolin paste, the rooting is profuse on shoots
Cont…
Air layering
15
Hardwood Cutting

16. • Square system of planting is mostly adopted.
• The standard planting distance is 5x5m(400plants/ha)
• High density planting was tried in pomegranate with 5x2
m(1000 plants/ha), 5x3 m(666 plants/ha) and 5x4
m(500plants/ha) resulted higher yield than normal spacing
• Begin to bear 1 year after planting (1 to 3 years is more
common)
• Pomegranate trees do not come into good commercial
production for 5 or 6 years
• Still closer spacing as 3x2.5 m (1333 plants/ha) or 4x2 m
(1250plants/ha) were employed by farmers in selected
varieties
Planting
16

17. • Planting is usually done in spring (February-
March) and July-August in sub-tropical and
tropical regions respectively
• Planting should be done at the beginning of
monsoon or by the end of monsoon
Planting Season
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18. Irrigation
• Pomegranate can tolerate drought to a greater extent
but, responds very well to irrigation
• Irrigation frequency and water requirement varies
with the season, crop age and stage
• Drip irrigation is economical and saves 30-40% of
water. Water quality also plays a major role on fruit
production
• High salinity in soils and saline irrigation water
affects normal fruit production
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19. Manure and fertilizer
• General fertilizer recommendations for pomegranate vary
from region to region. The dosage can be fixed as 30kg/plant
FYM, 600-700 g N, 200-250 g P2O5, and 200-250g
K2O/plant/year
• Time of fertilizer application mainly depends on choice of
crop to be harvested
• Full dose of Organic manure, P and K and half dose of N2
should be applied after ‘bahar’ treatment and 2nd half of N2
should be applied after three weeks
• For ‘ Ambe bahar’, December-January, for ‘Mrig bahar’
May- June and for ‘Hast bahar’, October-November are the
appropriate periods for fertilizer application
19

20. Age of
Plant(Years)
Recommended Dose of
Fertilizers/Plant/Year
FYM(kg) N (g ) P (g ) K ( g)
1 10 250 125 125
2 20 250 125 125
3 30 500 125 125
4 40 500 125 250
5 and above 50 625 250 250
Cont...
In Gujarat state the fertilizer dose is 50kg FYM, 500g N,
250g P2O5 and 500g K2O per plant per year.
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21. Floral biology
• Flowering occur on one year old spurs or short
branches
• Flowers can appear solitary, pairs, or clusters
• In general, the solitary flowers will appear on
spurs along the branches while the clusters are
terminal
• Flowers: Odorless but colourful, large, 5-9cm in
length, cylindrical, and generally reddish but
sometimes yellow to white
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22. •Types of Flower: Pomegranate flowers develop
into one of three types of flowers:
1) Male flowers( Bell shape)
2) Hermaphrodite flowers(vase shape)
3) Intermediate flower
22

23. Male Flower:
• The bell-shape flower has a poorly developed
or no pistil and atrophied ovaries containing
few ovules and is infertile
• Hence, they are referred as a male flower
• These flowers drop without fruit set
23

24. Hermaphrodite flower:
• The vase-shape flower is fertile with a normal ovary
capable of developing fruit. The stigma is at the anthers
height or emerging above them.
• The position allows for self-pollination as well as
pollination by insects.
• Cultivars with higher vase-shape to bell-shape ratio will
have a higher fruit yield potential.
• The percentage of the vase-shape flowers in Indian cultivar
is 53% to 80%.
24

25. Intermediate Flower:
• A third type of flower is also found
• They have long style or short style and a developed ovary
which is sometimes fertile.
• Fruit set is not 100%
25

26. Flowering & fruiting development
• Pomegranate plants flower and provide fruits throughout the
year in central and southern India.
• Depending on patterns of precipitation, flowering can be
induced during June-July (Mrig bahar), September-October
(Hast bahar) and January-February (Ambe bahar).
• In areas having assured rainfall where precipitation is
normally received in June and continues up to September,
flowering in June is advantageous; where monsoon normally
starts in August, flowering during August is beneficial.
• Areas having assured irrigation potential during April-May,
flowering during January can be taken and where monsoon
starts early and withdraws by September induction of
flowering in October is possible.
• Considering comparable yields, prices and irrigation needs it
is recommended that October cropping could be substituted
for January flowering.
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27. Bahar Treatment or Flower Initiation
Bahar Flower initiation
months
Harvesting Advantages
Ambe February-March June–August High flowering, high
yield but fruits are more
prone to sunscald and
aril color development is
poor. Summer showers
may favor the spread of
bacterial blight
Mrig June–July November-January
Assured rainfall, but
more prone to bacterial
blight and should be
avoided
Hast September–October February–April
Less incidence and
spread of bacterial blight
and it may be preferred27

28. Pollination
• Most pomegranates are self-fruitful, meaning they do not require
another tree to cross pollinate with, as the bees do all the work. That
said, planting another pomegranate near by can increase fruit
production on both plants. A little cross pollination can’t hurt, but it
isn’t necessary
• Pollination of pomegranate trees is done by bees. If you have a tree
that is not producing, the most likely explanation is a lack of
pollinators. There are two solutions here. The first is to hand-pollinate
— a very simple process
• Hand-pollinating pomegranates requires a delicate, sable artist
paintbrush (or even a cotton swab) and a light hand. Gently transfer the
pollen from the male stamen to the female ovary. If you have multiple
trees, go from tree to tree to cross pollinate, which will increase the
crop
• And Second is Install bee houses equipped with larvae. Never spray
pesticides. Include a water feature, such as a bird bath or fountain, in
the landscape
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29. Essential operation
Training:-
• Plants are trained on a single stem or in multi-stem system
• In single stem method, all side shoots are removed from the
beginning itself and only a single is retained till a height of
about one meter
• The crops trained on single stem training system are more
susceptible to pests viz. stem borer and shoot hole borer
• Pinching of stem tip results in branching and 4-5 well
distributed shoots are usually allowed to grow
• This training system is not considered as economical for
commercial purposes
• Multi-stemmed training is adopted by allowing 3-5 stems at
a hill imparting a bushy appearance to plants. Production of
more ground suckers in this system is a common problem
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30. Pruning:-
• Pruning is not much required except for removal of
ground suckers , water shoots, cross branches , dead and
diseased twigs and also to give shape to the tree. A little
thinning and pruning of old spurs is done to encourage
growth of new ones
• Flowers and fruits are produced terminally on shorts
spurs produced all along the slow growing mature wood
and hence pruning should be done carefully not to
reduce the fruit bearing area
Inter-cropping:-
• Inter-cropping with low growing vegetables, pulses or
green manure crops is beneficial. In arid regions, inter-
cropping is possible only during the rainy season,
whereas winter vegetables are feasible in irrigated areas
Cont…
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31. Harvesting & yield
• Pomegranate being a non-climacteric fruit should be picked
when fully ripe. Pomegranate plants take 4-5 years to come
into bearing
• Harvesting of immature or over mature fruits affects the
quality of the fruits. The fruits become ready for picking
120-130 days after fruit set
• Maturity indices are the fruits turn yellowish-red, get
suppressed on sides, distinct sound of grain cracking inside
when slightly pressed
• The calyx at the distal end of the fruit gets closed on
maturity
• Harvesting is usually done by hand plucking of individual
fruits
• A well-developed 8-10 year old tree yields 18-20 t/ha. The
yield declines gradually after the trees attained 25-30 years
of age
31

32. Varieties
• Ganesh: This is a selection
from‘Alandi’
• Developed by Dr. Cheema at
Pune which has revolutionized
cultivation of pomegranate in
Maharashtra state
• This has soft seeds and pinkish
flesh with juice of agreeable taste
and bears heavily
• Dholka: Popular variety of
Gujarat with fruits of large
size, rind greenish yellow, flesh
aril pinkish white seeds soft, juice
acidic. It is a medium cropper
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33. • Bhagwa: It is a selection from
Arakta cultivar. Rind and arils
are dark red, softer arils. Fruits
weight about 250–300 g
• Mridula: It is cross between
ganesh and Gul-a-shah red.
Fruits are medium sized (230–
270 g) with thick smooth dark
red rind colour with blood red
colour soft arils. Arils are juicy
having TSS of 18 °Brix
Mridula
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34. Wonderful
• Large, purple-red fruit with
delicious, tangy flavor. Best quality
in hot inland climate. Gaudy red-
orange bloom, ornamental foliage.
Long-lived, any soil. 150 hours.
Self-fruitful
Sweet
• Very sweet, virtually seedless fruit.
(Even immature fruits are sweet.)
Red skin, clear (non- staining)
juice. Harvest late summer through
fall. Coast or inland. 8-10 ft.
arching shrub, or train as tree or
espalier. Large, showy, orange-red
flowers. 150 hours. Self-fruitful
34
Wonderful
Sweet

35. • Muskat: Rind colour is yellow with pink spots. Average fruit
weight 360g. TSS 15.5%, acidity 0.28%, yield 15 kg per plant
• Jyothi: It is cross between Bassein seedless and Dholka. Aril
colour pinkish white with red patches, soft seed. Average fruit
weight 22g, TSS 15%, acidity 0.50%
• Jalore Seedless: Rind colour yellow with red patches. Aril
colour pinkish with soft seed. Average fruit weight 155g, TSS
15%, acidity 0.30%, yield 16kg per plant
• Jodhpur Red: Aril colour dark pink, Rind colour light green
with red patches. Most prone to fruit cracking. Average fruit
weight 140g, TSS 15%, acidity 0.30%, yield 15kg per plant
• Jodhpur Local: Medium sized fruit with hard rind, fleshy aril
light pink, sweet, juicy, seed moderately hard
35

36. • Popular Varieties of pomegranate in India:
State Popular cultivars
Maharastra Alandi, Karadi and Muskati
Rajasthan Jodhpuri red, Jodhpuri white and Jalore
seedless
Karnataka Madhugiri and Bassein ssedlees
Gujarat Dholka, Bhagwa, Ganesh
Haryana Chawla, Nabha and Country large red
Tamilnadu Velludu
36

37. Other varieties :
• G-137: Clonal selection from Ganesh
• P-26: Seedling selection from Muscat
• Amlidana is New hybrid (Ganesh× Nanha)
• Ruby is hybrid of Ganesh, Kabul and Yercaud
• Soft-seeded Varieties: Jyothi, Ganesh, Bassein seedless, Paper
shell
• Hard seeded Varieties: Khandhari, Alandi
37

38. Grading
Grading is done based on fruit weight, size and rind
colour. There are four grades in general:
1.Super-sized: Fruits with attractive bright red
colour, smooth skin without any spots and
weighing at least 750g from this grade
2.King-sized: fruits weigh between 500 to 750g each
with attractive red colour and should be free from
spots on skin
3.Queen-sized: Fruits have 400-500g weight with
red-coloured rind without any spots
4.Prince-sized: Ripe fruits with 300 to 400g weight
with red-coloured rind
38

39. Packing
• Commonly used packing materials are bamboo baskets and
wooden crates
• Padding between layers with paddy straw or dried grass is given
while packing, to check mechanical damages and injuries
• Corrugated fiberboard easy to handle. For export purpose white
coloured boxes with five plies are generally used whereas red-
coloured ones with three plies are used for domestic markets
39

40. Storage
• Recommended optimum low temperature for storage of pomegranate
fruits is 6-8 oC at 90-95% RH under which shelf life can be extended
up to 10-12 weeks. Temperatures below 5 oC result in chilling injury
to fruits
• The minimum safe temperature for storage of fruits can be achieved
by temperature conditioning at 55 oC for 60-120 minutes
40

41. Insect-Pest
Pomegranate Butterfly (Virachola isocrates ): It is mostly prevalent during the
‘Mrig' bahar. The adult female eggs on flower only or on young fruits. On
hatching, the caterpillar bores into fruit and feed on the pulp. The fruits rot and
drop off
Control: The affected fruits should be collected and destroyed. Insecticide:-
Malathion 50EC 0.1% or Dimethoate 30EC 0.06%, two rounds one at flower
formation and next at fruit set
Bark-eating Caterpillar (Inderbela spp.): The caterpillar bores the bark and
feeds inside. Several holes can be seen on the trunk and the trees loose
productivity. Wood dust and faceal matter hanging in the form of a web around
the affected portion is indication of the borer activity
Control : The webs around the affected portion should be cleaned. Cotton swab
soaked in petrol or kerosene should be inserted in the holes and sealed with mud
41

42. Aphids : Aphids are yellowish green in colour. They
suck the cell sap from the lower surface of the leaves
and devitalize the plant. They secrete sweet sticky
substance, which attracts fungal growth. The affected
leaves show chlorotic patches. High humidity favours
the multiplication of aphids
Control : Spraying with Dimethoate (0.03%) or
Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Malathion (0.1%) at 15
days interval effectively controls the aphid population
42

43. Fruit Fly : The attack is prominent during the rainy season.
The female lays eggs under the rind of the fruits by
puncturing. After hatching the caterpillars feed on the pulp.
The affected fruits cease to develop and drop. During the
rainy season, water enters through the small holes created
by the females leading to fruit rot. The damage leads to
severe economic losses
Control : Since the pest remains inside the fruit chemical
control measures are ineffective. Using 'fly traps' containing
Methyl Eugenol and an insecticide can control the pest
Damage of Fruit Fly Damage of Anaar Butterfuly43

44. 1.Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora punicae
Symptoms:
• Leaf spots are minute, brown with yellow halo
• Spots are scattered, circular or irregular and become dark brown with age
• Spots on lower side are sunken with clusters of spore bearing structures hence
greyish in colour. Minute, circular, black spots appear on sepals of the flower
• Fruit spots are black, minute and circular on rind
• When grow old, become large, irregularly circular and depressed presenting an
ugly look to the fruits
Management:
• Spray Thiophanate - methyl @ 1 g/l, Carbendazim 1g/l, Hexaconazole 1 ml/l or
Propiconazole 1 ml/l for effective control
Diseases
44

45. 2. Alternaria fruit spot: Alternaria alternata
Symptoms:
• Small reddish brown circular spots appear on the fruits
• As the disease advances these spots, coalesce to form larger
patches and the fruits start rotting. The fruits get affected which
become pale and become unfit for consumption
Management:
All the affected fruits should be collected and destroyed
Spraying Mancozeb (0.25%) or Captaf (0.25%) for controls the
disease
45

46. Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Symptoms:
• Appears as small regular or irregular dull violet
or black leaf spots with yellowish halos and
leaves turn yellow and fall out. Symptoms
appear on flowers also
• Both tender and mature fruits develop spots
which are initially circular later becoming
irregular, brown to dark brown covering the
fruit partly or wholly with sunken centre
Management:
• Carbendazim/ Difenconazole or Thiophanate
methyl at 0.25ml/lit sprays at fort-nightly
intervals have been found effective
46

47. 3. Bacterial blight: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
Symptoms:
• Appearance of one to several small water soaked, dark
coloured irregular spots on leaves resulting in premature
defoliation under severe cases
• Spots on fruits were dark brown irregular slightly raised
with oily appearance, which split open with L-shaped cracks
under severe cases
Management:
• Pruning affected branches, fruits regularly and burning
• Bahar should be done in Hasta or Ambe bahar
• Spray 0.5 g Streptomycin Sulphate or Bacterinashak +2.5 g
Copper oxy chloride per litre of water
47

48. Physiological Disorders
1.Internal break down of arils:
• Causes: Complex (Exact cause to be established) Delayed
harvesting, Varietal character, Nutritional deficiency etc.
• Nature of damage: Mainly affects fruits which reveal
blackening and rotting of arils only when cut and opened and
become unfit for consumption and damage
2. Fruit cracking:
• Causes: (i) Improper irrigation (ii) Boron deficiency
• Nature of damage: Fruits reveal cracking as a result pulp gets
exposed to secondary pathogens, thereby affecting fruit
quality
3. Sun Scald:
• Causes: Fruits on trees mainly facing direct sun rays reveal
sun scald. Improper pruning is one of he reasons
• Nature of damage: Peel of affected fruits reveal sun burn
symptoms reducing market value of such fruits
48

49. Fruit
Cracking
Sun Scald Internal Break Down of Arils49

50. Progressive Farmer Padmashree Genabhai chaudhari, Tharad
50

51. He is a progressive
farmer who did great
work in pomegranate
planting in Banaskantha
region.
He got 20-25 state level
award.
8 national level award.
He also get Padmashree
award of 2017.
51

52. 52

53. He attend
World Krushi
Mahotsav in
Israel among the
40 progressive
farmers of india
53

54. References
• Instant Horticulture By S. N. Gupta
• Glaustas Horticulture By P. Muthukumar &
R. Selvakumar
• Basic Horticulture By Jitendra Singh
• Lecture note of Tropical and Sub tropical fruit
crops
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