Botanicals provide safe and effective plant-based solutions for agriculture. They contain valuable medicinal and therapeutic compounds. Botanicals extracts can be used as fertilizers, pesticides, and for plant protection. Some key botanicals discussed are neem, garlic, ginger, and lantana, which contain compounds that have insecticidal, fungicidal, and nematocidal properties. The document also discusses effective microorganism (EM) formulations and fermented plant juices (FPJ) which are made by fermenting plant materials and sugars to produce beneficial microbes. These natural products provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and are non-toxic while still controlling agricultural pests.

1. Botanicals …..the safe
solution
Subodh Khanal
Asst. Professor
Paklihawa Campus
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science

2. What are botanicals?
• A botanical is a plant or plant
part valued for its medicinal or
therapeutic properties, flavor,
and/or scent.
• Extracted from any part of the
plant
• Vast scope in agriculture :
fertilizers and plant protection
• safe, non-toxic, and highly
effective.

3. Primary & secondary plant metabolites
1. Primary metabolites : essential for life
1. Secondary metabolites: formed as a defense against
predators, attractants (volatile or colored) or detoxifying
agents.
Plant metabolites : organic substances formed &
accumulated by plants.
Some metabolites could be included in both divisions e.g. certain fatty acids & sugars.

4. https://subodhgreen.blogspot.com/2020/06/b
log-post.html
http://www.npponepal.gov.np/downloadsdetail/
2/2018/39799637/

10. Rotenone

11. Neem
• Paradise tree
• Panacea
• Every parts are used
• Fully grown tree yields 50 kg fruit and 350 kg leaves annually
• Contains limonoids
• Anti feedants
• Don’t kill instantly but prevents young's from maturing and adults from
reproducing
• 1-10 ppm blocks ecdysone (moulting)
• 10-100 ppm prevents feeding

12. • Systemic poison
• Extracted from seeds
• Affects: stem borers, boll worm, leaf miners, caterpillars,
aphids, white flies, leaf hoppers, mites, thrips

14. Potential

15. Asuro (Justicia adhatoda linn )
• showed antifeedant (76.33), larvicidal (62.33%), pupicidal (22.05%),
and ovicidal (58.86%) effect.
• Deterrent

16. Bojho
• β-asarone in stolons which is considered the main substance that acts
as an insecticide
• PTM and stored grain pest

17. Garlic
• Sulfur compounds such as DAS, DADS, DATS, methylallyl disulfide,
methylallyl trisulfide, 2-vinyl-4H-1, 3-dithiin, 3-vinyl-4H-1, 2-dithiin,
and (E, Z)-ajoenes are present in essential garlic oil
• 6-8 cloves of garlic and 4 cups of water
• Crush garlic in half cup of water for 30 secs in blender
• Strain it and put it in the spray bottle
• Garlic mint sprays can also be done (mint(3 cups)+garlic(5-6) +chilly
powder(2 ts) (boil) and leave overnight+biodegradable soap)
• Against ants, aphids, maggots, bugs, cut worms, leaf hoppers, white
flies , slugs ,snails

18. Ginger
• moderate insect growth regulatory (IGR) and antifeedant activity
• Rhizoctonia solani
• American bollworm, aphids, planthoppers, thrips, whitefly, root-knot
nematodes, brown leaf spot on rice, mango anthracnose, and yellow
vein mosaic

19. Lantana camara
• Lantanolic acid and Lantic acid are the active principles present in
Lantana, which shows growth inhibition and repellent activity against
insect pests
• Effective against stored grain pest and aphids , root knot nematode

20. EM formulations
• In 1982 Dr.Higa at the University of
Ryukyus, Okinawa Japan, discovered a
specific group of naturally occurring
beneficial microorganisms with an
amazing ability to revive, restore, and
preserve.
• He named this group E.M. (Effective
microorganisms).
• Photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid
bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes and
fermenting fungi
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_effective%20microorganism.html

21. Problem is the mother of opportunity
https://subodhgreen.blogspot.com/2020/05/effective-microorganisms.html

22. P1 initiative

23. Fermented plant juice
• FPJ is used in solutions for seed and soil treatments and plant nutrition.
• It consists of the young shoots of vigorously growing plants that are
allowed to ferment for approximately 7 days with the aid of brown sugar.
• The brown sugar draws the juices out of the plant material via osmosis and
also serves as a food source for the microbes carrying out the fermentation
process.
• The weak alcohol produced during fermentation extracts chlorophyll
(soluble in ethanol) and other plant components.
• It is non-toxic and edible.
• use the growing tips of plant species that are fast growers. Flowers, flower
buds, and immature fruits can also be used.

24. Collect plant parts before sunrise..(P<R)
• Avoid rain (wait for 2 sunny days after rain)
• Select fast growing parts
• Do not rinse
• Steps
Collect
Cut (2-3 inch)
Add brown sugar (1:1 or 3:1)
Toss together (as much as sugar on plant surface)
Pack in container tightly put stone over it
Cover mouth with muslin cloth, paper or towel
2/3rd container in 24 hrs
Wait around 1 week
Separate
Store properly; long storage >>>>add equal amount of brown sugar by weight in glass or food
grade plastic bottles

25. Indication of completion
• the plant material floats and the liquid settles at the bottom (note: if
too much brown sugar was used, this separation is not distinct);
• there is a light alcohol smell due to breakdown of chlorophyll; and
• the liquid tastes sweet, not bitter

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiWesh-x5cI

28. How to apply
• Soil drenching
• Foliar application
• dropwort, mugwort, is applied from germination until early stages of plant
growth.
• FPJ made from arrowroot or bamboo shoots is applied on vegetative growth
(leafy) crops that need nitrogen (N).
• FPJ made from green (unripe) fruit is applied to plants that are just beginning to
develop flower shoots and need phosphorus (P).
• FPJ is generally used at a concentration of 1 part per 500 parts water
• 1:800; cocktail, hot weather, stored more than 1 year
• Apply in late afternoon (1 hr before sunset)
• https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/SA-7.pdf

29. IMO
• IMO is a beneficial member of the soil microorganisms including
filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria collected from noncultivated
soil.
• It has a high content of microorganisms on the soil with the presence
of earthworm castings, often found under bamboo trees
• Cooked rice can also be used.

30. Steps for production of IMO
• cooked rice is placed for about 1/3 full in a plastic container (1.8 m × 0.7 m). (preferable split bamboo container)
• Covered with sheet of paper and wrapped with plastic to protect the rice from insects or rodents that may interfere or
destroy the content. Besides, this could also help in preventing the rice from direct sunlight and rainwater before placing it
under any native soil.
• The idea of producing IMO is by trapping and culturing diverse, aged of beneficial indigenous microorganism using cooked
rice as carbohydrate source.
• Burry it 5ch deep for 7 days.
• After this period, white mycelium are formed on the rice. At this stage, IMO 1 is produced.
• The second stage involves the preparation of IMO 2 which was done by mixing IMO 1 with brown sugar at the ratio of 1:1.
• The mixture of IMO 1 and brown sugar is placed in a cool environment away from sunlight for 7 days.
• This will allow the microorganisms to ferment
• After this stage, IMO 3 is produce by diluting 10g of IMO 2 with 1 liter of distilled water.
• IMO 2 and distilled water are mixed well until the color of the solution turn brownish.
• This solution is then poured into 8kg of rice bran and mixed well in a plastic container with the size of 5.5m × 2.6m.
• The container is then covered with plastic and rice straw to allow microorganisms to grow for 5 days.
• The last stage, involves preparation of IMO 4 by mixing the mixture of IMO 3 and rice bran with soil in the ratio of 1:1.
• This mixture was left to allow the microorganisms to propagate for 7 days. IMO 4 is seen to be successful when there are
white mycelium produce on the mixture

31. White mycelium: successful
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfuZMJ6eAYo

34. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/SA-
19.pdf

35. Fish amino acid
Note: It is not recommendable to use FAA during the
period of reproductive growth, because it may induce over
growth.

41. 1 tea spoon of liquid soap+3 drops of essential
oil+ 1 table spoon of chilly powder+5 cloves of
garlic (cut into small pieces)

42. Even eggshell acts as pesticides
• diatomaceous earth which is basically
the fossilized remains of creatures that
are ground into a fine powder.
• Egg shell can be used as alternative
Rinse with water
Dry
Crush and grind
Sprinkle on target pest or at the base
of plant
Slug, snail and flea beetle
It also acts as perfect supplement of
calcium

43. THANK YOU