The document summarizes the drilling of a borehole at Waye Cottage to supplement the existing domestic water supply. A 69m deep borehole was drilled into the granite bedrock and intercepted groundwater at multiple fractures. Initial testing found the borehole could supply over 14,000 liters of water per day. Water quality testing revealed higher than recommended levels of manganese, aluminum, and iron that required treatment equipment. The total cost of drilling and completing the borehole well was £4,467.01.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
Importance of Water
Hydrologic Cycle
Water Use and Resource Problems
Too Much Water
Too Little Water
Global Water Problems
Sharing Water Resources
Water Management
Providing Sustainable Water Supply
Water Conservation
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the water cycle) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface.
CH7.1.pptx: ground water hydrolog of ethiymulugeta48
The annual amount of rain falls runoff is estimated around 122 billion m³ of water.
Groundwater resources are estimated around 36 billion m³.
In Ethiopia, some 80% to 90% of water resources are found in the basins of large rivers such as the Abay (Blue Nile), the Tekeze, the Baro Akobo and the Omo Gibe.
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
Newsletter on Stratigraphy volume 15_number_3_p163-171_Planktonic_foraminifer...Stephen Crittenden
Planktonic foraminifera from drill cuttings through the Early Tertiary interval of a borehole in the southern North Sea. Discusion of the recovered fauna and comparison with other records from the North Sea basin
Goban Spur Presentation: the Early Cretaceous (Barremian -?Aptian) foraminife...Stephen Crittenden
Stephen Crittenden. Chapter 13 of Ph D Thesis written in 1981/1982 when a postgraduate student, using DSDP samples provided kindly by Dr Jacques Sigal and Dr Francoise Magniez. Foraminfera and Ostracoda were described from the "Urgonian" facies of the Early Cretaceous.
Template of Cretaceous lithostratigraphy in the North Sea. Preliminary status in 2007. An example of procedure process. Mike Charnock & Stephen Crittenden
Historical and early exploration records of hydrocarbon seeps in Kuwait and the surrounding area that led to the discovery of the super giant oilfield - Burgan. A tale of political intrigue and geology.
A sequence of slides detailing a preliminary study for age dating (biostrat) the Enjefa Beach succession in Kuwait. The sedimentology of the cliff section is that of Dr Saifullah Khan Tanoli and acts as the framework. The description of the modern day Beach Rock is by S Crittenden
The foraminiferid Osangularia schloenbachi (Reuss) the erection of a neotype....Stephen Crittenden
Erection of a neotype for the loss of the original specimen of the foraminiferid Osanglaria schloenbachi Crittenden and Price conducted an extensive search with no success. But....since this erection of the neotype the original type specimens have been found in Vienna
Crittenden 1984-jm3-1-1[1] A note on the Early Cretaceous biostratigraphy (f...Stephen Crittenden
foraminifera and lithostratigraphy of the Early cretaceous interval of a borehole in the Southern North Sea. Correlated with the onshore UK and to the Dutch sector
Aberdeen Conference in 1999 on the Lower Cretaceous of the North Sea. This talk (abstract) discussed the Lower Cretaceous plays in a sequnce stratigraphy framework. This includes HST and LST and discusses the known hydrocarbon fields in this context.
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
North sea marl våle – maureen nomenclature linkedin versionStephen Crittenden
Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the lower Tertiary of the southern North Sea - UK, Danish and Norwegian sectors. Brief notes and comments as a basis for further discussion
pp395 414 Journal Petroleum Geology10 1987 The Albian transgression in the so...Stephen Crittenden
description of the regional Albian transgression as identified by wireline log, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy correlation - England, North Sea, Holland and Germany
1. Waye Cottage Water.
Stephen Crittenden
14/03/2008
1
The drilling of a borehole to provide an additional
Water Supply at Waye.
by
Stephen Crittenden BSc, MSc, PhD.
Independent Geological Consultant.
April - May 2004.
Introduction.
This document records the drilling of a borehole at Waye Cottage to ‘tap’ a
groundwater source in order to supplement the existing well supplied Domestic
Water, in the hamlet of Waye. It is stressed that the comments and discussion in this
document are made purely from surface observations by and from the best judgement
of Dr Stephen Crittenden, Independent Geological Consultant. For this study no
scientific measurements or tests have been performed to assess the underground water
situation at Waye. Such tests, measurements and procedures may be carried out in the
future. Accordingly the correctness or accuracy of the information and interpretation
herein cannot be warranted and under no circumstances should any such information
or interpretation be relied upon as the sole basis for any drilling or financial decision.
In no event will Dr Stephen Crittenden be liable for any damages including but not
limited to, indirect, special or consequential damages, resulting from the use of any
information or interpretation provided.
Prior to 2004 the three houses at Waye; Waye Cottage, Waye Farm and Lower Waye
Farm, were each supplied with domestic water by their own dug well /cistern. Each
well is in the order of 10metres deep (30 – 35 feet) and at some time in the past hand
dug. The three wells are approximately within 50 metres of each other. The two wells
supplying the medieval long houses of Waye Farm and Waye Cottage were dug
probably in the 14 / 15th
Centuries in fractured / jointed rotten granite to a depth of
about 10metres (30 - 35 feet). They are unlined and are about 1 metre square in cross
section. The well at Lower Waye Farm is topographically lower than the other two but
is also dug predominantly in granite. It is lined with dressed granite setts / bricks and
was probably dug some time in the 19th
century. Further investigation of this well may
reveal that it is dug partially in growan /alluvium above granite.
Simple Geology, Bedrock and Groundwater
The storage and circulation of ground water at Waye is very dependent on the local
geology. At Waye Cottage the bedrock is hard ‘blue’ Dartmoor Granite which is
overlain by a thin veneer of soil. In the Waye hamlet area there is in some places a
thin veneer of alluvium, which has been worked for tin some time in the past, and
‘growan’ – rotten decomposing granite. There are no Culm Measures or rocks of the
metamorphic aureole at Waye.
Granite is pervious due to the presence of interconnected open joints and fissures
(both macro and micro sized) through which water can flow.
At Waye the water migrates through the rock by the most permeable routes and
emerges by natural openings (to form springs and seeps), by the three artificial
openings (hand dug wells) and by direct feed into the small streams. The actual water
storage capacity of the granite beneath Waye Cottage is probably not high and is
2. Waye Cottage Water.
Stephen Crittenden
14/03/2008
2
controlled by the density and volume of the open fractures and joints for a given
volume of rock.
Below a certain level beneath the ground surface at Waye Cottage all porous,
permeable and fissured rocks are saturated with water (ie. groundwater). The upper
surface of the groundwater is termed the water table. The water table surface follows
in general the topography of the ground above; it is arched up beneath hills and curves
down beneath hollows and vales.
Beneath the ground surface three successive zones are recognized. These zones are
dynamic.
a) The uppermost zone is the Zone of Non-saturation.
b) The Zone of Intermittent Saturation extends from the highest level ever
reached by groundwater (after prolonged wet weather), the water table, down
to the lowest level to which the water table drops after drought. The three
wells at Waye are mostly in this zone and the upper part of the Zone of
Permanent Saturation.
c) The Zone of Permanent Saturation extends down to the limit beneath which
groundwater is never found.
The Borehole
It was decided to drill a borehole at Waye Cottage into the granite deep into the Zone
of Permanent Saturation. The hope was that a number of fresh and drinkable water
bearing fissures, fractures and joints would be intersected by the well bore thus
providing multiple sources of water influx into the well bore. If a deep (about
65metres) borehole were drilled then the chances of obtaining water were considered
to be good but….how much water and of what quality could not be determined.
The site of the borehole at Waye Cottage was decided by the available surface area
and a thorough site survey was deemed unnecessary although existing water rights
and contamination possibilities were considered. According to the Government
Department of the Environment it was not necessary to seek permissions for the site
and drilling of a borehole and for the eventual abstraction of water for domestic use.
Unfortunately at Waye Cottage there was not the possibility that a borehole could be
sited such to tap two sources of water; one from an overlying alluvial aquifer where
the water is possibly more mobile but thus prone to contamination, and one from the
granite aquifer beneath. There are no alluvial deposits in the curtilage of Waye
Cottage. The borehole was sited in front of the shippon adjacent to the original cross
passage entrance on the northern side of the Waye Cottage Longhouse. Saxton
Drilling Ltd was contracted to carry out the drilling of the borehole while Waterwise
Engineering was contracted to complete and ‘plumb-in’ the borehole to the existing
pipe system of Waye Cottage.
The 6 inch diameter borehole was drilled, using a tractor mounted compressed air and
rotary / percussion drill, to a depth of 226 feet (69m). A plastic slotted liner was
placed in the borehole together with an electric downhole submersible pump and
pipes to a large storage tank in the shippon. The water is passed through a UV light
system, a Ph correction unit and a chemical treatment system. A separate surface
pump transports the water to the house. The downhole pump is switched on
automatically when the level of water in the storage tank falls down to and below a
pre-set level.
3. Waye Cottage Water.
Stephen Crittenden
14/03/2008
3
Rate of Abstraction
The rate of abstraction of water for domestic use from the borehole at Waye Cottage
is regulated by a number of factors.
A. The water level in the borehole will fall if the “granite aquifer” is not able to
transmit the percolating water to the borehole at the rate with which water is
being withdrawn.
B. A localized cone of depression – draw down of the water table, may occur if
excessive rates of abstraction are used in a borehole even if it is penetrating
the Zone of Permanent Saturation.
C. The rate of abstraction of water through the borehole tapping the storage must
not exceed the rate at which the storage is being recharged by infiltration. If it
does it results in the lowering of the water table and emptying of the aquifer
that may have taken decades to fill. It may then take some years for the aquifer
to recharge and the water table to rise to its former level in the area.
D. It is never sensible to pump a borehole dry. Such a practice runs the risk of
permanently damaging the water transmission ability of the fractures and
fissures that ‘feed’ the borehole and indeed can adversely affect the water
table level for some considerable radial distance from the borehole. Water
travels by preferred routes in the fractured granite aquifer and routes can in
some instances become plugged /blocked such that a borehole may become
semi-bypassed.
A typical borehole in Granite in Devon usually flows less than 3 – 4 cubic meters
/day.
The Waye Cottage borehole ‘struck water’, probably at a number of fractures toward
the bottom half of the borehole as evidenced by a spectacular water and mud spout
shooting into the air – caused by the compressed air used for the drilling. Previous to
that the granite cuttings / flour brought to the surface by the compressed air was dry /
damp. Prior to the completion of the well the bore was pump tested in the following
manner. The downhole pump was lowered into the borehole which was left to
stabilize for a day and the final height of the water column measured at 6.3m (20.67ft)
from the surface. Pumping commenced and a final flow rate of 9.8 litres / min (2.15
gallons / min) was established that maintained the water height in the borehole. An
increase in the pump rate caused the level in the borehole to fall. The borehole was
then left for two days pumping at slightly below the 9.8 litres / min rate in order to
clean up the water and the borehole.
The daily rate of flow is equal to 14,112 litres / day (3,104.27 gallons / day) more than
sufficient to meet the domestic daily demands of Waye Cottage.
Water Quality
The quality of the water was measured by the South West Water Scientific Services
Exeter Laboratories between 13th
May and 25th
May 2004. The Manganese
(102micrograms per litre), Aluminium (440 micrograms per litre) and iron (2450
micrograms per litre) levels were above the maximum level standards set by the UK
4. Waye Cottage Water.
Stephen Crittenden
14/03/2008
4
Government for drinking water. This necessitated the installation of treatment
procedure equipment by Waterwise Engineering Ltd. The iron levels were by far the
biggest worry in terms of excess above the government maximum of 200 micrograms
per litre.
Borehole Water Supply Cost
Saxton Drilling drilled the borehole and supplied all drilling equipment, slotted liner
and personnel at an all in cost of £1000.00 (no VAT). The drilling took three days.
Waterwise Engineering Ltd costs were £2818 (excluding VAT).
Total Cost : £3818.00
VAT : £649.01
£4467.01
Photographs of the Job
The photographs show the setting up of the drilling equipment, including polythene
sheeting to protect the interior of the shippon; the tractor mounted drill, the pneumatic
compressor, the drill pipe and the cuttings pile, and the completed well head with the
liner in place and the down hole pump and cable all protected by an upturned bucket
prior to the final well completion.