Bordetella class notes
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The document discusses three bacterial pathogens: Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis, and Brucella species. B. pertussis causes whooping cough or pertussis in humans. F. tularensis causes tularemia and is transmitted by ticks or contact with infected animals. Brucella species cause brucellosis, a disease transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact or consumption of contaminated dairy products. All three bacteria are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens.
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Este documento resume los aspectos bacteriológicos y epidemiológicos de la tos ferina causada por Bordetella pertussis. Describe la estructura y clasificación de la bacteria, sus factores de virulencia, el cuadro clínico de la enfermedad, el diagnóstico bacteriológico incluyendo la toma de muestras, cultivo e identificación de la bacteria, y los factores que predisponen a la infección.
BORDETELLA
1) Bordetella pertussis es un cocobacilo gramnegativo que causa tos ferina y presenta factores de virulencia como adhesinas y toxinas.
2) La enfermedad se manifiesta en tres fases: catarral, paroxística con tos convulsiva, y convalecencia. El diagnóstico incluye pruebas de laboratorio como cultivo, PCR e inmunofluorescencia.
3) A nivel mundial la tos ferina sigue siendo un problema de salud pública a pesar de la vacunación, aunque los casos se
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Bordetella pertussis es la bacteria que causa la tos ferina. Fue aislada por primera vez en 1906. Coloniza las vías respiratorias superiores e inhibe la síntesis de ADN del huésped mediante toxinas, causando tos persistente. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante cultivo, serología o PCR para detectar la bacteria o sus antígenos en muestras respiratorias.
medios cultivo microbiologia
medios de cultivo de microorganismos en cepas o tubos de ensayo de acuerdo a su crecimiento ,morfologia etc
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae es una bacteria gramnegativa aerobia o facultativamente anaerobia que se encuentra comúnmente en la flora normal de la nasofaringe. Existen cepas capsuladas y no capsuladas, siendo el serotipo B la causa más común de enfermedades invasivas como meningitis en niños menores de 5 años. La cápsula polisacárida antifagocítica es un importante factor de virulencia que permite la invasión bacteriana. La vacuna conjugada contra Hib previene eficazmente las infecciones invasor
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Bacterial zoonoses were presented, including brucellosis and plague. Brucellosis is caused by Brucella bacteria and is transmitted from infected animals to humans through direct contact, foodborne transmission, or inhalation. It causes symptoms like fever, joint pain, and headaches. Diagnosis involves serological tests and treatment consists of antibiotics. Prevention includes vaccination of animals and pasteurization of milk.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is usually transmitted via flea bites. There are three forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague presents with swollen lymph nodes while pneumonic can be spread from person to
Brucella spp assignment.docx
This document discusses Brucella infections, including Brucellosis. It provides information on the physiology and structure of Brucella, which are small gram-negative bacteria. It describes the epidemiology of Brucellosis, noting the animal reservoirs and worldwide distribution. It discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and control of both human and animal Brucellosis. Key points covered include that Brucellosis is an intracellular pathogen, treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline and rifampin, and control involves vaccination and monitoring of animal reservoirs.
Brucellosis ppt
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is a major zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. It causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, sweats, and joint pain in humans. The disease is widespread globally in areas where infection is common in livestock like sheep, goats and cattle. Diagnosis involves serological tests to detect antibodies and culturing Brucella from blood or tissues. Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Vaccination of livestock and pasteurization of dairy products are important for control and prevention.
brucella.pptx
- Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, intracellular coccobacilli that are the cause of brucellosis, a zoonotic disease affecting various animals and transmissible to humans.
- It is characterized by non-specific flu-like symptoms like fever, sweats, fatigue and joint pain. If left untreated it can lead to complications affecting the osteoarticular, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk. Laboratory workers are also at risk of acquiring brucellosis. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR testing of blood or tissues. Treatment consists of
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Brucella organisms that primarily infect livestock such as goats, sheep and cows. Humans can contract brucellosis through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of infected, unpasteurized dairy products. A 1997 survey in Saudi Arabia found a 15% seroprevalence of brucellosis, with higher rates among rural populations, older individuals, and people in high-risk occupations. Brucellosis causes non-specific symptoms like fever and malaise but can also lead to complications affecting the osteoarticular, reproductive or central nervous systems if untreated. Relapse within the first year is possible if initial treatment is inadequate
Aerobic spore forming bacilli
This document summarizes several species of aerobic, spore-forming bacilli including Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis. It describes their classification, morphology, growth characteristics, pathogenicity, mechanisms of infection, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points are that B. anthracis causes anthrax, B. cereus causes two types of food poisoning, and some Bacillus species are used commercially as insecticides.
Aerobic spore forming bacilli
This document summarizes several species of aerobic, spore-forming bacilli including Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis. It describes their classification, morphology, growth characteristics, pathogenicity, mechanisms of infection, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points are that B. anthracis causes anthrax, B. cereus causes two types of food poisoning, and some Bacillus species are used commercially as insecticides.
Bezhan
presentation about one of the common disease which called brucellosis ,i tried to tell all important points about this infection , so it will be useful for students and teachers to make information about this common infection
Fowel Cholera
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease affecting domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It occurs sporadically or endemically in most countries. Clinical signs vary depending on the course of disease but commonly include fever, loss of appetite, respiratory difficulty, and hemorrhages. Post-mortem lesions show vascular disturbances like congestion and hemorrhages. Diagnosis requires isolating P. multocida from infected birds. Treatment involves antibiotics but does not eliminate the bacteria, so prevention focuses on sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination.
Brucella and mycoplasma
The document discusses Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals like goats, sheep, and cattle. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes undulant fever in humans and can infect multiple organs if untreated, requiring a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy.
Zoonotic infections and their effects on health
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points about zoonoses are:
- They are caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and rickettsia.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis.
- Transmission occurs via bites, scratches, ingestion of contaminated food/water or inhalation of infectious agents.
- Prevention relies on vaccination, hygiene practices, quarantine, surveillance and raising awareness. Effective control requires involvement of both animal and human health sectors.
Bovine tuberculosis
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
Epidemiology of kfd, brucellosis and leptospirosis
Kyasanur forest disease was first discovered in 1955 when monkeys died in large numbers in a forest in Karnataka, India. Investigation found the virus was transmitted by ticks to both monkeys and humans. The disease causes sudden onset of fever and severe muscle pain. Prevention focuses on tick control, vaccination, and personal protective measures like tick checks and adequate clothing. Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis spread between animals and humans. It is endemic where livestock are raised and causes intermittent fever and sweating. Prevention centers on controlling the disease in animals through testing, vaccination, and hygiene, as well as pasteurizing milk. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria spread through contact with infected animal urine. It ranges
06 Wilfredo Resoso (Phils)
This document discusses strategies to control Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), a globally significant pig disease. It describes the history and impact of typical and atypical PRRS strains in the Philippines. Diagnostic methods and farm classification systems are outlined. Key control strategies include vaccination, improving biosecurity, and managing pig flow. Proper testing and isolation of replacement stock is important to prevent virus introduction to naive farms.
Community acquired pneumonia
Community Acquired Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection. It is defined as pneumonia occurring outside of a hospital setting. Respiratory infections are the leading cause of doctor visits. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen identified, causing around 46% of cases. Risk factors include older age, smoking, lung disease, and conditions that impair immunity or clearance of secretions. Diagnosis involves assessing severity, likely pathogens, and testing sputum, blood, or urine depending on the suspected germ. Most cases are treated initially with antibiotics at home or in the hospital depending on severity. Vaccines can help prevent many types of community acquired pneumonia.
38596669 avian-diseases
This document provides information on common poultry diseases that affect the respiratory system:
- Fowl pox causes wart-like lesions and is transmitted through direct contact or mosquitos. Vaccination can stop outbreaks.
- Newcastle disease is highly contagious and causes respiratory distress. Prevention includes vaccination and biosecurity.
- Infectious bronchitis affects chickens and causes respiratory signs and egg production drops. Vaccination and biosecurity prevent it.
- Avian influenza ranges from mild to highly pathogenic and causes respiratory signs. Strict quarantine and rapid destruction of infected flocks is needed to control outbreaks.
Bordetella Pertussis
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes whooping cough (pertussis) in humans. It colonizes the respiratory tract and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Its virulence factors include adhesins and toxins like pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin. Expression of virulence factors is controlled by the bvg locus. Whooping cough was a major cause of childhood death before vaccination. While vaccination decreased cases, pertussis is reemerging as vaccine-induced immunity wanes and the bacteria adapts to vaccines through antigenic divergence. Improved vaccines are needed to address ongoing problems with pertussis vaccination and control.
Listeriosis.ppt
This document provides information about the emerging bacterial disease listeriosis. It discusses Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent. Key points include that L. monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen commonly transmitted through contaminated foods. It can cause a mild flu-like illness or a severe invasive infection affecting high-risk groups like pregnant women. The document covers the bacteriology, virulence factors, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of listeriosis. Control relies on proper food handling and sanitation throughout the food supply chain.
Common poultry diseases 1
This document summarizes several common respiratory diseases that affect poultry, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and other birds. It describes the clinical signs, transmission, treatment and prevention for each disease. The diseases discussed include: fowl pox, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, quail bronchitis, avian influenza, infectious coryza, infectious laryngotracheitis, and turkey rhinotracheitis. For each disease, the document provides details on the species affected, symptoms, how it spreads, potential treatments, and prevention methods such as vaccination and sanitation practices.
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Epidemiology of kfd, brucellosis and leptospirosis
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Family rhabdoviridae
The family Rhabdoviridae includes pathogens that infect a variety of mammals, fish, birds and plants. They are bullet-shaped viruses with a negative-sense RNA genome that encodes five proteins. Rabies virus is the most significant human pathogen in this family. It is transmitted via animal bites and travels through peripheral nerves to the central nervous system where it causes fatal encephalitis. The long incubation period allows time for post-exposure vaccination to induce protective antibodies and prevent disease. Rabies remains endemic worldwide through urban and sylvatic cycles of transmission between animals.
Antiviral 1
This document discusses antiviral drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how antiviral drugs target specific stages of viral replication without harming host cells. The main points are:
1) Antiviral drugs include nucleoside analogues, which inhibit viral DNA/RNA replication by getting incorporated into nucleic acids, and interferons, which enhance the immune response against viruses.
2) Nucleoside analogues work by being phosphorylated within infected cells and competing with natural nucleotides for incorporation during viral replication.
3) Interferons induce an antiviral state in cells and enhance antigen presentation/immune responses against viruses.
4) Effective antivirals have been developed for herpesviruses
Processing the crime scene
This document provides guidance on processing crime scenes and securing physical evidence. Key steps include prioritizing medical aid, arresting perpetrators, securing the scene to preserve evidence, taking photographs to document locations and details, creating sketches of the scene, conducting systematic searches, carefully collecting and packaging all potential evidence while maintaining chain of custody, and considering legal and safety issues. Court decisions provide parameters around warrantless searches.
Molecular forensics 2
This document proposes adapting a molecular forensics case study involving HIV sequences from a dentist accused of infecting patients for use in courses at different levels. For upper-level courses, students would analyze HIV sequences from the case and other studies to interpret phylogenetic trees. For lower-level courses, students would use trees from the case data to create a mobile depicting relationships between samples. The goal is to introduce bioinformatics and show that science evolves through new tools and analysis.
Medical aspects of human identification
This document discusses various medical and scientific methods used to identify individuals, whether living or deceased. Identification is important for legal purposes like determining criminal liability or settling insurance claims. Methods discussed include analysis of physical traits, dental records, tattoos, fingerprints, DNA, facial reconstruction, and assessing characteristics of burned remains. Proper identification establishes a person's identity and aids in legal and forensic investigations.
Forensic
This document provides an overview of the history and current methods of forensic DNA analysis. It discusses early methods like RFLP that required large DNA samples, the development of PCR that allowed analysis of smaller samples, and the current standard method using STR analysis of 13-15 loci that can determine a person's profile with a probability of 1 in 1 trillion. It covers DNA mixture interpretation challenges, the CODIS database system, and specialized techniques like mtDNA, Y-STR, and SNP analysis.
Forensic chemistry introduction
The document discusses forensic science and evidence analysis. It begins with an activity for students to list types of forensic evidence. It then discusses Locard's exchange principle which states that criminals leave evidence behind and take evidence with them during crimes. The document outlines the goals of forensic science to determine the provenance or origin of evidence and link it to people, places, or things. It describes the different departments in a crime lab and types of analyses performed. The roles of forensic scientists and expert witnesses are also summarized.
Dna forensic
DNA contains genetic information that codes for proteins. It is found in the nucleus of cells in structures called chromosomes. DNA differs between individuals at certain locations called loci. Forensic DNA analysis involves extracting DNA from evidence samples, amplifying regions of interest using PCR, separating the amplified DNA, and comparing it to reference samples. If DNA matches between an evidence sample and suspect, statistics are presented on the estimated frequency of that DNA profile in a population. Mitochondrial DNA analysis can be used for degraded samples and examines DNA sequence rather than length.
Sero and phage typing bls 206
This document discusses various methods for identifying and characterizing prokaryotes, including phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Identification using phenotypic characteristics involves microscopic analysis, staining techniques like Gram stain, culture characteristics on selective media, and biochemical tests of metabolic differences. Genotypic identification uses techniques like nucleic acid probes, PCR, sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. Characterizing strain differences can be done through biochemical and serological typing, genomic typing methods like PFGE and ribotyping, phage typing, and antibiograms.
Selected gram positives bls 206
Mycobacterium are acid-fast, slow growing bacteria that can cause tuberculosis. They are classified based on growth rate and pigmentation. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans and is identified through acid-fast staining, culturing, and biochemical testing. Bacillus species are spore-forming bacteria that include B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which can cause food poisoning. Clostridium are also spore-forming bacteria that can be divided into groups based on spore location and gelatin hydrolysis.
Rickettsia & chlamydia bls 206
This document discusses Rickettsia and Chlamydia. It provides details on their classification and characteristics. Both are obligate intracellular parasites, but Rickettsia are transmitted by arthropods while Chlamydia have two distinct forms - infectious elementary bodies and intracellular reticulate bodies. The document outlines their structures, metabolisms, growth and multiplication processes, pathogenic mechanisms, epidemiologies, diagnoses and treatments.
Pathogenic anaerobe gram positive bls 206
The document discusses three pathogenic gram-positive bacilli: Corynebacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae. Corynebacterium includes the species C. diphtheriae, which causes respiratory diphtheria, and C. urealyticum, which can cause urinary tract infections. L. monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen that can cause listeriosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. E. rhusopathiae causes erysipeloid skin lesions in those exposed through meat/fish handling and can potentially spread systemically.
Lecture 2 diagnostic molecular microbiology bls
This document discusses methods for diagnosing infectious diseases. Traditional methods like isolation, serology, and direct detection have limitations in clinical utility due to factors like time, viability of organisms, and technical skill required. Molecular methods using nucleic acid detection and manipulation offer advantages like faster results, increased sensitivity and specificity, and adaptation to instrumentation. Introducing molecular diagnostic testing requires evaluating needs, identifying changes, developing protocols, providing resources, educating staff and clients, and ongoing evaluation and improvement. Key steps include specimen collection, nucleic acid extraction, PCR, detection, and reporting results.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test and assay bls 206
This document describes methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, including dilution and diffusion methods. The dilution method involves incorporating varying amounts of antimicrobial substances into liquid or solid media to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The diffusion method uses antibiotic-impregnated discs placed on inoculated agar to measure zone diameters, correlating with quantitative results. Factors like inoculum preparation and drug selection influence the results. Quality assurance is important for clinical usefulness of these tests.
Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
The document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. It describes several key mechanisms:
1. Production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics through destruction or modification. This includes beta-lactamases that break down beta-lactam antibiotics.
2. Decreased permeability of the cell membrane, preventing antibiotic penetration.
3. Active efflux of antibiotics from the bacterial cell via efflux pumps.
4. Modification of antibiotic target sites, such as altered penicillin-binding proteins or modifications to ribosomes.
Resistance can arise through mutation or acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. Multiple resistance mechanisms can provide high-level or multidrug resistance.
Antibiotics lecture may 2010
The document discusses various topics related to antimicrobial drugs, including their history, mechanisms of action, and classifications. It describes Paul Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan 606 in 1906 and the discovery of sulfa drugs in the 1930s. It defines key terms like antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, bactericidal, and bacteriostatic. It explains mechanisms like inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. It provides examples of major classes of antimicrobial drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfonamides, and others. It also discusses antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminth
Streptococci and enterococci bls 206
This document discusses Streptococci and Enterococci bacteria. It describes them as Gram positive cocci that form chains and cause a variety of diseases. It classifies them based on hemolytic properties on blood agar and Lancefield grouping. It provides details on specific pathogenic species like Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, describing their virulence factors, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and prevention strategies.
Bls 107 general microbiology
This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It notes that gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acids, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides. It also describes the cell wall, flagella, pili, and differences in how gram-positive and gram-negative cells react to lysozyme and penicillin.
Bacteriophage 1
This document discusses bacteriophages and their biology. It describes that bacteriophages can have either a lytic or lysogenic life cycle. It focuses on T-even bacteriophages that infect E. coli, describing their complex structure including a head and tail. The document explains the process of phage infection including adsorption of the phage to host receptors and separation of the phage nucleic acid from its protein coat upon entry into the host cell.
Bacterial toxins
This document discusses bacterial toxins, including endotoxins and exotoxins. It notes that endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides associated with the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, while exotoxins are proteins released by pathogenic bacteria. The document provides detailed information on the structure and characteristics of endotoxins and exotoxins, how they contribute to virulence, and their roles in disease.
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Bordetella class notes
- 1. Bordetella, Francisella & Brucella
- 3. Human Disease & Associated Pathogens Brucellosis melintensis Brucella Brucellosis abortus Brucellosis suis Brucellosis canis Tularemia tularensis Francisella Disease Species Genus Bronchopulmonary disease bronchiseptica Pertussis (milder form) parapertussis Pertussis pertussis Bordetella
- 9. Incidence & Severity of Pertussis Cases in USA
- 10. Age Distribution & Severity of Pertussis Cases
- 11. Changes in Age Distribution for Pertussis Cases Blue = 1988 Orange = 1998
- 12. Clinical Progression of Pertussis Most infectious, but generally not yet diagnosed Inflammation of respiratory mucosal memb. , or death
- 14. Virulence Factors Associated with Bordetella pertussis
- 20. Differential Characteristics of Bordetella Species
- 27. Francisella tularensis Infections (cont.)
- 28. Clinical Presentation of Tularemia NOTE: Also Gastrointestinal & Pneumonic forms of disease
- 30. Biochemical Variants (Biovar) of Francisella tularensis
- 33. Antibody Response to Francisella tularensis Infections
- 34. Brucella spp.
- 36. Brucella Infections (cont.)
- 38. Incidence of Brucellosis in USA
- 40. Human Brucellosis & Associated Species Severe