Global value chains can contribute to productive
capacity development through several
mechanisms, including technology dissemination
and skills and knowledge development. They
can also open up opportunities for longer-term
industrial upgrading, especially in coordination
with other policy areas such as science, technology
and innovation policies that support technological
learning and boost competitiveness.
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2018
https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2130
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
World Investment Report 2018 - Investment and New Industrial Policies (UNCTAD/WIR/2018)
06 Jun 2018, 4821.2 KB
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2018
https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2130
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
World Investment Report 2018 - Investment and New Industrial Policies (UNCTAD/WIR/2018)
06 Jun 2018, 4821.2 KB
A wide-ranging presentation assessing the impacts of trade liberalisation on national economies and the international trend towards greater trade in services.
THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH; THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARA...AkashSharma618775
The main aim of this research is to explore the effect of trade liberalization on economic growth in subSaharan Africa by analyzing certain macro-economic indicators using Ordinary Least Squares approach to
estimate regression equations. Many developing countries have substantially liberalized their trade regime over the
past three decades, either unilaterally or as part of multilateral initiatives. Nevertheless, trade barriers remain
high in many developing countries. One of the concerns that attributes to the reluctance of many of these countries
to liberalize their trade regime is the possible worsening of the trade balance.
This research paper is meant to give a recommendation on which macro-economic indicators sub-Saharan African
countries should pay particular attention to, implementing the necessary policies to ensure its effectiveness thereby
ensuring a step-up in those aspects of the economy in order to promote development. It considers 46 different
countries with different economic policies in sub-Saharan Africa for a 14-year period. Most papers considering
sub-Saharan African region consider a selected few countries based on certain economic reasons of their choice,
and those who consider most countries in the region have different macroeconomic indicators they employ for their
modeling. This paper considers if not all, almost all sub-Saharan African countries regardless of their economic
status.
Foreign Direct Invectments in Developing countriesMunashe Kamwemba
the presentation is focusing of developing countries and the impact of Direct Foreign investments as well as factors that influence and promote investment in the area .
External Trade Benefits and Poverty Reduction in English Speaking West Africa...iosrjce
This research examines the impact of external trade benefits on poverty reduction in five English
Speaking West African Countries (ESWACs) from 1980 to 2013. These countries include; The Gambia, Ghana,
Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The study expressed external trade benefits (ETB) as increase in export
earnings (EXE), trade openness (TOP), total government expenditure (TGE) and reduction in foreign exchange
rate (FER), while poverty level is expressed as real gross domestic income (GNI) per capita current US Dollar.
Theoretically, the study relied on five trade theories, in practice; the study constructs a balanced panel data
structure (BPDS) and methodologically, departs from the classical OLS and 1st generation panel econometric
techniques to adopting recently developed 2nd generation panel data econometric methods. The results of the
study reveal that external trade benefits were not found to be significant enough to reduce the poverty level in
ESWACs from 1980 to 2013.This impliesthat external trade benefits did not significantly increase GNI per
capita in ESWACs within the period of study. Based on this result, the study therefore concluded that the impact
of external trade benefits on poverty level is a trivial matter because external trade benefits have not
comprehensively and significantly augmented the status of real gross domestic income (GNI) percapital
currentUSDollar of English speaking West African countries within the period of study. Following this
conclusion we recommended, among others, that policy implication on the result of co-integration of the panel
equation 2 is that more credible expansionary fiscal policy should be pursued as this will help to pump more
money into circulation with the aim of creating and expanding employment opportunities that would be able to
reduce poverty in the region and cut in public investment spending on agriculture and industrial sectors should
be avoided so that the countries will be encouraged to produce locally and also export.
This presentation was made by Professor Patrick McNutt and is part of the Global MBA offered by FGV in partnership with Manchester Business School (MBS)
Economic Brief - Innovation and Productivity North Africa 2014Dr Lendy Spires
This article highlights the key determinants of innovation and their impact on the performance of firms in three North African countries (Algeria, Egypt and Morocco) on the basis of World Bank survey data on the investment climate. Initially, our econometric approach consists of estimating the impact of the traditional determinants of innovation by underscoring the critical role played by human capital in technological ownership and absorption. We then estimate the relationship between innovation and productivity taking into account certain characteristics of the investment climate and the quality of infrastructure and public services.
The main results suggest that, in North African countries, innovation is far from being the result of R&D and new technology creating activities alone. It also occurs by the adoption and adaptation of technologies created elsewhere through learning and assimilation-related mechanisms requiring more highly qualified human capital and improvement of the investment climate. We have also shown the weakness of the effect of technological externalities generated by export and foreign investment activities on innovation potential. The rigid structure of comparative advantages and the concentration of exports and FDI in activities with limited value addition which are poorly integrated in the local economy generate few upstream-downstream externalities.
Key Messages
• In North Africa, especially in Morocco and Egypt, the impact of qualified human resources on innovation incentives and productivity levels is insignificant. This points to the under-utilization and inefficient allocation of capital in these countries. • The impact of exports on innovation is insignificant, mainly as a result of the rigid structure of comparative advantages in these countries and the concentration of exports in sectors with little value addition and limited technological potential, particularly in the case of Morocco.
• To foster innovation and stimulate productivity, special attention should be paid to certain aspects of the national innovation system. The recommendations of this note are as follows: • Strengthen governance of the national innovation system;
• Stimulate the research and corporate environment with a view to decompartmentalizing the two spheres and ensuring more efficient and effective interfacing;
• Build support for the higher education system and vocational training in order to enhance human resource competencies to obtain a better contribution to the production and innovation processes;
• Create more advantageous incentive programmes for innovative FDI with higher value-addition, which is sufficiently well integrated upstream and downstream of the local economy; and
• Establish mechanisms for contractualization, supported by the State in the area of science and technology between the research centres, universities, potentially innovative local firms and foreign companies wishing to relocat
A wide-ranging presentation assessing the impacts of trade liberalisation on national economies and the international trend towards greater trade in services.
THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH; THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARA...AkashSharma618775
The main aim of this research is to explore the effect of trade liberalization on economic growth in subSaharan Africa by analyzing certain macro-economic indicators using Ordinary Least Squares approach to
estimate regression equations. Many developing countries have substantially liberalized their trade regime over the
past three decades, either unilaterally or as part of multilateral initiatives. Nevertheless, trade barriers remain
high in many developing countries. One of the concerns that attributes to the reluctance of many of these countries
to liberalize their trade regime is the possible worsening of the trade balance.
This research paper is meant to give a recommendation on which macro-economic indicators sub-Saharan African
countries should pay particular attention to, implementing the necessary policies to ensure its effectiveness thereby
ensuring a step-up in those aspects of the economy in order to promote development. It considers 46 different
countries with different economic policies in sub-Saharan Africa for a 14-year period. Most papers considering
sub-Saharan African region consider a selected few countries based on certain economic reasons of their choice,
and those who consider most countries in the region have different macroeconomic indicators they employ for their
modeling. This paper considers if not all, almost all sub-Saharan African countries regardless of their economic
status.
Foreign Direct Invectments in Developing countriesMunashe Kamwemba
the presentation is focusing of developing countries and the impact of Direct Foreign investments as well as factors that influence and promote investment in the area .
External Trade Benefits and Poverty Reduction in English Speaking West Africa...iosrjce
This research examines the impact of external trade benefits on poverty reduction in five English
Speaking West African Countries (ESWACs) from 1980 to 2013. These countries include; The Gambia, Ghana,
Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The study expressed external trade benefits (ETB) as increase in export
earnings (EXE), trade openness (TOP), total government expenditure (TGE) and reduction in foreign exchange
rate (FER), while poverty level is expressed as real gross domestic income (GNI) per capita current US Dollar.
Theoretically, the study relied on five trade theories, in practice; the study constructs a balanced panel data
structure (BPDS) and methodologically, departs from the classical OLS and 1st generation panel econometric
techniques to adopting recently developed 2nd generation panel data econometric methods. The results of the
study reveal that external trade benefits were not found to be significant enough to reduce the poverty level in
ESWACs from 1980 to 2013.This impliesthat external trade benefits did not significantly increase GNI per
capita in ESWACs within the period of study. Based on this result, the study therefore concluded that the impact
of external trade benefits on poverty level is a trivial matter because external trade benefits have not
comprehensively and significantly augmented the status of real gross domestic income (GNI) percapital
currentUSDollar of English speaking West African countries within the period of study. Following this
conclusion we recommended, among others, that policy implication on the result of co-integration of the panel
equation 2 is that more credible expansionary fiscal policy should be pursued as this will help to pump more
money into circulation with the aim of creating and expanding employment opportunities that would be able to
reduce poverty in the region and cut in public investment spending on agriculture and industrial sectors should
be avoided so that the countries will be encouraged to produce locally and also export.
This presentation was made by Professor Patrick McNutt and is part of the Global MBA offered by FGV in partnership with Manchester Business School (MBS)
Economic Brief - Innovation and Productivity North Africa 2014Dr Lendy Spires
This article highlights the key determinants of innovation and their impact on the performance of firms in three North African countries (Algeria, Egypt and Morocco) on the basis of World Bank survey data on the investment climate. Initially, our econometric approach consists of estimating the impact of the traditional determinants of innovation by underscoring the critical role played by human capital in technological ownership and absorption. We then estimate the relationship between innovation and productivity taking into account certain characteristics of the investment climate and the quality of infrastructure and public services.
The main results suggest that, in North African countries, innovation is far from being the result of R&D and new technology creating activities alone. It also occurs by the adoption and adaptation of technologies created elsewhere through learning and assimilation-related mechanisms requiring more highly qualified human capital and improvement of the investment climate. We have also shown the weakness of the effect of technological externalities generated by export and foreign investment activities on innovation potential. The rigid structure of comparative advantages and the concentration of exports and FDI in activities with limited value addition which are poorly integrated in the local economy generate few upstream-downstream externalities.
Key Messages
• In North Africa, especially in Morocco and Egypt, the impact of qualified human resources on innovation incentives and productivity levels is insignificant. This points to the under-utilization and inefficient allocation of capital in these countries. • The impact of exports on innovation is insignificant, mainly as a result of the rigid structure of comparative advantages in these countries and the concentration of exports in sectors with little value addition and limited technological potential, particularly in the case of Morocco.
• To foster innovation and stimulate productivity, special attention should be paid to certain aspects of the national innovation system. The recommendations of this note are as follows: • Strengthen governance of the national innovation system;
• Stimulate the research and corporate environment with a view to decompartmentalizing the two spheres and ensuring more efficient and effective interfacing;
• Build support for the higher education system and vocational training in order to enhance human resource competencies to obtain a better contribution to the production and innovation processes;
• Create more advantageous incentive programmes for innovative FDI with higher value-addition, which is sufficiently well integrated upstream and downstream of the local economy; and
• Establish mechanisms for contractualization, supported by the State in the area of science and technology between the research centres, universities, potentially innovative local firms and foreign companies wishing to relocat
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The role of multinational business in trade has always been very important—large firms account for the majority of international trade flows, and many if not most of these large firms will have establishments in multiple countries. These firms, obviously, are not in the development assistance business (although they may be contracted by governments to implement projects financed by Aid for Trade). This does not mean, however, that private companies do not contribute to building trade capacity in developing countries. To the contrary, many enterprises that have established operations in developing countries or that trade with developing countries make a major contribution to economic upgrading and local capacity building. Such activities are not captured by the term AFT – nor would it qualify as AFT – because the origin of the funds is private and the objective is generally to benefit/support the associated investments/operations. It nonetheless serves the same purpose. Indeed, it may have
greater success as a result of the need to demonstrate results vis-à-vis the firm’s shareholders, and can generate positive spillovers.
Globalisation has become associated with difficulties for less-skilled workers, inequality and a general sense that it is not working for large sections of society, in both advanced and emerging economies. There is much to be done with domestic policy to improve outcomes, but there is also a strong need for better alignment of domestic and international policies and a more level playing field in the cross-border activities of businesses.
This booklet reproduces highlights from the 2017 edition of the OECD Business and Finance Outlook which focuses on ways to enhance “fairness”, in the sense of strengthening global governance, to ensure a level playing field in trade, investment and corporate behaviour, through the setting and better enforcement of global standards.
Find out more here http://www.oecd.org/daf/oecd-business-and-finance-outlook-2017-9789264274891-en.htm
The Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development, at its eighth session in
Geneva (12–15 January 2004), discussed the issues note “Policy options for strengthening SME
competitiveness” (TD/B/COM.3/58), which recommends concrete policy options that developing
countries could adopt to strengthen enterprise competitiveness. The Commission decided to continue
its work in this area with a focus on enhancing the export competitiveness of small and medium-size
enterprises, including through possible link-ups to international supply chains.
Session (Part 1) by Randall Jones, Head of Japan/Korea Desk, OECD Economics Department.
The growth of global value chains (GVCs) has increased the interconnectedness of economies. We understand that emerging economies in Southeast Asia play a pivotal role in the global economy. This session will provide you with the latest OECD analysis on the regional economy and on the key challenges it faces in light of regional integration.
International trade, which used to be a leading driver of economic growth, is now lagging behind, as world trade growth slowed down to around 2% in 2015. Two decades prior to the 2008 crisis, world trade growth annually registered at 7%. Many factors are at play – both cyclical and structural – but their effects are posing risks to the emerging and developing economies in Asia, where trade growth is currently relatively robust. Regional free trade agreements, notably the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, will also influence trade in Asia, and will certainly have implications for the global value chains of specific industries, including in those countries not belonging to the new regional agreements. Strengthening regional ties by 2025 is one of Asia’s most important agendas. This can be made more effective by building on important and positive achievements through ASEAN, ASEAN+3 and ASEAN+6 and making greater efforts to improve co-ordination between regional and sub-regional initiatives and national agendas, reduce disparities in the region, move towards a “Global ASEAN” and strengthen monitoring capacity. Additionally, addressing issues of green growth, renewable energy and private sector development will be particularly important to Asia’s success in regional integration.
This session will review the development cooperation provisions of the EPA Agreement and examine the role of the institutions charged with the responsibility of the provision of development assistance. This discussion should emphasize the need for strategic planning when requesting assistance or cooperation and the importance of technical assistance utilized for capacity building.
Presentation by Kariyma Baltimore - Trade Officer
A Theoretical Framework (Modelling) for International Business ManagementYasmin AbdelAziz
The international framework with all the institutions and organisations
that determine country’s economic and support policy in emergent situations.
2. Impact of globalisation on international and national policy and activities. 3. The
national framework, which fairly complicated because there are many active players:
a) National economic policy: understanding it and the environment for trade
activities. b) National economic structure and competiveness of the domestic
companies. c) International management capacities. d) Local or regional environment
and conditions for the companies. e) Focus on the world market conditions and their
development
In order to maximise the benefits of regional integration and look for new opportunities for competitiveness, policymakers, the private sector and development partners need access to accurate and comprehensive data on intra and inter-regional trade in Africa with respect to agricultural goods. It is in this context that CTA and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) are launching the “African Agricultural Trade Status Report”, which examines the current status, trends and outlook in African trade performance, making an important contribution towards data and analysis of developments both at regional and at continental levels. The Report, which is released in conjunction with the Briefing, builds on the work by the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) of CAADP and the African Growth and Development Policy Modeling Consortium (AGRODEP) trade and also reflects the CTA’s commitment to advancing knowledge and sharing of best practices relating to agricultural trade.
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaiosrjce
Given the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth and the use of tax
incentives as a strategy among government of various countries to attract FDI, this study examines the influence
of tax incentives in the decision of an investor to locate FDI in Nigeria. Data were drawn from annual statistical
bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank World Development Indicators Database. The work
employs a model of multiple regressions using static Error Correction Modelling (ECM) to determine the time
series properties of tax incentives captured by annual tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)and FDI. The result showed that FDI response to tax incentives is negatively significant, that is, increase
in tax incentives does not bring about a corresponding increase in FDI. Based on the findings, the paper
recommends, amongst others, that dependence on tax incentives should be reduced and more attention be put on
other incentives strategies such as stable economic reforms and stable political climate.
This paper investigates the evolution and determinants of manufactured exports and FDI in MED-11 countries over the period 1985-2009 as well as the prospects of their evolution under different scenarios pertaining to the evolution of the determinants. The econometric analysis confirmed the role of exchange rate depreciation, the openness of the economy and the quality of institution and infrastructure in fostering manufactured exports and FDI inflows in the Region. The prospects' assessment suggested that a scenario of deeper integration with the EU entails superior performance regarding manufactured exports and FDI than status quo or less integration with the EU but greater regional integration.
Authored by: Khalid Sekkat
Published in 2012
Pattern and Determinants of Export Diversification in BangladeshMd. Moulude Hossain
This paper analyzes the pattern and the main determinants of
export diversification in Bangladesh. A large data set of Bangladesh export during the period of 1980-81 to 2006-07 has been used for this purpose. Three main indexes have been used to explore the trend of export concentration and these three indicators of export diversification were calculated to determine the trend of export from Bangladesh. The
Hirschman Index, the Ogive Index and the Entropy Coefficient were used to analyze the diversification pattern of export from Bangladesh. From the analyses, robust evidence has been found across the specifications and indicators that the export basket of Bangladesh has continued to remain relatively undiversified and the country has not been able to translate its
comparative advantage into competitive advantage. Further, this study reveals that the export growth and overall economic growth are highly correlated and a robust restructuring in trade policy is needed for gaining momentum in diversification of export in Bangladesh. The analyses show that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of
overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade barrier and costs, development of infrastructure and communication, extensive financing for export and policies emphasizing the development of human capital is now the need of time for improving diversification of export.
Project on Connectivity Infrastructure to Enhance Productivity and GVCs - Fer...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Fernando Mistura, Investment Division, DAF, OECD, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Nigeria and Global Competitiveness: Imperative for International Trade a Comp...inventionjournals
This study is aimed at examining the level of Nigeria’s global competitiveness in relation to some selected economies in Africa and to establish the links between international trade and global competitiveness. In conducting the study secondary data were sourced from the Africa Competitiveness report 2015 and the Global Competitiveness report 2014- 2015 as point of reference and in providing the data necessary for the analysis. Descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the data provided by the insight reports while comparison was made with six African oil exporting countries. Findings showed that Nigeria is having a weak performance in almost all the factors considered with a very dismal performance in its institutions, health and primary education and infrastructure to change this position to a positive one, the Nigeria economy should be transformed by diversifying the economy from crude oil dependence to a multi sector driven economy.
Introduction to the Psychology of International Cooperation Seventeen motivat...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
This booklet was developed by an academic supervisor and a team of coauthors comprised of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) staff members and a consultant, as listed below. The case studies described in this booklet are based on information gathered during research conducted from April to October 2015 in several developing countries as well as in Japan.
https://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditccom20081_en.pdf
This report adds to research on the cocoa–chocolate chain. It specifically assesses the issue of
market concentration within the chain, and discusses possible implications for competition
law and policy. The study, which builds on synergies between UNCTAD’s Commodities
Branch and Competition and Consumer Policies Branch, is part of a broader initiative within
the Commodities Branch aimed at enhancing market information and transparency in the
commodity sector.
Guide describing trade and industry practices, as well as regulations applying to cocoa – traces customs
procedures, systems and techniques used at each stage of the cocoa supply chain; reviews trends in
cocoa manufacturing and processing, electronic commerce, cocoa organic farming, fair trade,
sustainable production and environmental issues; also provides list of main sector-related trade and
industry associations; appendices contain detailed statistical data and list of relevant Internet
websites.
http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/Cocoa%20-%20A%20Guide%20to%20Trade%20Practices%20English.pdf
Subject descriptors: cocoa, trade practices, statistical data.
Study on the costs, advantages and disadvantages of cocoa certification commi...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
Over the last decade the importance of social, environmental and economical issues in the cocoa sector has increased considerably. As a consequence, cocoa certification has been placed at the centre of an international debate amongst the cocoa community.
At this moment, there seems to be no consensus on whether certification is positive for farmers or not. Certification is considered by some as an adequate tool to promote sustainability in the cocoa value chain and to improve the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. Other actors involved in the sector seem to be less optimistic on the net benefits that certification offers at farm level and highlight the burden that it can bring in terms of required investments.
In order to provide more clarity to this debate, KPMG was commissioned by ICCO to conduct a study on the costs and benefits of certification, comprising both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis which aim to elicit the costs, net benefits, advantages and disadvantages of cocoa certification.
A Guide to traceAbility A Practical Approach to Advance Sustainability in Glo...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
The UN Global Compact and BSR are pleased to issue this guide to help companies and stakeholders understand and advance supply chain traceability, which is the process of iden- tifying and tracking a product or component’s path from raw material to finished good.
This guide represents more than a year of work in preparation, research and interviews.
Analysis of Cocoa Beans Processing And Quality in Post Harvest in South East ...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
The best perspective for a farmer would be to create a market for fermented beans in Sulawesi and to create an additional value for the cocoa beans with the implementation of the fermentation on farm-level. The key to maintain a good quality of cocoa beans in the whole value chain is to link all the stakeholders to each other.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
BOOSTING INVESTMENT IN PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES FOR TRADE: A CALL TO ACTION
1. BOOSTING INVESTMENT
IN PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES
FOR TRADE:
A CALL TO ACTION
The report of the Secretary-General to the fourteenth session of the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD XIV) highlights the importance
of building productive capacity and providing economic transformation (action line 1).
It emphasizes the role of investment, trade, technology and entrepreneurship,
and the nexus between them, as important means to achieve this.
This policy brief focuses specifically on the need to boost investment in
productive capacities for trade. It brings together some of the key messages
and recommendations of the UNCTAD World Investment Reports,
Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development and
Economic Development in Africa Report 2014: Catalysing Investment for
Transformative Growth in Africa.
Developing countries, including many of the least
developed countries in Africa, have grown at
almost twice the global average rate over the last
decade. Nonetheless, structural transformation
and the development of productive capacities
for trade – necessary for low-income countries
to benefit from greater integration into the global
economy – have not yet taken root in many
countries. Achieving this requires broadening
the sources of growth. This implies, among
other factors, boosting the level of investment,
both domestic and foreign, and improving its
contribution to productive capacities for trade.
Investment promotion, investment facilitation
and trade facilitation efforts need to be
stepped up. Towards this end, the international
community can complement the efforts of
national Governments in developing countries.
Investment in productive
capacities for trade:
A virtuous circle
There is a virtuous circle between trade and
U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
investment policy; the complementarities
between them and the interdependence of trade
and investment require greater coordination at
the national, regional and international levels.
Trade facilitation measures will have positive
effects on export-oriented investment as well
as investment that benefits from facilitated (and
cheaper) imports. Equally, investment facilitation
measures, such as creating a conducive
business environment through streamlined
registration and licensing procedures, will
have a positive effect on exports where they
attract export-oriented investment and where
they result in the build-up of critical productive
assets, infrastructure and capabilities needed
for exports. Figure 1 illustrates this circle and
shows how targeted policy interventions on
both the trade and investment sides could help
to boost productive capacities, exports and the
eventual structural transformation of the world’s
poorest economies.
POLICYBRIEFNo.43DECEMBER 2015
2. UNCTAD has always emphasized the
importance of productive capacity development
as a prerequisite to trade capabilities. Trade and
investment policies working in a coordinated
fashion can address the tripartite nature of
productive capacities for trade, as defined by
UNCTAD in terms of three pillars (see figure 2).
As illustrated in the Economic Development
in Africa Report 2014, targeted investment
policies in sectors of particular relevance can
boost productive capacities across those three
pillars. Such policies should boost the level and
rate of both domestic and foreign investments.
Foreign investment is particularly relevant
where it enhances and complements domestic
investment, and where international links enhance
domestic capabilities and access to foreign know-
how, technologies and markets. The following
sections look at each of the three pillars.
The need to boost investment
in infrastructure for trade
For productive resources and in particular
critical infrastructure for trade and development,
UNCTAD (as part of the action plan for
investment in the Sustainable Development
Goals) estimated the current investment in
selected sectors in developing countries, their
investment needs and the consequent annual
investment gap between now and 2030, which
stands at $1.2 trillion (table 1).
Table 1
Current investment, investment needs and gaps, and private sector participation in selected
infrastructure sectors, in developing countries, 2015–2030
Figure 2
The three pillars of productive capacities
for trade
• Infrastructure
• ProducƟve assets
ProducƟve resources
• Access to markets
• DomesƟc economy
Linkages
• Skills and entrepreneurship
• Technology
CapabiliƟes
Source: UNCTAD.
Source: Based on the UNCTAD World Investment Report 2014: Investing in the SDGs – An Action Plan.
Note: See the World Investment Report 2014 for full table, notes and sources.
a
In billions of dollars, latest available year.
b
Annualized billions of dollars, constant price.
Figure 1
Trade and investment facilitation: Two sides of the same coin
Investment
facilitaƟon
Trade
facilitaƟon
ProducƟve
capacity
development
Growing
trade
capabiliƟes
Greater
integraƟon
in global
producƟon
networks
and
value chains
Increased
investment
Source: UNCTAD.Source: UNCTAD.
Sector Estimated current
investmenta
Total investment
requiredb
Investment gapb
Average private
sector participation
in current investment
(percentage)
Power 260 790 530 40–50
Transport 300 560 260 30–40
Telecommunications 160 315 155 40–80
Water and sanitation 150 410 260 0–20
TOTAL 870 2 075 1 205 25–50
3. Many developing countries, including some
of the poorest, are increasingly participating
in multinational enterprise global production
networks or global value chains. Global
value chain links in developing countries can
play an important role in economic growth.
Domestic value added resulting from global
value chain trade – that is, the contribution of
such trade to gross domestic product (GDP)
– can be significant relative to the size of local
economies. In developing economies, value
added trade contributes some 28 per cent to
these countries’ GDP on average, as compared
to 18 per cent for developed economies (see
World Investment Report 2013). However, many
developing countries often find themselves
producing and trading at the lower levels of
global value chains, which provide lower gains
in value added. An important challenge for these
countries is to build the capacities required to
move up the value chain and undertake the
more sophisticated tasks that increase the
benefits from participating in those global value
chains. Here, investment policy plays a key role.
Greater integration in global
production processes can help
boost export capabilities
The third pillar of productive capacities for trade
concerns the domestic capabilities of countries,
such as local skills and technology. UNCTAD
analysis found that there is a strong positive
correlation between the integration of domestic
firms in the international production networks
of multinational enterprises and the higher
productivity of those firms. Figure 4 tracks, from
left to right, non-exporting firms, firms exporting at
arm’s length and firms importing and exporting as
part of the networks of multinational enterprises.
The positive correlation shown in the figure
probably reflects a mutually reinforcing process
where higher productivity of domestic firms is not
only beneficial for growth but also connected to
greater competitiveness in export markets.
Bridging this gap in the selected infrastructure
sectors will require increased public sources of
finance such as aid (and aid for trade) and public
investment by developing countries themselves.
But private sources of finance, both domestic
and foreign, will also need to play a role. UNCTAD
has estimated that private sector participation
in current investment for infrastructure, in
developing countries, ranges from an average
of 25 to 50 per cent. The adoption of specific
investment policy measures, further discussed
in the World Investment Report 2014 could
bring this rate closer to the developed country
average of between 55 and 90 per cent. Such
investment, and the policies required to promote
and facilitate it (and to regulate it) at the national,
regional and international levels, could make a
huge difference to the trade capacities of the
world’s poorest countries.
Plugging into international
production networks can
increase exports and export
capacities in developing countries
For the second pillar of productive capacities
for trade, developing countries need to leverage
their linkages between trade and the domestic
economy (as well as bolster linkages within their
own domestic economies) to build productive
capacities. A crucial element of a coherent
policy strategy to this end is trade policy that
boosts international competitiveness and
market access. The resulting opportunities
may be further enhanced by integrating into
the global production networks of multinational
firms, which UNCTAD estimated account for as
much as 80 per cent of global trade (figure 3).
Figure 3
Breakdown of global trade linked to the
production networks of multinational
enterprises (Percentage)
Figure 4
Domestic productivity is closely correlated
with integration in international production
networks
Source: Based on World Investment Report 2013:
Global Value Chains – Investment and Trade for
Development.
Note: Eighty per cent of global trade is linked to the
production networks of multinational enterprises. Source: Based on World Investment Report 2013.
Increasing integraƟon in internaƟonal
producƟon networks
Rising
producƟvity
of domesƟc
firms
Total factor
producƟvity index
4. UNCTAD/PRESS/PB/2015/17(No.43)
therefore important to ensure that policymaking
is coordinated at all levels and on both sides:
trade and investment. UNCTAD has argued
that a piecemeal and fragmented approach
will fail to bring about the kind of structural
transformation and growth that is, for example,
envisaged by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. Greater efforts are also needed
at the international level to boost investment for
trade and ensure that it contributes to productive
capacity development, and ultimately to the
beneficial integration of developing countries
in the global economy. Towards these ends,
UNCTAD has been working on two tracks: first,
it has produced the UNCTAD Investment Policy
Framework for Sustainable Development that
serves as a reference guide for policymakers in
formulating national investment policies and in
negotiating investment agreements. Secondly,
it has suggested that, in the absence of a
multilateral system approach, the best way to
make the international investment agreement
regime work for sustainable development is
to collectively reform the regime with a global
support structure. The World Investment
Forum has provided a platform for discussion
on investment policy for development. This
could provide a basis for further efforts by
the international community to address the
trade and investment challenges faced by the
world’s poorest economies, especially the least
developed countries.
Global value chains can contribute to productive
capacity development through several
mechanisms, including technology dissemination
and skills and knowledge development. They
can also open up opportunities for longer-term
industrial upgrading, especially in coordination
withotherpolicyareassuchasscience,technology
and innovation policies that support technological
learning and boost competitiveness. Trade and
investment policy can target a number of global
value chain development paths in developing
countries in order to realize that potential.
These paths include “engaging” in global value
chains, for example by using measures such as
local content requirements to increase linkages
with local firms; “upgrading” along global value
chains to try and capture relatively higher value
parts of the value chain, and “leapfrogging” and
“competing” via global value chains. More policy
detail on these development paths is available
in the World Investment Report 2013 and in
the report of the Secretary-General to UNCTAD
XIV (exploiting the trade-investment nexus for
diversification).
Coordinated policies require
a multilateral response
Policy measures can target both sides of the
trade and investment circle, as illustrated in figure
1, but it is important to recognize that policies
on one side can have impacts on the other side
– both positive and negative (see table 2). It is
Contact
James Zhan,
Director,
Division on Investment
and Enterprise
Tel. 41 22 917 5797
james.zhan@unctad.org
Press Office
Tel. 41 22 917 5828
unctadpress@unctad.org
unctad.org
Source: UNCTAD.
Table 2
Selected trade and investment promotion measures and their potential impacts
Effects of trade policy measures on investment
• Trade facilitation (applying to imports and exports)
• Export promotion (e.g. export finance, credit
guarantees, trade fairs)
⇒ Positive effect on export-oriented investment by
reducing the cost of multiple border crossings on
the import and export sides and through expedited
exports; of particular relevance in time-sensitive
global value chains
⇒ Positive effect on market-seeking investment that
benefits from facilitated and cheaper imports
• Preferential or free trade agreements, including rules
of origin and sector-specific agreements
⇒ Positive effect on investment that benefits from
easier and cheaper trade between member countries,
strengthening regional value chains
⇒ Positive effect on market-seeking investment through
economies of scale from serving a larger market
⇒ Consolidation effect on investment, primarily
through mergers and acquisitions, as a result of
reconfiguration of global value chains in member
countries
• Market access preferences (e.g. Generalized System
of Preferences, Everything but Arms initiative, African
Growth and Opportunity Act)
⇒ Positive effect on foreign investment in preference-
recipient countries targeting exports to preference-
giving countries
Effects of investment policy measures on trade
• Inward investment promotion (in particular for
export-oriented foreign direct investment, including
financial, fiscal, and other incentives, e.g. subsidized
infrastructure, market access preferences and
regulatory concessions in special economic zones)
⇒ Positive effect on exports, possibly with higher
imported content, and at risk of distortive effects
⇒ Negative effect on export competitiveness if
incentives result in increased costs of production
once phased out
• Investment facilitation (e.g. reduced registration and
licensing procedures, access to land).
⇒ Positive effect on exports, possibly with higher
imported content, where facilitation helps attract
export-oriented, or efficiency-seeking investment