Bonds are debt securities where an issuer borrows money from an investor for a defined period of time. The issuer pays interest regularly and returns the principal at maturity. Key terms associated with bonds include the principal amount, coupon, price, yield, maturity, and credit quality. The credit rating of a bond provides a measure of the issuer's ability to repay the debt and allows investors to compare risk across different bonds. Bonds are issued in primary markets by sovereign governments, corporations, and other entities to fund expenditures, while existing bonds are traded in secondary markets between investors.

1. Bonds Presented by – moulik

13. D D C in default bankruptcy petition filed C C C no interest in being paid or CC CC Ca most speculative CCC CCC Caa poor quality (may default) B B B lower grade (speculative) (some what speculative) BB BB Ba lower mediam grade BBB BBB Baa medium grade A A A upper mediam grade(strong) AA AA Aa highest quality (very strong) AAA AAA Aaa highest quality standard & Poor's Fitch IBCA credit risk Moody's credit rating