The document discusses the principle of totality in relation to mutilation and bodily integrity. It states that mutilation is justified for the well-being of the whole body when an organ is endangering an individual. It also discusses various types of cosmetic surgery procedures like breast augmentation, liposuction and facelifts aimed at improving aesthetic appearance. Reconstructive surgery aims to improve function and normal appearance. Factors like self-esteem, physical defects and genetic conditions are considered for various cosmetic procedures.

1. By: JIFGonzales

2. • Biologically speaking, life is a result of the
harmonious functioning series of organs. However,
it can happen that at a certain moment, a diseased
organ may threaten the entire human body.
• The problem then arises as to whether or not an
organ should be extirpated or eliminated. From the
moral point of view, this is termed as “mutilation”.

4. • The principle is the basis for “Mutilation”.
• A simple expression of the principle of totality
means, "the parts of the physical entity, as parts,
are ordained to the good of the physical whole.“
• The reason is because this good is that which
gives fundamental meaning to the whole.

5. • The term "totality" points to the duty to
preserve intact the physical component of
that integrated whole.

6. • Theory: The principle of totality presupposes that "parts
exist for the whole ... The good of the part is
subordinated to the good of the whole; the whole is the
determining factor for the part and can dispose of its own
interest.“
• Aristotle puts it briefly as totum quam parte, prius esse
necesse est.The main notions on which the principle
grounds itself are "the whole, the part, and their mutual
relationships."

7. • an organ that is endangering an individual's whole body
may legitimately be removed by his own consent for the
sake of the well-being of the body as a whole, since each
individual is responsible for the well being of his body as
a whole. And the same reasoning applies where it is
somebody else's responsibility to look after the person
with the infected organ. In any other case it is wrong to
mutilate another.

8. • 1) Mutilation is justified for the well-being of the whole
body.
• 2) It is not against the role of the human person as the
protector of his/her body. This is done on the basis of a
human person's limited power over his/her body for the
betterment of whole body.
• 3) Mutilation in the form of penalty for a crime can be
done by the state.

10. • According to its etymology, it has a double meaning:
1. Integrum -- wholeness, unity, intactness
2. In-tangere – not touching, not hurting
• Bodily Integrity pertains to the respect for a certain
wholeness

12. Cosmetic Surgery
 Reconstructive Plastic Surgery

13. Cosmetic Surgery
Aims to improve the aesthetic appearance of a
person

Reconstructive Plastic Surgery
 Aims to improve function; however it may also
involve trying to approximate normal appearance,
but that is not its primary function.
 This is often referred as simply reconstructive
surgery

15. • The abdomen is reshaped and firmed.
• During the procedure excess skin and fat are
removed from the middle and lower abdomen,
with the aim of tightening the muscle and fascia
of the abdomen wall.
• This procedure is more popular among women
after pregnancy and people who have lost a great
deal of weight and do not like saggy skin.

16. • The eyelids are reshaped or a permanent eyeliner
is applied.
• The aim is to reshape the upper or lower eyelid by
removing or repositioning excess tissue.

17. • The breasts are enlarged.
• This is done either with fat grafting or with saline
or silicone gel prosthetics.

18. • Skin and glandular tissue are removed to make
the breasts smaller
• This procedure may also apply for women who
suffer from shoulder or back pain because the
breasts are too large.

19. • The procedure can also be carried out on
men who have abnormally large mammary
glands.

20. • As the skin loses its elasticity, gravity starts
taking its toll, plus other factors such as weight
loss, pregnancy and/or breatsfeeding alter the
shape and firmness of the breasts, some women
want a breast lift.
• The breast lift raises the breasts, giving them a
more youthful contour.

21. • This procedure enhances the appearance of the
buttocks by making them larger.
• The surgeon will either graft fat from another part
of the patient’s body or use a silicone implant.

22. • This procedure lifts the buttocks so that
they stick out more and have a tighter,
more pert appearance.

23.  Popular among people with acne or pock, as well
as those with scars and wrinkles.

24. • Deep peel
- This is for patients with deep wrinkles,
ususaly from exposure to the sun, as well as the
skin that wrinkles around the lips and chin.
- This treatment reduces the appearance of
skin damage and imperfections.
• Light t medium chemical peel
- more suitable for patients with finely
wrinkled faces, as well as sun-damaged skin, and
uneven pigmentation.

25. • This involves surgery of labia majora or labia
minora of the vulva (part of the female genitalia)
• Labiaplasty reduces elongated labia.

26. • The surgeon reshapes the patient’s nose.
• It is usually done by an otolaryngologist ( head
and neck surgeon, ear/nose and throat
specialist), maxillofacial surgeon or plastic
surgeon.
• The aim is to improve the appearance of the nose
and sometimes its function as well, if the patient
has breathing problems.
• Patients should wait until they are at least 18
years of age.

27. • This involves pining the ear closer to the head.
However, surgery may involve reducing the size of
very large ears, or reshaping various bends in the
cartilage.
• Most commonly, this procedure is used for
patients with:
Protruding ears (ears that stick out)
Large ears
Ears that have an abnormal shape

28. • This means to remove winkles surgically.
• The aim is to make the patient’s face look
younger..
• Excess facial skin is removed without tightening
underlying tissue – the skin is then redraped on
the patient’s face and/or neck.

29. • Also known as fat modelling, or lipo.
• Fat is surgically removed from various parts of the
body – usually the abdomen, thighs, buttocks,
hips, backs of the arms, and neck.
• It is crucial for the patient to be told that lipo
suction is not a weight loss method.
• If too much fat is removed, there is a significantly
greater risk of complications for the patient.

30. • The aims is to give the patient a more prominent
chin and a better balance of facial features.
• An implant is usually placed by the surgeon.

31. • Also known as a midface lift.
• This surgical procedure raises the middle of the
face (the cheek) to improve cheek and under-eye
fullness and contour.

32. • A large percentage of men, and a smaller
percentage of women are affected by hair loss.
• Most hair loss occurs for genetic reasons.
• Micro-hair transplantation has replaced larger
grafts of hair.
• Patients may require several sessions to achieve
desired results.
• After six weeks the transplanted hair will fall out
and be replaced about three months later when
the new hair appears.

33. • The first includes patients with a strong self-
image who are bothered by a physical
characteristic that they'd like to improve or
change.
• The second category includes patients who have
a physical defect or cosmetic flaw that has
diminished their self-esteem over time.

34. • It's important to remember that cosmetic surgery
can create both physical changes and changes in
self-esteem. But if you are seeking surgery with
the hope of influencing a change in someone
other than yourself, you might end up
disappointed.