Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547 and led the English Reformation which established the Church of England after his struggle against papal authority from Rome. His desire for a male heir led to his six marriages and contributed to his declining health. His daughter Mary I reigned from 1553 to 1558 and attempted to reverse the Reformation by executing hundreds of Protestants, earning her the name "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth I ruled from 1558 until 1603, facing opposition from Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth's long and stable reign saw the flourishing of English drama and exploration.