The document discusses the arterial blood supply of the brain. It begins by describing the two main arterial sources: the internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. These vessels form an anastomotic circle at the base of the brain called the Circle of Willis. The major arteries arising from the circle and their branches are then illustrated, including the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. The specific cortical and central territories supplied by each artery are outlined. Finally, the arterial supply to important internal structures like the thalamus and internal capsule is depicted.
This powerpoint presentation covers the blood supply to the CNS. It is important for Pre-clinical students taking a course in Neuroanatomy. Please make all necessary comments and suggestions.
This powerpoint presentation covers the blood supply to the CNS. It is important for Pre-clinical students taking a course in Neuroanatomy. Please make all necessary comments and suggestions.
The origin, course, branches, and distribution of internal carotid artery.
The origin, course, branches, and distribution of basilar artery.
Describe the formation, branches and distribution of circulus arteriosus.
Outline the venous drainage of the brain.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. OBJECTIVES
Illustrate and describe the formation of the
circle of willis
Describe the blood supply of the brain
Arterial supply
Venous drainage
3. Blood Supply of
The Brain
The brain receives its arterial supply from
two pairs of vessels, the vertebral and
internal carotid arteries which are
interconnected in the cranial cavity to
produce an arterial circle (of Willis).
10. Vertebral Artery
Branch of first part of subclavian A
Passes – foramen transvesarium C6 – C1
Enters through foramen magnum – perforates dura &
arachnoid mater – enters subarachnoid space
Turns upward, forward, medially – medulla oblongata
Lower border of pons – joins opposite side to form
BASILAR artery
11.
12. Schematic drawing of the arrangement of arterial vessels on the base of the
brain.
The diagram shows the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis).
16. Formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries at the
lower border of the pons
Ascends on the front of the pons lodged in the basilar
groove
Ends at the upper border of the pons by dividing into 2
Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)
27. Posterior Cerebral Artery: Brs & Cortical Distribution
The lateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral arteries.
B, The medial surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral
arteries. In these figures the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is coloured blue, that by the
middle cerebral artery pink and that by the posterior cerebral artery is yellow.
28. t
h
e
p
o
s
t
e
r
i
o
r
c
e
r
e
b
r
a
l
a
r
Named cortical branches of the posterior cerebral
artery
Branch
Artery
Territory
Lateral
Anterior
temporal
Anterior temporal cortex
Posterior
temporal
Posterior temporal cortex
Occipitotemporal Posterior temporal and occipital
cortex
Medial
Calcarine
Calcarine cortex
Parietooccipital
Cuneus and precuneus
Callosal
Splenium of corpus callosum
30. Posterior Cerebral Artery: Central Brs
1- Posteromedial Group
pierce the posterior perforated
substance and supply:
- The thalamoperforating
artery to the anterior one-third
of the thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Globus Pallidus
ACA, anterior cerebral artery; ICA,
internal carotid artery; LGB, MGB,
lateral, medial geniculate bodies .
31. Posterior Cerebral Artery: Central Brs
2- Posterolateral Group
1.The thalamogeniculate
artery shown supplies the
geniculate bodies and the
posterior two-thirds of the
thalamus.
2. Brs. To the cerebral peduncles
& Tectum of the Midbrain
Geniculate
bodies
thalamus
Cerebral
peduncle
32. Posterior Cerebral Artery: Choroidal Brs
posterior choroidal artery: from the
posterior cerebral artery to supply the choroid
plexus of the lateral ventricle .
36. Internal Carotid Artery
Begins – bifurcation of Common Carotid A
Enters middle cranial fossa through the carotid canal at the base of
skull
Lies beside dorsum sellae
In the cavernous sinus: Lies Horizontal
Emerge out – medial side of Ant. clinoid process – perforates dura &
arachnoid mater – enters subarachnoid space
Turns posteriorly – below optic nerve
Turns upward – lateral to optic chiasma
Now is under anterior perforated susbtance
Divides – into ANTERIOR & MIDDLE cerebral arteries
37. The arteries comprising the circle of Willis. The four groups of central branches are shown;
the thalamoperforating artery belongs to the posteromedial group, and the thalamogeniculate
artery belongs to the posterolateral group. ACA, MCA, PCA, anterior, middle, posterior
cerebral arteries; ICA, internal carotid artery.
38. Brain viewed from below, showing background structures related to the circle of
Willis. Part of the left temporal lobe (to right of picture) has been removed to show
the choroid plexus in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
39. Internal Carotid A
Hypophyseal arteries
Ophthalmic
Anterior communicating
Post Communicating
Anterior Choroidal
Ant Cerebral
Cortical
Central
Communicates with
Ant. Comm. A.
Middle Cerebral
Cortical
Central
Vertebral A.
Meningeal
Post Spinal
Ant Spinal
Post Inf Cerebellar
Medullary
Basilar A.
Pontine
Labyrinthine
Ant. Inf. Cerebellar
Sup. Cerebellar
Post Cerebral
Cortical
Central
Choroidal
45. Anterior Cerebral Artery: Cortical brs.
Medial view of the right hemisphere, showing the cortical branches and territories of
the three cerebral arteries. ACA, PCA, anterior, posterior cerebral arteries.
46. Anterior Cerebral Artery: Cortical brs.
Lateral view of right cerebral hemisphere, showing the cortical branches and
territories of the three cerebral arteries.
47. Anterior
Cerebral
Artery:
Cortical brs.
View from below the cerebral hemispheres, showing the cortical branches and territories of the three cerebral
arteries. ACA, MCA, PCA, anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries; ICA, internal carotid artery.
48. Named cortical branches of the anterior cerebral artery
Branch
Territory
Orbitofrontal
Orbital surface of frontal lobe
Polar frontal
Frontal pole
Callosomarginal
Cingulate and superior frontal gyri; paracentral
lobule
Pericallosal
Corpus callosum
N. B. The term cortical is conventional .Terminal is better, because these
arteries also supply the underlying white matter .
49. Anterior Cerebral Artery: cortical Distribution
The lateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral arteries.. In these figures
the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is coloured blue, that by the middle cerebral artery pink and that by the
posterior cerebral artery is yellow.
50. Anterior Cerebral Artery: Cortical Distribution
B, The medial surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral arteries. In
these figures the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is coloured blue, that by the middle cerebral
artery pink and that by the posterior cerebral artery is yellow.
52. Anterior Cerebral Artery: Central brs.
Territory supplied by branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries is shown in red. Territory
supplied by the anterior choroidal artery is shown in green.
53. Anterior Cerebral Artery: cortical brs.
Medial striate artery recurrent artery of
Heubner (pron. 'Hoibner'):
Arises close to the anterior communicating
artery
Supplies:
1. Ant. Part of head Caudate & Adjacent part of
internal capsule
2. Putamen
3. Septal nuclei
54. Anterior Cerebral Artery: Central brs.
Anterior cerebral artery , anterior communicating artery & ICA
Anteromedial group of central brs
:
distribute to the anterior of the hypothalamus
57. Middle Cerebral Artery: Cortical brs.
Lateral view of right cerebral hemisphere, showing the cortical branches and
territories of the three cerebral arteries.
59. i
d
d
l
e
Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
Origin
a
r
t
e
r
Lower division
y
Territory
Frontobasal
Orbital surface of frontal lobe
Anterior
temporal
Anterior temporal cortex
Prefrontal
Precentral
Prefrontal cortex
Premotor areas
Central
c
Stem
e
r
e
b
r Upper division
a
l
(Branch(es
Pre- and postcentral gyri
Postcentral
Postcentral and anterior parietal cortex
Parietal
Posterior parietal cortex
Middle temporal Midtemporal cortex
Temporooccipital Temporal and occipital cortex
Angular
Angular and neighboring gyri
60. Middle Cerebral Artery: Cortical Distribution
The lateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral arteries.. In these figures
the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is coloured blue, that by the middle cerebral artery pink and that by the
posterior cerebral artery is yellow.
61. Middle Cerebral Artery: Cortical Distribution
B, The medial surface of the left cerebral hemisphere, showing the areas supplied by the cerebral arteries. In
these figures the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is coloured blue, that by the middle cerebral
artery pink and that by the posterior cerebral artery is yellow.
64. Middle Cerebral Artery: Central brs
2- Lateral striate arteries:
Supply the Corpus
striatum, internal capsule, and Anterior of
thalamus.
One of this group is specially large & more susceptible to hemorrhage & called
artery of cerebral hemorrhage (Charcot’s Artery)
Occlusion of one of the lateral striate arteries is the chief cause of classic stroke ,
where damage to the pyramidal tract in the posterior limb of the internal capsule
causes hemiplegia ,a term denoting paralysis of the contralateral arm, leg, and lower
part of face .
65. Middle Cerebral Artery: Central brs
Lateral
striate
arteries
Left middle
cerebral artery
Right middle
cerebral artery
66. Comparison between cerebral arteries
Anterior
Cerebral
Middle
Cerebral
Posterior
Cerebral
Begins
From int.
carotid a.
From int.
carotid a.
From basilar
artery
Sulcus
related
Callosal
Stem of lateral Calcarine
s.
Branches
1- Cortical
2- Central
3- Callosal
1- Cortical
2- Central
1- Cortical
2- Central
3- Callosal
4- Choroidal
67. Choroidal Arteries
The Anterior Choroidal A.: from the Internal
Carotid A.
The Posterior Choroidal A.: from the posterior
cerebral artery to supply the choroid plexus of
the lateral ventricle .
The Choroidal Branch of posterior inferior
Cerebellar A.
69. Arterial Circle Of Willis
Site: at the base of the brain around interpeduncular fossa.
Function: Important anastomosis between the 2 internal carotid
arteries in front & Vertebro-basilar system behind.
Arteries forming it:
Rt. & Lt. internal carotid artery.
Rt. & Lt. anterior cerebral arteries.
Rt. & Lt. posterior cerebral arteries.
Rt. & Lt. posterior communicating arteries.
Anterior communicating artery.
70. The arteries comprising the circle of Willis. The four groups of central branches are shown;
the thalamoperforating artery belongs to the posteromedial group, and the thalamogeniculate
artery belongs to the posterolateral group. ACA, MCA, PCA, anterior, middle, posterior
cerebral arteries; ICA, internal carotid artery.
71.
72.
73. Figure 17.4 The arteries on the base of the brain. The anterior part of the right temporal
lobe has been removed to display the initial course of the middle cerebral artery within the
lateral fissure.
78. Horizontal section of the
internal capsule at the
level indicated, depicting
its boundaries and parts
(left) and stroke-relevant
motor contents (right). IC
internal capsule; LGB,
lateral geniculate body;
SC, superior colliculus .
79. Anatomy of the Internal Capsule
Horizontal section of the internal capsule, depicting its parts) left (and contents) right .(
AL, anterior limb; G, genu: PL, posterior limb; RP, retrolentiform part .
80. Arterial Supply of the Internal capsule
The three sources of supply are:
Anterior choroidal ,a direct branch of the internal carotid. The anterior choroidal
branch of the ICA supplies the lower part of the posterior limb and the retrolentiform part of the
internal capsule, and the inferolateral part of the lateral geniculate body. Some of its branches (not
shown) supply a variable amount of the temporal lobe of the brain and the choroid plexus of the
inferior horn of the lateral ventricle;
Medial striate,
branch of the anterior cerebral artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
supplies the lower part of the anterior limb and genu of the internal capsule.
Lateral striate (lenticulostriate) branches of the middle cerebral artery .The
lateral striate arteries penetrate the lentiform nucleus and give multiple branches to the anterior
limb, genu, and posterior limb of the internal capsule
..
81. Arterial Supply of the Internal capsule
The medial striate branch of the anterior cerebral artery is the recurrent artery of Heubner.
Only two of the six lateral striate branches of the middle cerebral artery shown are labeled.
The asterisk indicates arterial supply from the anterior choroidal artery to the inferolateral part
of the lateral geniculate body .
82. Arterial Supply of the Internal capsule
Territory supplied by branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries is shown in red. Territory
supplied by the anterior choroidal artery is shown in green.
83. Arteries to specific brain areas
Corpus striatum
Internal capsule
Medial & lateral
striate brs
Thalamus
P Com. A, basilar, PCA
Midbrain
PCA, sup Cerebellar A, basilar
Pons
Pontine brs. of Basilar, Ant. Inf. cerebellar,
sup. Cerebellar A.
Vertebral, Posterior inf. Cerebellar,
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A, basilar
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Anterior & Middle
cerebral arteries
Sup. Cerebellar, AICA, PICA
85. VENOUS DRAINAGE of THE BRAIN
EXTERNAL
Superior
cerebral
Superficial
middle
cerebral
Deep middle
cerebral
INTERNAL
Thalamo
striate
choroidal
• SPECIFIC
– Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla
oblongata
– cerebellum
86. External Cerebral Veins
VEIN
AREA
DRAINS INTO
Superior cerebral
veins
Superior Sagittal sinus
Superficial middle
cerebral
Cavernous sinus
Inferior cerebral veins
Sup. Anastomotic V
Inf. anastomotic V
Lateral surface of
cerebral
hemisphere
Superficial middle cerebral
V
Communicates between the
superficial middle cerebral
V & Superior Sagittal sinus
Communicates between
superficial middle cerebral
V & transverse sinus
87. External Cerebral Veins
VEIN
AREA
DRAINS INTO
Deep middle cerebral
Insula
Joined by ant. cerebral &
striate veins to form basal
vein
Anterior cerebral
• Deep middle cerebral
• Striate veins
The three veins unite to form
the Basal vein
•
Basal vein
Inferior Surface
Rt. & Lt basal veins drain
into the great cerebral vein
Great Cerebral vein
Behind splenium of CC Unite with the inferior
& formed by the union sagittal sinus to form straight
sinus
of the 2 internal
cerebral veins
88. External Cerebral Veins
The external (superficial) cerebral veins of the left hemisphere and their relationship to the dural
venous sinuses.
90. Internal Cerebral Veins
VEIN
AREA
Thalamostriate
- Both veins (of each side)
Basal ganglia, thalamus, unite to form
Internal Cerebral vein
internal capsule,Tela
choroidae of 3rd
ventricle, hippocampus - Rt. & Lt. Internal
Choroidal
DRAINS INTO
cerebral veins unite to
form Great Cerebral vein
–The Great cerebral vein
join the Inferior Sagittal
sinus to form Straight
sinus
DURAL VENOUS SINUS
91. Internal Cerebral Veins
The internal (deep) cerebral veins, viewed from above after removal of the central
portion of the corpus callosum.
92. The cerebral venous system (viewed from the left side) showing the principal superficial and
deep veins of the brain and their relationship to the dural venous sinuses. The more deeply
placed veins are shown in blue and those inside the brain are shown in interrupted blue.
96. Cavernous sinus
Lateral to body of sphenoid bone
Connected to opposite – intercavernous S
Receives blood
Middle cerebral V
Drains into
Int Jugular V –via Inf petrosal sinus
Transverse S – via Sup petrosal S
Dural Venous sinuses – emissary veins – extracranial V
97. Clinical Application
Stroke or cerebrovascular accident:Blockage in the artery – cerebral infarction
Carotid artery
Basilar artery
Bleeding within the brain – intracerebral haemorrhage
Aneurysm
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage - hypertension
Damages one side of the body - contralateral