The land registry system is one of the very important department in any governance system that stores the records of land ownership. There are various issues and loopholes in the existing system that give rise to corruption and disputes. This requires a significant chunk of valuable government resources from judiciary and law enforcement agencies in settling these issues. Blockchain technology has the potential to counter these loopholes and sort out the issues related with land registry system like tempering of records, trading of the same piece of land to more than one buyer. In this paper, a secure and reliable framework for land registry system using Blockchain has been proposed. The proposed framework uses the concept of smart contract at various stages of the land registry and gives an algorithm for pre-agreement. First, we describe the conventional land registry system and reviews the issues in it. Then, we outline the potential benefits of employing Blockchain technology in the land registry system and presented a framework. Finally, a number of case studies are presented.
The Basic Introduction to Blockchain technology and its features along with its working ,usage and application areas. This presentation clarifies all the basic concenpts related to blockchain technology .
Blockchain for Land Records and Real EstateJohn Mirkovic
An in-depth presentation on why and how blockchain technology can be applied to keeping government records of real estate transactions. Information on how bitcoin and blockchains function.
Understanding Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) AlgorithmsGautam Anand
We will focus on understanding "Proof of Stake (PoS)" Algorithm, how it different from "Proof of Work" algorithm, the performance benefits and security overview. We will also discuss the upcoming blockchain protocols that are planning to move to PoS.
The Basic Introduction to Blockchain technology and its features along with its working ,usage and application areas. This presentation clarifies all the basic concenpts related to blockchain technology .
Blockchain for Land Records and Real EstateJohn Mirkovic
An in-depth presentation on why and how blockchain technology can be applied to keeping government records of real estate transactions. Information on how bitcoin and blockchains function.
Understanding Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) AlgorithmsGautam Anand
We will focus on understanding "Proof of Stake (PoS)" Algorithm, how it different from "Proof of Work" algorithm, the performance benefits and security overview. We will also discuss the upcoming blockchain protocols that are planning to move to PoS.
This course covers in detail the technical principles & concepts behind blockchain. In addition, it seeks to provide you with the insights and deep understanding of the various components of blockchain technology, and enables you to determine for yourself how to best leverage and exploit blockchain for your project, organisation or start-up.
Link - https://www.experfy.com/training/courses/blockchain-technology-fundamentals
Banking is the first industry which is about to face the greatest change in its functionality because of the use of blockchain. The present banking system in India is not totally free from errors.
Blog: https://financebuddha.com/blog/guide-blockchain-technology
An introduction to Blockchain and covering :
-Blockchain vs cryptocurrency
-Bitcoin vs Ethereum
-Real life and industrial examples
-Business example
-Benefits & challenges
Blockchain: The Information Technology of the FutureMelanie Swan
The blockchain concept may be one of the most transformative ideas to impact the world since the Internet. Cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are merely one application of the blockchain concept. The blockchain is a public transaction ledger built in a decentralized network structure based on cryptographic principles so that any kind of trading, buying and selling of assets does not need to go through a centralized intermediary. Any kind of asset may be encoded into the blockchain and transacted, validated, or preserved in a much more efficient manner than at present including ideas, health data, financial assets, automobiles, and government documents. Venture Capitalists are calling the blockchain the next big investment wave.
Use extensively researched Blockchain PowerPoint Presentation Slides to educate your audience about the secure online payment transactions and cryptographic techniques. Show encryption methods and concept of decentralized network that allows the easy transfer of digital values such as currency and data. Bitcoin developers can incorporate this professionally designed content-ready blockchain PowerPoint presentation templates for their work. This deck covers topics like distributed ledger, working of a distributed ledger, use cases, industrial blockchain benefits, blockchain limitations, and more. Illustrate the idea of transferring funds directly between two parties without any banks or credit card company using blockchain PPT presentation templates. Demonstrate the workings of cryptocurrencies, showcase the process and its benefits with the help of cryptocurrency PPT slides. These templates are completely customizable. You can edit the slides as per your convenience. Change color, text, icon, and font size as per your need. Download now. Engage with disbelievers through our Blockchain Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Explain the grounds for your beliefs.
Smart contracts are the next version of automated contracts where the user won't have to rely on trust. Smart contracts are automated algorithmic digital forms of contracts where parties can exchange assets without any intermediaries based on specified rules. Here, the program within the smart contract will self-execute based on the conditions previously defined by the parties.
There are certain benefits to using smart contracts such as autonomous, secured, interruption-free, trustless, cost-effective, fast performance, and accurate and error-free. But here, we will analyze the examples of smart contracts, such as how it can be useful in digital identity, supply chain management, insurance, etc.
To help you understand how smart contracts work or how you can utilize this new form of technology for your personal gain, or company 101 Blockchains offers an array of courses. You can use these courses to learn more about smart contracts and its role in various sectors.
Learn more about smart contracts from here ->
Ethereum Development Fundamentals course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/ethereum-development-fundamentals
The Complete Ethereum Technology Course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/ethereum-technology-course
Learn more about the certification courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Expert (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
Learn more from our guide ->
https://101blockchains.com/smart-contracts/
https://101blockchains.com/ethereum-smart-contracts/
https://101blockchains.com/blockchain-smart-contract-examples/
https://101blockchains.com/smart-contract-use-cases/
https://101blockchains.com/what-is-a-smart-contract/
Presentation by DHS S&T at the NY Blockchain 360 Conference regarding Blockchain's relevance to the Homeland Security Enterprise. Results of security and privacy research and development over the last 2+ years and next steps.
A USAID-funded e-government project on digital land titling initiated in Cebu, which features a promising multi-stakeholder and market-driven approach.
This course covers in detail the technical principles & concepts behind blockchain. In addition, it seeks to provide you with the insights and deep understanding of the various components of blockchain technology, and enables you to determine for yourself how to best leverage and exploit blockchain for your project, organisation or start-up.
Link - https://www.experfy.com/training/courses/blockchain-technology-fundamentals
Banking is the first industry which is about to face the greatest change in its functionality because of the use of blockchain. The present banking system in India is not totally free from errors.
Blog: https://financebuddha.com/blog/guide-blockchain-technology
An introduction to Blockchain and covering :
-Blockchain vs cryptocurrency
-Bitcoin vs Ethereum
-Real life and industrial examples
-Business example
-Benefits & challenges
Blockchain: The Information Technology of the FutureMelanie Swan
The blockchain concept may be one of the most transformative ideas to impact the world since the Internet. Cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are merely one application of the blockchain concept. The blockchain is a public transaction ledger built in a decentralized network structure based on cryptographic principles so that any kind of trading, buying and selling of assets does not need to go through a centralized intermediary. Any kind of asset may be encoded into the blockchain and transacted, validated, or preserved in a much more efficient manner than at present including ideas, health data, financial assets, automobiles, and government documents. Venture Capitalists are calling the blockchain the next big investment wave.
Use extensively researched Blockchain PowerPoint Presentation Slides to educate your audience about the secure online payment transactions and cryptographic techniques. Show encryption methods and concept of decentralized network that allows the easy transfer of digital values such as currency and data. Bitcoin developers can incorporate this professionally designed content-ready blockchain PowerPoint presentation templates for their work. This deck covers topics like distributed ledger, working of a distributed ledger, use cases, industrial blockchain benefits, blockchain limitations, and more. Illustrate the idea of transferring funds directly between two parties without any banks or credit card company using blockchain PPT presentation templates. Demonstrate the workings of cryptocurrencies, showcase the process and its benefits with the help of cryptocurrency PPT slides. These templates are completely customizable. You can edit the slides as per your convenience. Change color, text, icon, and font size as per your need. Download now. Engage with disbelievers through our Blockchain Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Explain the grounds for your beliefs.
Smart contracts are the next version of automated contracts where the user won't have to rely on trust. Smart contracts are automated algorithmic digital forms of contracts where parties can exchange assets without any intermediaries based on specified rules. Here, the program within the smart contract will self-execute based on the conditions previously defined by the parties.
There are certain benefits to using smart contracts such as autonomous, secured, interruption-free, trustless, cost-effective, fast performance, and accurate and error-free. But here, we will analyze the examples of smart contracts, such as how it can be useful in digital identity, supply chain management, insurance, etc.
To help you understand how smart contracts work or how you can utilize this new form of technology for your personal gain, or company 101 Blockchains offers an array of courses. You can use these courses to learn more about smart contracts and its role in various sectors.
Learn more about smart contracts from here ->
Ethereum Development Fundamentals course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/ethereum-development-fundamentals
The Complete Ethereum Technology Course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/ethereum-technology-course
Learn more about the certification courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Expert (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
Learn more from our guide ->
https://101blockchains.com/smart-contracts/
https://101blockchains.com/ethereum-smart-contracts/
https://101blockchains.com/blockchain-smart-contract-examples/
https://101blockchains.com/smart-contract-use-cases/
https://101blockchains.com/what-is-a-smart-contract/
Presentation by DHS S&T at the NY Blockchain 360 Conference regarding Blockchain's relevance to the Homeland Security Enterprise. Results of security and privacy research and development over the last 2+ years and next steps.
A USAID-funded e-government project on digital land titling initiated in Cebu, which features a promising multi-stakeholder and market-driven approach.
IBM Hyperledger Blockchain Course Project - Leveraging on enterprise design thinking my team propose a blockchain solution to improve real-estate asset liquidity in Singapore.
-With GH link.
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
Obligations of promoters, penalties under RERABhavya Haria
An article on Obligations or promoters, penalties and compounding of offences under RERA published in CVOCA News and Views July 2017 - by Advocate Bhavya Haria
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
A brief note on Kerala ReLIS Prject uploaded by T. J Joseph Adhikarathil,Deputy Tahsildar, Kottayam,Mob 9447464502. A mysandesham presentation.GO 2214/12.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Blockchain-based framework for secure and reliable land registry system
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 2560~2571
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.15787 2560
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Blockchain-based framework for secure and
reliable land registry system
Mohammed Shuaib1
, Salwani Mohd Daud2
, Shadab Alam3
, Wazir Zada Khan4
1,2
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
3,4
Department of CS and IT, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 10, 2020
Revised Apr 17, 2020
Accepted May 1, 2020
The land registry system is one of the very important department in any
governance system that stores the records of land ownership. There are
various issues and loopholes in the existing system that give rise to
corruption and disputes. This requires a significant chunk of valuable
government resources from judiciary and law enforcement agencies in
settling these issues. Blockchain technology has the potential to counter these
loopholes and sort out the issues related with land registry system like
tempering of records, trading of the same piece of land to more than one
buyer. In this paper, a secure and reliable framework for land registry system
using Blockchain has been proposed. The proposed framework uses
the concept of smart contract at various stages of the land registry and gives
an algorithm for pre-agreement. First, we describe the conventional land
registry system and reviews the issues in it. Then, we outline the potential
benefits of employing Blockchain technology in the land registry system and
presented a framework. Finally, a number of case studies are presented.
Keywords:
Blockchain
Land registry
Security
Smart contract
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Salwani Mohd Daud,
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Email: salwani.kl@utm.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Land registry system refers to the system that records the details of ownership entitlement by several
government bodies. The stored record can be used as the proof on entitlement and avoid any short of fraud
and smooth transition whenever required. The old land record leads to hindrances in the verification of land
title and may result or cause frauds. According to the survey conducted by the world bank around 70 % of
the population do not own any land title [1]. Land entitlement is an essential prospect for social and
economic resilience of citizen [2].
The secure and up-to-date land record will also help governments in tax collection, service delivery
and other aspects of governance [1]. The world bank is actively working in this direction and providing
support for improving land registration system in several countries and funding conferences as well as land
registration modernisation projects [3, 4]. Various government agencies are exploring and working in
the direction of a secure, reliable and tamperproof digital system for the land record. There are many
stakeholders involved in the process that makes the system complex and needs various checks and balances
to counter different type of threats and create an environment of mutual trust [5]. The blockchain-based
solution is appropriate in the applications where multiple entities are collaborating and transacting but having
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Blockchain-based framework for secure and reliable land registry system (Mohammed Shuaib)
2561
little confidence among each other. The blockchain is helpful where some information is shared on multiple
system or platforms.
2. LAND REGISTRY SYSTEM
The Fundamentals of a land registry system can be mainly into four sections:
a. Unique identification: The main aim of the land registry system is to identify the right/ genuine owner of
the land and then finally submit the documents for registration. Currently, the user identification process
is not readily available and standardized. The existing blockchain technology built in a fashion that does
not require to disclose the identity of the user [6].
b. Initial transition process: Blockchain is and the mechanism that can be used to validate and store all
the land-related transitions and it can be further used to transfer the land ownership records [6].
Before applying the blockchain technology for land transition, the existing land title records to be
registered in the blockchain that is referred as the genesis block. All the parties involved in the system
must agree to it before proceeding further on [6].
c. Consent Principle: The permission of the real owner as per the land record is necessary to transfer
the land to the buyer. The main issues identified during this process are:
Identification of the genuine owner.
Availability of digital signatures to all the users/ owners.
The mechanism or the middle man to verify the coercion/transfer under threat without free will.
In the blockchain, the idea is to remove any middle man but in this case coercion cannot be checked [6].
d. Publicity of records/ownership databases: The main idea is to make record easily accessible and trusted
that could be either publically available for inspection or any trusted third party that can cater the needs of
a probable purchaser [6].
The present paper-based traditional land registry system has been presented in Figure 1 that can be
defined in the following steps:
a. Step-1: Verifiaction of property
In the current land registry system, all the documentation is done physically with paper and verified by
checking physical registers. The land buyer will ask for the copy of the land title from the seller to get it
verified by the registry office [7, 8].
b. Step-2: Pre-agreemet B/W seller and buyer
When the buyer gets the satisfactory results (authentication) from the registry department, then he/she
further can approach the seller for the pre-agreement.
c. Step-3.0: Sales deeds
The buyer will approach the notary department to prepare the official documents for the transfer of land.
Notary department will consult the revenue department for the stamp duty on the land and inform
the required stamp duty to the buyer.
Step-3.1: Surveyor
At the same time, the buyer will approach the surveyor department to verify the actual physical
measurements and location of the land as specified in the land record/papers. If the buyer gets
the satisfactory result from the surveyor, then he can proceed to the registration office with the official
documents given by the notary department and pay the requisite registration fee in the form of stamp duty
and other charges applicable based on the notary documents.
d. Step-4: Registration department
After receiving the official documents from the buyer send it to the recording office. Recording office
Take Buyer, seller identity and verify it. After verification Recording Office take the Photo, Biometrics of
all parties (seller, buyer, and witnesses), id and photo, and payment fees proof to be included in
the official land record paper. Recording office then submits the final official documents to
the registration department.
e. Step-5: Land mutation
Registration department then sends this official paper to the land mutation department and to transfer
the land ownership.
f. Step-6: Registry department
Land mutation department then submits and update all the land documents to the revenue and registry
department for the final updating of the records.
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Figure 1. Traditional land registry system
3. ISSUES WITH CURRENT SYSTEM
In the existing land registry system, the land registrar cannot verify any existing dues on the land and
registrar will act assuming that all the land dues are clear [9]. The registry office only makes a record of land
transactions, and it works based on the payment proof submitted by the seller and buyer but cannot verify its
validity independently and actual payment made [10]. The corruption in the current system led to the rise of
the unidentified owners as well as it makes the record updating process tedious and costly due this reason poor
farmers cannot register the land title under their name, and consequently they become inaccessible to various
government schemes like loan on low rate, loan waivers and support for cultivation. The informal moneylenders
are trapping the poor farmers in the absence of any formal land title for money lending, and they pay the very
high cost on the lending amount and in the majority of cases are unable to repay the loan amount [11]. The land
registry system depends upon the government departments for processing and the verification. As all the land
register database are not connected to the land registry system, it reduces the efficiency and equality of
the system. There are many issues related to Paper-based land registry system that has been summarized in this
section. As the land registry system is not digitalized, it is prone to the alteration [12]. The process of land
registery is lenghthy and requires lots of paper verification, physical visits, check and bribery at every stage that
causes a lot of delay and wastage of time and money [13-15]. Availability of record is another major issue as
the process of land registry involves a change of owners from time to time that takes time and it can not provide
real time details for any verification. Assessing these records require time, lots of visits and bribery and that
records also may not be synchronized [3]. Land title issue is very conflict arising matter as most of the cases in
the court of land related issues are of land title dispute due to various reasons like double spending, fake records
and unable to rightly identify the genuine owners [16, 17]. Land double spending issue arises due to
the synchronization issue in the land registry system, and it is prone to tampering. The same person can sell
the same piece of land to multiple parties, and it can be traced at the later stage when the land mutation is being
done. Paper-based systems are very much prone to such issues [18].
Otther issues related to land registry system is related to Land encroachment as in most of
the countries, the unoccupied land and old houses are prone to encroachment. Moreover, the land of
the elderly and the NRI peoples are the most natural target for land encroachment. In some cases, online
registration is being done to sort out some of thes issues but the server issue is a big concern. At the same time,
any online system is prone to various type of hacking issues, and users cannot easily trust the system unless and
until there is a full proof mechanism to counter any tempering. Middle man issue is another problem as in land
registering system the middle man charges a considerable amount to smoothen the land registry process.
In some cases, the false middle man can sell the land with fake documents [19]. Due to all these reasons a big
chunk of asets remain unutilized and unregistered that affect economic growth [20]. The financial benefits like
revenues in the form of income tax, property tax etc. lost from the national exchequer [21]. All these issues
reflect as Trust Gap in land registry system and land investors have lost money due to these reasons. Also, there
is high transition cost for the purchase of land as compared to the other investments, and after getting
the registered paper of land, there is a risk of criminal threats from local criminals [22].
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Blockchain-based framework for secure and reliable land registry system (Mohammed Shuaib)
2563
4. BLOCKCHAIN AND LAND REGISTRY
The land registry system involves a massive amount of registration documents to be stored on
central databases that facilitate the transaction for the trading of land title. This system is prone to various
type of manipulation and alterations and to sort out these issues, manual records stored that it can be
manipulated with the help of corrupt employees in the registry office and involves many overheads in t
he form of time, storage requirements and cost involved in storing and processing the documents. The land
registry departments have taken initiatives to take advantage of the ICT technologies for increasing openness
and transparency. By distributing, the data from a single database to a distributed database protect the central
storage by copying and replication of data [23]. However, the correctness of records is still a question, and it
is still prone to alterations and scams. The Blockchain in reference to the land registry system can be
described as a distributed ledger having functions such as storing all the transaction record, owner of the land
for a certain period, time of transaction. It also offers ways to track the data of previous transactions [24, 25].
Application of blockchain technology in the land registry solve many problems that arise due to
keeping a centralized record of titles. A blockchain based land registry system will provide many abilities as
compared to the old registry system. In blockchain, there is a decentralized control and storage of records that
have the potential to increase the trust and give rise to the collaborative system. By using blockchain,
the efficiency of the land registry system will be increased and result in better synchronization and countering
the security issues resulting from human-made disasters and availability issues of information [25, 26].
Blockchain technology consist of peer to peer network connected by distributed network in which each peer
is holding the same copy of transaction made via consensus of all the peer in the network [24, 27].
The blockchain categorized based on Public or private and the permission of peer in the network.
The tampering with the authentic transitions in land registry record or the efforts to temper the old records
creates the audit trail on the ledger [28]. The blockchain technology permits to have peer defined chains for
the entry of the transactions, Peer-based validation of entries, a consensus mechanism for storing the entries
and a medium to guarantee the security of the system [5, 29].
The records of the transitions are stored in a distributed ledger which prevents the system from fault,
insulation and careful spontaneous changing the record. All the record in blockchain is protected by proof of
existence [30]. In which each step of the land registry is published on the blockchain which provides
the security and record stability by stamping the entire record with notarization [31]. By publishing each step
on the blockchain establishes "Proof of process" that secure the records and provide accountability. The only
possible case for the non-owner to transfer ownership of the land title is to have the private key of the owner
and uploads the transaction. In those cases, the owner has an option to have a backup system to use his/her
private key in case of a crash of devices [32].
5. POTENTIAL BENEFITS
The decentralized standard system for land registration records will reduce the role of intermediaries,
decrease the time and cost of the process and the system will strengthen the process and will build the trust
between the transacting parties. Recording rights of property through Blockchain will help in annual cost
savings and provide tamper-proof ledger book. Blockchain usually reduces the expenditure and time of
registration process and will help Judiciary to settle down most of the civil cases related to property [33, 34].
The benefits of using Blockchain in land registry system summarized in the following points:
a. Transparency: Every node has a complete overview of transactions and holds a history of
the transactions that can be visible from anywhere at any time [35].
b. Increased trust: Trust build due to immutable record keeping and verification of data at multiple
nodes [19, 36-39].
c. Increase predictive capability: History information stored at multiple nodes can be traced back, that
increases the predictive capability [40].
d. Reliability: Data is stored in multiple places in the blockchain based system. Consensus mechanisms
ensure that only information changes when all relevant parties agree [7, 40].
e. Increased control: Consensus mechanism to add transaction increases the control over the database [37].
f. Cost reduction: Cost decreases as no human third party involved in conducting and validating
the data [24, 41].
g. Reduced energy consumption: Increased efficiency and transaction mechanisms through network reduces
the energy consumption [42].
h. Security: Data is stored at multiple systems using encryption methods that stop the data from being
altered without proper authentication [19, 41, 43-46].
i. Ease of access: Information stored at multiple nodes, enhances easy and speedy access [36].
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j. Privacy: The information must be secure from secret surveillance. Users need secret keys or access
mechanism to ensure that the information is safe from unauthorized view [8, 40, 47, 48].
k. Reducing corruption: Distributed ledgers storage allows for preventing corruption in land ownership due
to the secure and reliable mechanism of transfer and changing ownership records [18, 49].
l. Error reduction: Automated transactions reduces chances of errors done by humans [40, 50].
m. Data integrity and higher quality: Not accessed by hackers or unauthorized users mean the originality of
the data maintained [8, 40].
6. CASE STUDY: CURRENT BLOCKCHAIN IMPLEMENTATIONS IN LAND REGISTRY
Various blockchain implementations in the field of land registry have been reviewed. Majority of
implementations are either in initial or development stage. Some of them have been in pilot testing phase. This
section presents a brief discussion of the existing blockchain implementation projects in the field of land registry.
6.1. Japan (Project status: Initial stage)
Japanese government has initiated a blockchain based project that will record all the land records on
one platform instead of current system where several ministries and real estate companies have their separate
land record system. The new system has been implemented in few cities as pilot test and once the results are
positive, it will be implemented at national level in next five years. Apart from government initiative,
a property firm named Zweispace has already started a blockchain based patented system for evaluation and
transaction of property that can substantially reduce the time cost of transfer.
6.2. Republic of Georgia (Project status: Completed)
Blockchain-based land titling system in the Republic of Georgia, a pilot project developed in
collaboration with the Bitfury Group, the National Agency of the Public Registry (NAPR), and
the Blockchain Trust Accelerator. By using Blockchain technology, the Georgian government aims to be
a leader in governance and security and to restore public trust in institutions and government agencies. In
2016, Bitfury Group and the National Agency of the Public Registry (NAPR) developed a Blockchain-based
land titling system in Republic of Georgia. In the first stage of the project, a blockchain based time-stamping
was initiated in the existing land registry system to make the system verifiable and secure. In the second
stage the land purchase and sell process was made available using blockchain and bitcoin technology that has
reduced the transaction cost to around just 0.1 percent of land valuation. All the records can be made online
and it will be secured by public blockchain.
6.3. Russia (Project status: Project in development)
Ministry of economic development and trade of Russia has started a project that will record all
the land titles on blockchain based system and facilitate the online secure transaction of land records.
In the first stage, all the record will be moved to blockchain based system where you can verify all the land
records, previous owners and any liability on the property etc.
6.4. Sweden (Project status: Project in test phase)
The Swedish land-ownership authority Lantmäteriet in cooperation with telecommunication firm
Telia, consulting firm Kairos Future and blockchain company Chromaway has developed a blockchain based
project for land registry. The project will be three tiered. In the first stage a test run was conducted to test
the technological benefits and in the second stage concluded with publication of report that demonstrate
the benefits of using smart contracts in land transactions. In the third stage, actual transactions were made
using digital signatures and smart contract. The system is currently being evaluated and once the results are
satisfactory, it will roll out.
6.5. Brazil (Project status: Project in test phase)
The land registrar offices of Brazil have collaborated U.S. Company Ubiquity LLC to develop
a blockchain based system for land registry. In the initial stage the project is being test implemented in two
Brazilian municipalities Pelotas and Morro Redondo that aims to make all the land records and transaction
100 % paperless and corruption free. In the initial stage, a parallel system is being created along with
the existing land registry system and later on all records will be moved to blockchain based system only.
6.6. Canada (Project status: Initial stage)
The BC Land Titles and Survey Authority (LTSA) is currently working on project to utilize
blockchain technology in land transaction and record management in Canada along with Digital Identity and
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Blockchain-based framework for secure and reliable land registry system (Mohammed Shuaib)
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Authentication Council of Canada (DIACC) and Identity North (IDN). The aim of the project is analyses
the social and legal complications, usefulness of blockchain in BC Land Titles and Survey Authority's tasks.
In this regard a challenge was initiated by University of British Columbia to analyze the various challenges
and issues related with Blockchain application in land registry.
6.7. Ghana (Project status: Development stage)
Few motivated engineers created a team named BenBen to improve the land registry system using
blockchain and crypto-currency techniques. BenBen is creating a top-of-stack land registry and verification
platform that will coordinate various financial institutions and government authorities in updating the current
records and enable smart land transactions digitally for properties.
6.8. Ghana (Project status: Completed)
Bitland Land Registry System is a joint venture of Ghana and Bitland. Bitland is a non-profit
organization working in order to resolve the property related issues using blockchain and using Ghana as test
case to further apply the technology in African region. Specifically, the project is being implemented as pilot
project in Kumasi region.
6.9. India (Project status: Project in development stage)
Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in collaboration with Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing (C-DAC) are working on project that applies the blockchain technology to improve
the land registry system. Currently the project is undergoing review and development phase and further it
will be implemented in capital city Hyderabad and surrounding areas as a test case before implementing it in
these states completely.
6.10. Ukraine (Project status: Initial stage)
State Land Cadastre of Ukraine government is working on blockchain based land title system with
Bitfury Group. Bitfury is a non-profit group helping Ukraine to resolve the issues of corruption and
black-market control. Pilot project was started in 2017 and in the beginning the project is covering the aspect of
record authentication without any direct land transaction but it will be later on included in next phase. This
project is using Exonum platform for private blockchains. At the same time a Paolo Alto based global property
store Propy is partnering with government to help it in online real estate transaction using Ethereum blockchain.
6.11. United States - state government (Project status: Initial stage)
Paolo Alto based real estate firm Propy has signed a collaboration agreement with South Burlington
Clerk Office to provide blockchain based real estate transactions and record keeping to make it cost effective,
efficient and secure. It’s a pilot project that will be replicated in other states after successful implementation.
Meanwhile Wyoming, Teton County signed a MoU with Medici Land Governance in 2018 to shift
the existing land records to new blockchain based platform.
6.12. Netherlands (Project status: Project in development phase)
The Land Registry organization of the Netherlands, generally referred as the Kadaster initiated a land
registry project in May 2018 that utilizes blockchain and AI. The land registry department registers
the ownership details and geographical coordinates for correct identification. This information can be accurately
stored using blockchain and time stamping techniques. The project is in development phase. This project is
a part of Government’s program “Blockchain Pilots” to introduce blockchain in all the aspects of e-governance.
7. IMPLEMENTATION: PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR BLOCKCHAIN BASED LAND
REGISTRY SYSTEM
During the process of land trading, the buyer and seller have to sign a pre-agreement contract (smart
contact) and then further send the request of transfer to the registry office. The registry office verifies
the identity of seller and buyer then verify the land title with the help of surveyor and departmental records.
Once the authentication and verification are complete, the financial transaction record is verified, and
required revenue in the form of transfer charges and taxes are collected then the transfer request further
processes. After completing all these steps, the ownership is transferred, and the ownership certificate issued
to the buyer, and the updated record sent to all concerned departments. The verification of seller and buyer is
done with the help of pre-agreement Id that stores the seller and buyer ID and agreement details.
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7.1. New transaction block
Once the transaction process is complete and ownership records are created, these records need to be
updated at all department (parties involved namely Registry office, surveyor, revenue office and banks) that
stores and verifies these records. These parties or nodes store a separate distributed ledger that records these
transactions and all the historical transaction records using distributed ledger technology (DLT) of that
specific property. The specific office can check and validate the transaction based on ownership records
previously stored in its distributed ledger.
The newly created transaction blocks are verified by the by validating node and then it is
broadcasted to all the nodes within the DLT network. The other validating nodes will verify and agree on
the generated node with the help of a consensus mechanism and then finally the new block is added in
the blockchain. The contents of the generated block have been shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. New transaction block
7.2. Smart land title contract
The pre-agreement contract process between buyer and seller has been shown below that requires
the following details given in Figure 3. The internal contents have been explained in detail and given below;
a. Identity: It stores the information (ID, name, sign) of all the users in the system and the KYC feature for
the verification of legal identity.
b. Title: It stores and updates the information related to the Title on the blockchain like Id, Address, status,
the current owner.
c. Deed: Store and Manages the information related to Deed like- ID, Seller ID, Buyer ID, Payment status.
d. Agreement: Store various legal agreements, an inspection report by the surveyor, purchase agreements,
and this is digitally signed for deed transitions.
e. Electronic Signature: Store digital signatures of all the participants in the system and allow to store
multiple signatories acting in different capacities in the same documents. Validates the digital
signature format.
7.3. Algorithm for pre-agreement
The pre-agreement is executed between buyer and seller based on IDs of both, land ID and payment
details. The buyer and seller will agree on the amount of land and based on this they will create
a pre-agreement contract. The title will be generated based on property ID, owner ID and payment record.
Further Taxation ID will be generated based on the Property ID and rate of taxation as per revenue
department rules. The payment ID will be null until verified by Registry office and payment is done by
the buyer. Once the registry office verifies all the details of land, ownership records and dues etc. the buyer
will initiate the payment. After verification of payment details, the registry office will create the payment
approval and start the transfer process. The proposed blockchain based pre-agreement algorithm for land
registry system has been given below;
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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Algorithm: Pre-Agreement contract
If (Seller Id [] <= Null)
Seller Id [] ← (Id, Name, Sign);
return Seller Id [];
else If (Buyer [] <=Null)
Buyer Id [] ← (Id, Name, Sign);
return Buyer Id [];
else
Title Id [] ← (property Id, Owner pub key, Payment status);
Taxation Id [] ← (Property Id, rate of taxation);
return Title Id [], taxation Id []
exit;
If (Payment status >= Null) && (Buyer Id or Seller Id [] or Title Id [] >= Null)
{
Deed Id [] ← (Seller Id [], Buyer Id [], Title Id []);
Agreement Id [] ← (Taxation Id [], Deed Id []);
Pre-Agreement Contract ← (Agreement Id [], Seller Id [], Buyer Id [], Hash);
}
return Pre-Agreement Contract []
exit;
Figure 3. Pre-agreement contract process
8. FRAMEWORK FOR LAND REGISTRY SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN
A new framework for blockchain based secure and reliable land registry system has been proposed
in this paper given in Figure 4. The proposed framework uses blockchain for storing land records and is
tamperproof and reliable.
a. Step-1: Preagreement
In step 1, the seller and buyer sign a Pre-agreement title contract containing Sign, Seller ID, Buyer ID,
sell ID, Amount of transfer, payment status.
b. Step-2: Sell request
In this step, the pre-agreement title contract then sent to the Registry office for sell request.
For making the trust in the system for a land registry using BC and solve the double spending problem,
the system will put a LOCK on the specific land title and will not allow any other transaction on same
Sell ID until the Approval or the Disapproval is received from the registry office.
c. Step-3: Verification
Further in step 3, the registrar office can then send an ownership and dues verification and validation
request to bank, Revenue, Surveyor & registry office.
Registrar office ask the surveyor for the validation and the report of the property geometry, property
GPS Location and property ID.
Registrar office asks the bank for verification and report of the Credit history of buyer and seller,
credit history of the property.
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Registrar office asks the Revenue department for verification and report of the type of property and
appraisals.
The registry office notifies all the departments and sends the Blockchain hash to all the departments
in the land registry system.
d. Step-4: Approval
In step 4, the registry office will get information from all the department to whom the verification
request has been sent.
e. Step-5: Notification
After getting positive verification reports from the departments, the registry office notifies the Buyer
that Ownership verification has been verified and notifies them to sign the agreement digitally,
otherwise disapprove the request.
f. Step-6: Initiate fund transfer
After the notification, in this step the system tracks the amount listed in the pre-agreement to be
transferred to the bank by the buyer.
g. Step-7: Approve fund transfer
In Step 7 the Bank checks the fund transferred with reference to the pre-agreement title contract and
approves it. And marks the payment as received on Pre-agreement title contract
h. Step-8: Transfer detail
After approval of the Fund transfer in step 7, in this step the bank send the transfer details to
the registry office.
i. Step-9: Ownership transfer
In this step, Registry office approves the Ownership transfer request and notifies the Seller and the
Buyer about the land title transfer. Recording office in registry office changes the ownership records.
j. Step-10: Ownership certificate
After transfer, in this step the Registry office generates an Electronic title deed with Bloch chain hash
and QR code to the buyer. Ownership certificate is given to the buyer
k. Step-11: Record update
In the final step 11, the ownership transfer certificate updated to all the departments (registry office,
bank, suryer, revenue office) with blockchain hash to all the departments in the land registry system.
Figure 4. Framework for land registry system using blockchain
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Blockchain-based framework for secure and reliable land registry system (Mohammed Shuaib)
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9. CONCLUSION
This paper reviewed the existing procedures and issues in the traditional land registry system.
The traditional system is prone to various types of tampering at every stage and indirectly affects the costing
also in the form of paper resources, storage requirement of vast record keeping, security issues of these
records. The system is also time-consuming and requires much time in verification and updating process that
give rise to bribery and chances of double spending (selling the same piece of land simultaneously to more
than one buyer) increases. These issues affect the economy, and people are sceptical in investing in land
trading that excludes a large chunk of money from the regular economy cycle that hinders the growth of any
country. These issues also affect the tax and revenue collection for government and black money in the form
of unnamed properties increases. Blockchain technology has the potential to counter all these issues. In this
paper, a framework for secure and reliable land registry system has been proposed that counters
the significant issues of tampering, double spending and provide near real-time updating of land records.
The proposed system is very economical, as it requires very less human resources and more reliable. This
paper also proposed an algorithm for a pre-agreement contract between buyer and seller. The process of
ownership record generation and the process of updating these records at various interconnection nodes
(offices) has been discussed in detail. In future, the proposed framework and algorithm will be implemented
in the real environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express greatest appreciation to Ministry of Education, Malaysia and
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for the financial support (grant number: Q.K130000.2456.08G28).
Last but not least, we also appreciate Advanced Informatics at Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics
(FTIR), UTM for their support in conducting this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohammed Shuaib received the B-Tech. and M-Tech degrees in computer Engineering
majoring in Sofware Engineering from the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh,
India in 2010 and 2012 respectively. He has also served for three years as an Assistant
Professor in the Department of Computer Engg., Integral University, Lucknow, India.
Currently, he is a Ph.D. candidate in Advanced Informatics Department from Razak Faculty
of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. His research area is focusing on Blockchain, Security, IoT, Cloud Computing and
Identity Managemnt.
Salwani Mohd Daud is a Professor of Advanced Informatics Department in Razak Faculty
of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). She obtained her
B.Eng. (Hons) Electronics Engineering from University of Liverpool in 1984. Then she
received her M.Eng. in Electrical Engineering in 1989 and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in
2006 from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She is a member of Institute Electrical Electronic
Engineer (IEEE), registered Professional Technologist from Malaysia Board of
Technologists (MBOT) and registered graduate engineer with the Board of Engineers
Malaysia (BEM). She has been with UTM for more than 30 years and has vast experience in
teaching and research. Her research area is focusing on artificial intelligence, blockchain and
IoT. Currently she is teaching machine learning and system design for security for
postgraduate program. She is also leading few research grants in the related topics and had
secured more than RM2 millions of R&D funds. She also has published more than 100
academic articles in journal, proceedings and books.
Shadab Alam is of Indian origin currently working as Assistant Professor in Department of
Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA. He earned a doctoral degree in Computer
Science from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh as well as Bachelor and Master degree in
Computer Science also. His main area of research is Cryptography and Information Security
and further research interests include Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain Technology and
E-learning. He has published more than 20 research papers in reputed international
conference proceedings and journals. He is a member of the Computer Society of India
(CSI), Cryptology Research Society of India (CRSI), ACM, IAENG, CSTA, IACSIT and
ICSES.
Wazir Zada Khan (M'16-SM'17) received his bachelor's and master's degrees in computer
science from COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus in 2004 and 2007,
respectively. He received his PhD from the Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia in 2015. Dr. Khan is currently
working with Farasan Networking Research Laboratory, Faculty of CS & IT, Jazan
University, Saudi Arabia. His current research interests include wireless sensor networks,
security and privacy, IoT and Blockchain. He is a SMIEEE.