Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that provides resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin. It does this by hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring structure in these antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. The document discusses the classification, mechanism of action, and applications of beta-lactamase. It describes how beta-lactamase is used to inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics in blood cultures and antibiotic assays to prevent false negative results. Protocols are provided for using beta-lactamase in blood cultures and aminoglycoside antibiotic assays.
Dear students, you can watch the Complete chapter of antibiotics in these videos as per PCI syllabus
1)Antibiotics-History & Introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKch...
2)Easy Learning Of Chapter - β-Lactam antibiotics-Cephalosporin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7b5g...
3)Learn Complete Topic -β-Lactam antibiotics(Penicillin) in Medicinal Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXQ3S...
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Antibiotics inhibiting cell wall synthesis- All you need to know, by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This is my 52nd powerpoint...deals with various drugs that inhibit cell-wall synthesis, their spectrum of activity, ADRs & important applications in infections. Newer molecules have also been elucidated here.
HAPPY READING!!
beta lactamases : structure , classification and investigationsDr Taoufik Djerboua
this is a simple introduction to the world of beta lactamase enzymes that i had the chance to present during my observership in turkey. it bears some introductive notions necessary to the unverstading of the function fo these enzymes and some tests usually used to invistigate bacteria producing these enzymes. the pictures were taken from Microbe-edu.com Bush et al classification of Beta lactamase, the EUCAST and CLSI recommandation for susceptibility testing documents.
Penicillin binding proteins are a group of proteins found in different organisms that have high
affinity for penicillin and bind themselves to penicillin. These proteins are made up of many
types of bacteria. They bind themselves in different ways and as such there are both cytoplasmic
bound penicillin binding proteins and membrane bound ones.
This is lecturer notes on pharmacology & toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H. Seventh semester students.This may useful for other institute veterinary students.Please send your comment and suggestion;jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
Externalisation of EU immigration policy: a raised drawbridge?Arsenia Nikolaeva
“One refugee is a novelty, ten refugees are boring and a hundred refugees are a menace”.
(Greenhill 2010:1) A look at the externalisation of EU immigration policy and the effect it has on the number of asylum seekers entering the EU borders.
Dear students, you can watch the Complete chapter of antibiotics in these videos as per PCI syllabus
1)Antibiotics-History & Introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKch...
2)Easy Learning Of Chapter - β-Lactam antibiotics-Cephalosporin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7b5g...
3)Learn Complete Topic -β-Lactam antibiotics(Penicillin) in Medicinal Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXQ3S...
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Antibiotics inhibiting cell wall synthesis- All you need to know, by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This is my 52nd powerpoint...deals with various drugs that inhibit cell-wall synthesis, their spectrum of activity, ADRs & important applications in infections. Newer molecules have also been elucidated here.
HAPPY READING!!
beta lactamases : structure , classification and investigationsDr Taoufik Djerboua
this is a simple introduction to the world of beta lactamase enzymes that i had the chance to present during my observership in turkey. it bears some introductive notions necessary to the unverstading of the function fo these enzymes and some tests usually used to invistigate bacteria producing these enzymes. the pictures were taken from Microbe-edu.com Bush et al classification of Beta lactamase, the EUCAST and CLSI recommandation for susceptibility testing documents.
Penicillin binding proteins are a group of proteins found in different organisms that have high
affinity for penicillin and bind themselves to penicillin. These proteins are made up of many
types of bacteria. They bind themselves in different ways and as such there are both cytoplasmic
bound penicillin binding proteins and membrane bound ones.
This is lecturer notes on pharmacology & toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H. Seventh semester students.This may useful for other institute veterinary students.Please send your comment and suggestion;jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
Externalisation of EU immigration policy: a raised drawbridge?Arsenia Nikolaeva
“One refugee is a novelty, ten refugees are boring and a hundred refugees are a menace”.
(Greenhill 2010:1) A look at the externalisation of EU immigration policy and the effect it has on the number of asylum seekers entering the EU borders.
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Beta lactam antibiotics, First antibiotic by Scottish scientist , Alexander Fleming in 1928 (seen fungus and bacteria can not grow together)
PCN was isolated from fungus Penicillium notatum
ß-lactum antibiotics
Active against Gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococci and Streptococci) not against gram –ve except at high dose
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
2. 1
WHAT IS BETA-LACTAMASE?
Beta-lactamase enzymes can be classified under two classifica�on schemes: the molecular
classifica�on and the func�onal classifica�on. The molecular classifica�on, of which is a
more classical approach, is dependent upon the primary structure of the beta-lactamase
enzyme, effec�vely dividing beta-lactamase into class A, B, C, and D enzymes . The
func�onal classifica�on scheme relies more on the phenotypic expressions of beta
-lactamase enzyme’s substrate and inhibitor profiles.
The manipula�on of bacteria in biotechnology
in order to extract the an�bio�c-resistant genes
for other uses has yielded enzymes targeted
towards specific substances to be of use in other
research se�ngs. Beta-lactamase, also known
as penicillinase, are one of such enzymes
targeted to break down penicillin. Found in
bacterial plasmid as a form of protec�on against
beta- lactam an�bio�cs, beta-lactamase a�acks
the beta-lactam ring found within penicillin’s
structure, destroying the cyclic amide ring via
hydrolysis. Beta-lactamase enzymes are respon-
sible for the resistance to beta-lactam class
an�bio�cs.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
Specifica�on
Product Number
CAS #:
Chemical
Name:
Appearance:
Solubility:
Storage
Temperature:
Size:
Structure
L-1163
9073-60-3
penicillin amido
-β-lactam hydrolase
Freeze dried
powder
Soluble in Water
+4°C
1 vial
Specifica�on Structure
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3. 2
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Table 1. Ambler Classification Scheme of Beta Lactamases
Bush-Jacoby Group
(2009)
Bush-Jacoby
Medeiros Group
(2005)
Molecular Class
(Subclass)
Dis�nc�ve subsrate(s) CA or
TZB
EDTA
Defining Characteris�cs
Represen�ve
Enzymes
1 1 C Cephalosporins No No
Greater hydrolysis of
cephalosporins than
benzylpenicillin; hydrolyzes
cephamycins
E. coli AmpC,
P99, ACT-1, CMY-
2, FOX-1, MIR-1
1e NI* C Cephalosporins No No
Increased hydrolysis of
ce�azidime and o�en other
oxyimino-β-lactams
GC1, CMY-37
2a 2a A Penicillins Yes No
Greater hydrolysis of
benzylpenicillin than
cephalosporins
PC1
2b 2b A
Penicillins, early
cephalosporins
Yes No
Similar hydrolysis of
benzylpenicillin and
cephalosporins
TEM-1, TEM-2,
SHV-1
2be 2be A
Extended-spectrum
cephalosporins,
monobactams
Yes No
Increased hydrolysis of
oxyimino-β-lactams
(cefotaxime, ce�azidime,
ce�riaxone, cefepime,
aztreonam)
TEM-3, SHV-2,
CTX-M-15, PER-1,
VEB-1
2br 2br A Penicillins No No
Resistance to clavulanic acid,
sulbactam, and tazobactam
TEM-30, SHV-10
2ber NI* A
Extended-spectrum
cephalosporins,
monobactams
No No
Increased hydrolysis of
oxyimino-β-lactams combined
with resistance to clavulanic
acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam
TEM-50
2c 2c A Carbenicillin Yes No
Increased hydrolysis of
carbenicillin
PSE-1, CARB-3
2ce NI* A
Carbenicillin,
cefepime
Yes No
Increased hydrolysis of
carbenicillin, cefepime, and
cefpirome
RTG-4
2d 2d D Cloxacillin Variable No
Increased hydrolysis of
cloxacillin or oxacillin
OXA-1, OXA-10
2de NI* D
Extended-spectrum
cephalosporins
Variable No
Hydrolyzes cloxacillin or oxacillin
and oxyimino-β-lactams
OXA-11, OXA-15
2df NI* D Carbapenems Variable No
Hydrolyzes cloxacillin or oxacillin
and carbapenems
OXA-23, OXA-48
2e 2e A
Extended-spectrum
cephalosporins
Yes No
Hydrolyzes cephalosporins.
Inhibited by clavulanic acid but
not aztreonam
CepA
2f 2f A Carbapenems Variable No
Increased hydrolysis of
carbapenems, oxyimino-β-
lactams, cephamycins
KPC-2, IMI-1,
SME-1
3a 3 B (B1) Carbapenems No Yes
Broad-spectrum hydrolysis
including carbapenems but not
monobactams
IMP-1, VIM-1,
CcrA, IND-1
B (B3)
L1, CAU-1, GOB-
1, FEZ-1
3b 3 B (B2) Carbapenems No Yes
Preferen�al hydrolysis of
carbapenems
CphA, S�-1
NI 4 Unknown
Inhibited By
4. MECHANISM OF β-LACTAM DRUGS
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Beta-lactam an�bio�cs are similar in structure of the terminal amino acid residues of the small
proteins comprising the pep�doglycan matrix, and thus act as antagonis�c drugs by binding to
the ac�ve site. The nature of the binding between beta lactam an�bio�cs and the penicillin-bind-
ing protein ac�ve sites are both irreversible and inhibitory, disrup�ng the forma�on of the
pep�doglycan layer. This inhibi�on causes the bacterial cell to shed its cell wall, forming a
spheroplast that is fragile to its environment. The bacterial cell, suscep�ble to death due to the
lack of protec�on, fails in its a�empt of undergoing binary fission.
Beta-lactam an�bio�cs, such as cephams and penicillin deriva�ves, contain a four-member cyclic
amide ring, which inhibits the pep�doglycan layer synthesis in bacteria. A woven complex of
sugar and protein pieces, these first class bacteriocidal drugs destroy the integrity of the
pep�doglycan layer. This method of bacterial cellular death is especially effec�ve to Gram-
posi�ve bacteria due to the pep�doglycan layer providing the outermost resistance to
encapsulated bacterial innards. In binary fission, the process which bacterial cells undergo for
reproduc�ve means, the bacterial cell furrows to form a cell plate comprising of the cell wall and,
consequently, the pep�doglycan layer as the cell divides into two daughter cells. The bacteria rely
on penicillin-binding proteins to facilitate the synthesis of a new cellular wall in a process called
'transpep�da�on'.
5. PENICILLIN RESISTANCE
4
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Various strains of bacteria have now developed
a form of resistance to beta-lactam an�bio�cs.
Beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the beta-lactam
ring, which characterizes beta-lactam an�biot-
ics, adding a hydroxyl group to the structure. By
adding the hydroxyl group, the beta-lactam
ring’s structure is destroyed, and the an�bio�c
is rendered useless. The gene expression for
beta-lactamase may be induced by repeated
exposure to beta-lactam an�bio�cs, increasing
the selec�ve pressure for bacteria to obtain the
enzyme.
In order to combat bacterial an�bio�c resistance, beta-lactam an�bio�cs can be administered
with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as augmen�n, which is an an�bio�c comprised of amoxicillin
(found within the beta-lactam an�bio�c family) and clavulanic acid. Clavulanic acid acts by using
its structure, of which is analogous to beta-lactam molecules, as a site for beta-lactamase to bind
to instead of the beta-lactam ring located on the an�bio�c. This allows for beta-lactamase to
hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring in clavulanic acid, keeping the integrity of the beta-lactam
an�bio�c’s structure and allowing beta-lactam an�bio�cs to inhibit pep�doglycan synthesis.
Carbapenems also inhibit class A beta-lactamase enzymes through hydrolysis, and are very
effec�ve against extended spectrum beta-lactamases.
BETA LACTAMASE APPLICATIONS
Beta-lactamase is especially effec-
�ve in body fluids and thus have 2
main applica�ons in clinical labora-
tory se�ngs.
Bacterial infec�ons are diagnosed by preparing a
blood culture. The results of these blood cultures
o�en assist in customizing an�microbrial therapy.
An�bio�cs, however, may alter the results of the
blood cultures, yielding false nega�ve results which
may hinder the crea�on of an effec�ve an�microbrial
therapy treatment. Beta-lactamase can be added into
these blood cultures in order to prevent false
nega�ve responses.
BLOOD CULTURES
6. AMINOGLYCOSIDE
ANTIBIOTIC ASSAY
5
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Assays are performed on poten�ally nephrotoxic
aminoglycosidic an�bio�cs by tradi�onal means. Beta-lactam
an�bio�cs are commonly prescribed alongside aminoglyco-
side an�bio�cs during treatment; however, beta- lactam an�-
bio�cs complicate assays. To simplify the assay performed,
beta-lactam an�bio�cs can be inac�vated u�lizing beta-
lactamase. Incuba�on of the serum will allow beta-lactamase
enough �me to hydrolyze the beta-lactam an�bio�cs located
within the sample, which can then be tested for complete
an�bio�c inac�va�on.
BLOOD CULTURE
PROTOCOL
Blood cultures are a means of assessing the
contents of blood within a pa�ent, screening
for any possible infec�ons in order to devise
an an�-microbrial treatment. Beta-lactam
an�bio�cs may cause false nega�ve results;
therefore, inac�va�ng beta-lactam
an�bio�cs by using beta-lactamase can be a
solu�on to purifying a blood culture.
Assemble a mixture of one vial of
beta-lactamase in 5 ml sterile water.
Add 1 ml of the beta-lactamase solu�on
to 100 ml of the cultured medium.
Incubate the culture medium and
nutrient broth at 37°C for 18-24 hours or
according to preferred protocol. The
dilu�on of the an�bio�cs in the culture
medium ensures effec�ve inac�va�on of
beta-lactam an�bio�cs when coupled
with long incuba�on �me.
AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC
ASSAY METHODOLOGY
Assemble a mixture of one vial of
beta-lactamase in 5 ml sterile water.
Add 0.2 ml of the enzyme solu�on to 1.0 ml
serum or cerebrospinal fluid.
Incubate the mixture at room temperature
for 5 minutes.
Use the incubated sample in the assay
method of preference.
OPTIONAL: If the sample is too small to allow
for accurate enzyme dilution, the beta-
lactamase can be incorporated into the assay
medium.
A�er autoclaving and addi�on of test
organism, add 0.2 ml beta-lactamase
solu�on to 10 ml tryp�case soy agar.
Mix thoroughly and pour suspension into
petri dishes or glass tubes.
Storage at 4°C is possible for
up to one week, without significant loss of
beta-lactamase ac�vity.
Beta-lactamase is a freeze-dried product which contains buffer
salts and zinc. It is soluble in water and is prepared into vials.
Store beta-lactamase vials in 4°C.
STORAGE AND HANDLING
7. 6
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Weigh 10 g of gela�n and dissolve the gela�n into 1000 ml of purified water. Heat to above
45°C in order to dissolve the gela�n fully and cool the mixture to room temperature. If the
procedure will be done over the span of mul�ple days, then make a fresh batch daily. Do not
use mixture from a prior day.
Mix thoroughly and pour suspension into
petri dishes or glass tubes.
Weigh 1.86 g of Ethylenediaminetetraace�c acid (EDTA) into a 200 ml volumetric flask and
dissolve in purified water and bring the solu�on up to the mark. Make a new batch daily
Weigh 1.5 g of Benzylpenicillin into a 800 ml beaker and dissolve in 200 ml of purified water.
Add 350 ml of gela�n solu�on and 200 ml of EDTA solu�on. Adjust the pH to 6.8-6.9 with 1.0
M NaOH. Transfer to a 1000 ml volumetric flask and bring the solu�on to the mark with
purified water. Make a new batch daily. This solu�on should be sufficient for 25 assays.
Pipe�e 50 ml of 0.1 M standard solu�on into a 500 ml volumetric flask and bring the solu�on
to the mark. Make a new batch daily.
Make the beta-lactamase enzyme solu�on so that there is a 10 mg/ml concentrate solu�on.
Set the auto-�trator up according to the �trator opera�ng instruc�ons.
Flush the �trant lines and bure�e assembly with fresh NaOH solu�on (10 mM).
Pre-incubate the substrate to 25°C in the water bath.
Measure 40 ml of substrate solu�on into the reac�on vessel and �trate to pH 7.0.
Add 0.1 ml of the enzyme solu�on prepared in step 5.
Start the �trator and follow the rate of addi�on of �trant over a 3 minute period. The rate
should be between 1.0 and 3.0 ml/minute; otherwise, adjust the sample volume accordingly.
Calculate the volume of �trant per minute used to maintain the pH at 7.0.
Repeat the above procedure un�l each vial has been assayed once. Assay at least ten vials
per batch.
BETA-LACTAMASE ASSAY
8. REFERENCES
7
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1. Fisher JF, Meroueh SO, Mobashery S. Bacterial Resistance to β-Lactam An�bio�cs: Compelling
Opportunism, Compelling Opportunity. Chemical Reviews. 2005;105(2):395-424. doi:
10.1021/cr030102i.
2. Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated Func�onal Classifica�on of β-Lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy. 2010;54(3):969-976. doi:10.1128/AAC.01009-09.
3. Brown TD, Charlier P, Herman R, Schofiel C. Structural Basis for the Interac�on of Lac�vicins with
Serine Beta-Lactamases. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;53(15):5890-5894. doi:10.1021/-
jm100437u.
4. Tada Y, Yamaguchi J. Spheroplast Induc�on in Clinical Isolates of Serra�a Marcescens in the Presence
of Ca2+ or Mg2+. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987;25(11):2154-2158.
5. Kelly J, Dideberg O, Charlier P. On the Origin of Bacterial Resistance to Penicillin: Comparison of a
Beta-Lactamase and a Penicillin Target. Science New Series. 1986;231(4744):1429-1431. doi:10.1126/-
science.3082007.
6. Matagne A, Lamo�e-Brasseur J, Frere JM. Cataly�c Proper�es of Class A Beta-Lactamases: Efficiency
and Diversity. Biochemical Journal. 1998;330(2):581-598.
7. Bacterial Drug Resistance. Essential Biochemistry. h�p://www.wiley.com/college/prat-
t/0471393878/instructor/ac�vi�es/bacterial_drug_resistance/index.html. Accessed September 26,
2016.
8. Reading C, Hepburn P. The Inhibi�on of Staphylococcal Beta-Lactamase by Clavulanic Acid. Biochem-
ical Journal. 1979;179(1):67-76.
9. Prod’hom G, Durussel C, Blanc D, Croxa�o A, Greub G. Early Detec�on of Extended-Spectrum β-lact-
amase From Blood Culture Posi�ve for an Enterobacteriaceae using βLACTA Test. New Microbes and
New Infections. 2015;8(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2015.05.007.
10. Nukaga M, Bethel CR, Thomson JM, et al. Inhibi�on of Class A β-Lactamases by Carbapenems:
Crystallographic Observa�on of Two Conforma�ons of Meropenem in SHV-1. Journal of the American
Chemical Society. 2008;130(38):12656-12662. doi:10.1021/ja7111146.
11. Abraham EP, Chain E. An Enzyme From Bacteria Able to Destroy Penicillin. Nature.
1940;46(3713):837–837. doi:10.1038/146837a0.
9. REFERENCES CONTINUED
8
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Your Loyal Companion in ScienceTM
12. Neu HC. Effect of Beta-Lactamase Loca�on in Escherichia Coli on Penicillin Synergy. Appl Microbiol.
1969;17(6):783–6. PMC 377810.PMID4894721
13. Ambler RP. The Structure of Beta-Lactamases. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.
1980;289(1036): 321–31. doi:10.1098/rstb.1980.0049.
14. Genzyme Diagnos�cs. Penicillinase and β-Lactamase [PDF]. Charlo�etown, Canada: Genzyme
Diagnos�cs.