The document discusses the immune system and responses to infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It describes the innate immune system including anatomical barriers and inflammatory responses, and the adaptive immune system including the roles of B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and cellular immunity. It also addresses hypersensitivities, deficiencies in immunity, stress responses and stress-related diseases.
B-cells play a central role in the humoral immune response by differentiating into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon activation. They can be activated through T-cell dependent or independent pathways to produce high or low affinity antibodies, respectively. In periodontal diseases, B-cells are involved in the host immune response against the bacterial biofilm and help control infection through antibody production. Their fate in periodontal diseases includes differentiation into plasma cells or memory B-cells to provide long-lasting immunity. B-cells also participate in periodontal bone resorption through antibody-mediated mechanisms.
The document discusses the immune response and antibodies. It defines antigens and antibodies, and describes the properties of antigens. There are two types of immunity: innate and acquired. Acquired immunity involves both humoral immunity through antibodies produced by B cells, and cell-mediated immunity through T cells. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens and have a specific structure. The stages of the humoral immune response include the primary and secondary responses, which differ in speed and antibody levels produced. Factors like age, genetics, nutrition, and antigen dose can affect antibody production.
This document summarizes key concepts about the nature and spread of infectious diseases. It discusses Koch's postulates for linking pathogens to diseases, reservoirs and modes of transmission for diseases, and patterns of disease spread. It also outlines defenses against disease like the lymphatic and immune systems, both innate and adaptive responses. Specific diseases and scientists that advanced understanding of disease are mentioned.
Immunity: “Free from burden”. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.
Immune Response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens.
Antigen: Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response.
This document provides information on various topics related to immunology:
1. It defines key terms like antigen, immunogen, hapten, allergen, and tolerogen. It also describes different types of antigens.
2. It discusses the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system, including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and more.
3. It provides an overview of hematopoiesis, the process by which the body produces blood cells, and where this process occurs throughout development and in adults.
This is a practical session during vaccine and serum course. A course for the fourth year undergraduate students (Pharmacology domain) at department of virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University.
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunityTheabhi.in
This document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three levels of immune defense: physical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid responses and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity involves B cells and T cells and has immunological memory, allowing for enhanced responses to pathogens over time. The adaptive immune response includes both humoral immunity through antibodies and cellular immunity.
While Lyme disease is considered to be relatively uncommon in the UK, it is likely that many cases are simply undiagnosed, many of which turn up in our clinics frustrated by conventional approaches to managing their symptoms. Being able to identify clients with suspected Lyme disease is vital, as many cases that present with early or initial symptoms of fever, headache or other neurological symptoms as a consequence of a tick-borne bacterial infection, simply do not relate these symptoms to having been bitten. As such, this highlights the importance of the need to take comprehensive and detailed client history notes, certainly when a client is reporting symptoms that have not responded to conventional interventions.
With appropriate antibiotic treatment, most patients with early-stage Lyme disease recover rapidly and completely. Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, however, vary by disease stage, and because many individuals who present with symptoms fail to recall a history of a tick bite or to report the classic bulls-eye rash, they often miss out on what is a relatively narrow window of opportunity to prevent the condition from progressing.
As Lyme disease is a multi-system illness, if left untreated, it can progress to affect the skin, joints, immune system, nervous system, or other vital organs, with many of the symptoms becoming indistinguishable from other multi-system conditions such as fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey discusses strategies for practitioners to help identify and manage symptoms of Lyme disease.
B-cells play a central role in the humoral immune response by differentiating into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon activation. They can be activated through T-cell dependent or independent pathways to produce high or low affinity antibodies, respectively. In periodontal diseases, B-cells are involved in the host immune response against the bacterial biofilm and help control infection through antibody production. Their fate in periodontal diseases includes differentiation into plasma cells or memory B-cells to provide long-lasting immunity. B-cells also participate in periodontal bone resorption through antibody-mediated mechanisms.
The document discusses the immune response and antibodies. It defines antigens and antibodies, and describes the properties of antigens. There are two types of immunity: innate and acquired. Acquired immunity involves both humoral immunity through antibodies produced by B cells, and cell-mediated immunity through T cells. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens and have a specific structure. The stages of the humoral immune response include the primary and secondary responses, which differ in speed and antibody levels produced. Factors like age, genetics, nutrition, and antigen dose can affect antibody production.
This document summarizes key concepts about the nature and spread of infectious diseases. It discusses Koch's postulates for linking pathogens to diseases, reservoirs and modes of transmission for diseases, and patterns of disease spread. It also outlines defenses against disease like the lymphatic and immune systems, both innate and adaptive responses. Specific diseases and scientists that advanced understanding of disease are mentioned.
Immunity: “Free from burden”. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.
Immune Response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens.
Antigen: Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response.
This document provides information on various topics related to immunology:
1. It defines key terms like antigen, immunogen, hapten, allergen, and tolerogen. It also describes different types of antigens.
2. It discusses the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system, including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and more.
3. It provides an overview of hematopoiesis, the process by which the body produces blood cells, and where this process occurs throughout development and in adults.
This is a practical session during vaccine and serum course. A course for the fourth year undergraduate students (Pharmacology domain) at department of virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University.
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunityTheabhi.in
This document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three levels of immune defense: physical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid responses and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity involves B cells and T cells and has immunological memory, allowing for enhanced responses to pathogens over time. The adaptive immune response includes both humoral immunity through antibodies and cellular immunity.
While Lyme disease is considered to be relatively uncommon in the UK, it is likely that many cases are simply undiagnosed, many of which turn up in our clinics frustrated by conventional approaches to managing their symptoms. Being able to identify clients with suspected Lyme disease is vital, as many cases that present with early or initial symptoms of fever, headache or other neurological symptoms as a consequence of a tick-borne bacterial infection, simply do not relate these symptoms to having been bitten. As such, this highlights the importance of the need to take comprehensive and detailed client history notes, certainly when a client is reporting symptoms that have not responded to conventional interventions.
With appropriate antibiotic treatment, most patients with early-stage Lyme disease recover rapidly and completely. Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, however, vary by disease stage, and because many individuals who present with symptoms fail to recall a history of a tick bite or to report the classic bulls-eye rash, they often miss out on what is a relatively narrow window of opportunity to prevent the condition from progressing.
As Lyme disease is a multi-system illness, if left untreated, it can progress to affect the skin, joints, immune system, nervous system, or other vital organs, with many of the symptoms becoming indistinguishable from other multi-system conditions such as fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey discusses strategies for practitioners to help identify and manage symptoms of Lyme disease.
The document discusses the role and expanding scope of practice of paramedics. It describes paramedics as highly trained healthcare professionals who provide emergency medical care and treatment in pre-hospital and out-of-hospital settings. Paramedics operate in a variety of contexts including 911 response, critical care transport, tactical operations, and mobile integrated healthcare. The scope of paramedic practice is growing to include expanded roles in community healthcare, industrial medicine, sports medicine, and hospital emergency departments.
This document discusses legal and ethical issues that emergency medical responders may face, including their scope of practice, standard of care, duty to act, issues of consent including expressed and implied consent, do not resuscitate orders, negligence, confidentiality including HIPAA requirements, situations that require reporting like abuse or injuries from crimes, and special situations involving organ donors, medical devices, and crime scenes. It also covers the importance of documentation for continued patient care, potential lawsuits, and mandatory reporting requirements.
EMS has evolved significantly since the Good Samaritan provided first aid in 1500 BC. The Flying Ambulance designed in 1797 helped treat soldiers on the battlefield. Baron Larrey is considered the father of triage and modern EMS, designing medical supply kits and ambulances. The first official ambulance services began in the US in the 1860s-1870s. Advancements like CPR in the 1960s improved pre-hospital care. Today, paramedics can perform many advanced life-saving procedures in the field like intubation, chest tubes, and medications that were once only done in hospitals. EMS now brings emergency medical care directly to the patient.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Emergency Medical Responders (EMRs). EMRs are trained to assess patients at the scene of an emergency, provide initial care, and move patients if needed. Their skills include assessing hazards, gathering patient information, providing CPR, controlling bleeding, and immobilizing injuries. EMRs must use personal protective equipment and have access to supplies such as bandages, splints, and basic extrication tools. The document outlines the various components that make up the broader EMS system within which EMRs operate.
The document provides an overview of the emergency medical services (EMS) system and the roles within it. It discusses the timeline of EMS developing from Civil War medical care, the different models of EMS systems, and levels of training including emergency medical responders. Emergency medical responders are the first to arrive on scene and provide initial care like assessing the patient, providing basic life support, and safely moving the patient. Research and new technology help improve patient care standards and guidelines within the EMS system.
1) Military combat has historically driven advances in pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) as lessons learned from treating wounded soldiers were later applied to civilian EMS.
2) Beginning with Napoleon's "flying ambulances", pre-hospital care has evolved from transporting casualties after battles to providing emergency treatment on the battlefield.
3) Recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan further validated and refined Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines for pre-hospital trauma care that have also benefited civilian EMS.
An EMT typically works 24-hour shifts for an average of 50 hours per week. They must be ready to respond to emergency dispatch calls to aid those in need. At the scene, the EMT identifies the person requiring aid. EMTs work in nursing homes, hospitals, and other facilities in 12-hour day and night shifts under all weather conditions. They may have to travel long distances on foot to reach some patients. While rewarding, the job has long hours and can be emotionally difficult due to the trauma EMTs witness.
The document discusses the components of the EMS system including bystanders, dispatchers, first responders, EMTs, emergency departments, specialty centers, and allied health personnel. It describes the roles and responsibilities of EMT-Bs which include patient safety, assessment, documentation, and continuing education. Quality improvement ensures the highest quality of care through reviews, audits, feedback, and continuing education. Medical direction provides clinical oversight with on-line direction using phones/radios, off-line using protocols, and standing orders varying by state law.
- EMS is a system comprised of various components including public access to 911, EMS response, clinical care, medical control, legislation/regulation, evaluation/quality improvement, transport to hospitals, and prevention/public education.
- As an AEMT, you are an important part of the EMS system and will provide emergency medical care to sick and injured patients within your authorized scope of practice under the supervision of a medical director. Your role involves professional conduct, effective patient interaction, and following legal and regulatory requirements.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Immunological tolerance is a state of unresponsiveness to a particular antigen induced by prior exposure. It prevents harmful immune reactions to self-antigens. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where immature cells that react to self are eliminated. Peripheral tolerance occurs when mature cells in tissues become unresponsive through deletion or lack of co-stimulation. Factors like antigen dose, route of exposure, age and genetics influence whether tolerance or immunity develops. Failure of tolerance can lead to autoimmunity where antibodies and T cells react to self-tissues, causing organ-specific or systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes.
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
This document provides an overview of immunity, including definitions, classifications, and mechanisms. It discusses innate immunity, which is present at birth, and acquired immunity, which develops after birth through active or passive transfer. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defenses like epithelial barriers, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytes. Acquired immunity can be active, developing from natural infection or vaccination, or passive, through maternal antibody transfer or administration of antiserum. The document also briefly mentions local immunity at infection sites and herd immunity within communities.
The document summarizes key aspects of immunity and the immune system. It describes how innate and acquired immunity function, with innate immunity providing nonspecific responses and acquired immunity providing specific responses after exposure. It outlines the roles of macrophages, T cells, B cells, antibodies, and humoral versus cell-mediated responses. The lymphatic system plays an active role in immunity. Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells, and transfusions require matching blood types to avoid antibody-mediated destruction of transfused cells.
This document discusses several common human diseases including malaria, amoebiasis, and ascariasis. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, modes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease. For malaria, it notes that the pathogen is Plasmodium and is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, chills, and vomiting. Diagnosis is via blood smear and treatment involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention focuses on mosquito control. For amoebiasis, it states the causative agent is Entamoeba histolytica spread through contaminated food/water. Symptoms are diarrhea and abdominal pain. Microscopic stool exam is used for diagnosis
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
The document summarizes adaptive immunity and the immune system. It describes the two types of adaptive immunity - active and passive, which can be acquired naturally or artificially. It also details the roles of B cells and T cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, including antibody production, antigen recognition, and immune memory. Hypersensitivities are immune reactions beyond normal responses, classified into four types based on mechanisms.
Fish and Shrimp immune response power point.pptAnh Nguyen
1) Disease problems in aquaculture have grown due to increased stocking densities, infected carriers and facilities, poor nutrition, and substandard water quality which weaken resistance.
2) The immune response in fish is similar to mammals, involving white blood cells that work together to identify and destroy foreign substances.
3) The immune response is initiated when a macrophage encounters and "eats" a foreign substance, displaying pieces to trigger an integrated attack by other immune cells to destroy the invader and create immune memory.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through nonspecific and specific defenses. Nonspecific defenses provide a first line of defense against pathogens and include physical barriers like skin as well as chemical barriers and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the specific immune response is triggered. This involves B cells and antibodies that provide humoral immunity against pathogens in bodily fluids, and T cells that provide cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against previously encountered pathogens. Vaccines stimulate active immunity by exposing the immune system to antigens in a controlled way. Passive immunity can also be provided temporarily via transfer of antibodies from other sources.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document discusses the role and expanding scope of practice of paramedics. It describes paramedics as highly trained healthcare professionals who provide emergency medical care and treatment in pre-hospital and out-of-hospital settings. Paramedics operate in a variety of contexts including 911 response, critical care transport, tactical operations, and mobile integrated healthcare. The scope of paramedic practice is growing to include expanded roles in community healthcare, industrial medicine, sports medicine, and hospital emergency departments.
This document discusses legal and ethical issues that emergency medical responders may face, including their scope of practice, standard of care, duty to act, issues of consent including expressed and implied consent, do not resuscitate orders, negligence, confidentiality including HIPAA requirements, situations that require reporting like abuse or injuries from crimes, and special situations involving organ donors, medical devices, and crime scenes. It also covers the importance of documentation for continued patient care, potential lawsuits, and mandatory reporting requirements.
EMS has evolved significantly since the Good Samaritan provided first aid in 1500 BC. The Flying Ambulance designed in 1797 helped treat soldiers on the battlefield. Baron Larrey is considered the father of triage and modern EMS, designing medical supply kits and ambulances. The first official ambulance services began in the US in the 1860s-1870s. Advancements like CPR in the 1960s improved pre-hospital care. Today, paramedics can perform many advanced life-saving procedures in the field like intubation, chest tubes, and medications that were once only done in hospitals. EMS now brings emergency medical care directly to the patient.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Emergency Medical Responders (EMRs). EMRs are trained to assess patients at the scene of an emergency, provide initial care, and move patients if needed. Their skills include assessing hazards, gathering patient information, providing CPR, controlling bleeding, and immobilizing injuries. EMRs must use personal protective equipment and have access to supplies such as bandages, splints, and basic extrication tools. The document outlines the various components that make up the broader EMS system within which EMRs operate.
The document provides an overview of the emergency medical services (EMS) system and the roles within it. It discusses the timeline of EMS developing from Civil War medical care, the different models of EMS systems, and levels of training including emergency medical responders. Emergency medical responders are the first to arrive on scene and provide initial care like assessing the patient, providing basic life support, and safely moving the patient. Research and new technology help improve patient care standards and guidelines within the EMS system.
1) Military combat has historically driven advances in pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) as lessons learned from treating wounded soldiers were later applied to civilian EMS.
2) Beginning with Napoleon's "flying ambulances", pre-hospital care has evolved from transporting casualties after battles to providing emergency treatment on the battlefield.
3) Recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan further validated and refined Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines for pre-hospital trauma care that have also benefited civilian EMS.
An EMT typically works 24-hour shifts for an average of 50 hours per week. They must be ready to respond to emergency dispatch calls to aid those in need. At the scene, the EMT identifies the person requiring aid. EMTs work in nursing homes, hospitals, and other facilities in 12-hour day and night shifts under all weather conditions. They may have to travel long distances on foot to reach some patients. While rewarding, the job has long hours and can be emotionally difficult due to the trauma EMTs witness.
The document discusses the components of the EMS system including bystanders, dispatchers, first responders, EMTs, emergency departments, specialty centers, and allied health personnel. It describes the roles and responsibilities of EMT-Bs which include patient safety, assessment, documentation, and continuing education. Quality improvement ensures the highest quality of care through reviews, audits, feedback, and continuing education. Medical direction provides clinical oversight with on-line direction using phones/radios, off-line using protocols, and standing orders varying by state law.
- EMS is a system comprised of various components including public access to 911, EMS response, clinical care, medical control, legislation/regulation, evaluation/quality improvement, transport to hospitals, and prevention/public education.
- As an AEMT, you are an important part of the EMS system and will provide emergency medical care to sick and injured patients within your authorized scope of practice under the supervision of a medical director. Your role involves professional conduct, effective patient interaction, and following legal and regulatory requirements.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Immunological tolerance is a state of unresponsiveness to a particular antigen induced by prior exposure. It prevents harmful immune reactions to self-antigens. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where immature cells that react to self are eliminated. Peripheral tolerance occurs when mature cells in tissues become unresponsive through deletion or lack of co-stimulation. Factors like antigen dose, route of exposure, age and genetics influence whether tolerance or immunity develops. Failure of tolerance can lead to autoimmunity where antibodies and T cells react to self-tissues, causing organ-specific or systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes.
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
This document provides an overview of immunity, including definitions, classifications, and mechanisms. It discusses innate immunity, which is present at birth, and acquired immunity, which develops after birth through active or passive transfer. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defenses like epithelial barriers, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytes. Acquired immunity can be active, developing from natural infection or vaccination, or passive, through maternal antibody transfer or administration of antiserum. The document also briefly mentions local immunity at infection sites and herd immunity within communities.
The document summarizes key aspects of immunity and the immune system. It describes how innate and acquired immunity function, with innate immunity providing nonspecific responses and acquired immunity providing specific responses after exposure. It outlines the roles of macrophages, T cells, B cells, antibodies, and humoral versus cell-mediated responses. The lymphatic system plays an active role in immunity. Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells, and transfusions require matching blood types to avoid antibody-mediated destruction of transfused cells.
This document discusses several common human diseases including malaria, amoebiasis, and ascariasis. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, modes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease. For malaria, it notes that the pathogen is Plasmodium and is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, chills, and vomiting. Diagnosis is via blood smear and treatment involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention focuses on mosquito control. For amoebiasis, it states the causative agent is Entamoeba histolytica spread through contaminated food/water. Symptoms are diarrhea and abdominal pain. Microscopic stool exam is used for diagnosis
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
The document summarizes adaptive immunity and the immune system. It describes the two types of adaptive immunity - active and passive, which can be acquired naturally or artificially. It also details the roles of B cells and T cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, including antibody production, antigen recognition, and immune memory. Hypersensitivities are immune reactions beyond normal responses, classified into four types based on mechanisms.
Fish and Shrimp immune response power point.pptAnh Nguyen
1) Disease problems in aquaculture have grown due to increased stocking densities, infected carriers and facilities, poor nutrition, and substandard water quality which weaken resistance.
2) The immune response in fish is similar to mammals, involving white blood cells that work together to identify and destroy foreign substances.
3) The immune response is initiated when a macrophage encounters and "eats" a foreign substance, displaying pieces to trigger an integrated attack by other immune cells to destroy the invader and create immune memory.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through nonspecific and specific defenses. Nonspecific defenses provide a first line of defense against pathogens and include physical barriers like skin as well as chemical barriers and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the specific immune response is triggered. This involves B cells and antibodies that provide humoral immunity against pathogens in bodily fluids, and T cells that provide cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against previously encountered pathogens. Vaccines stimulate active immunity by exposing the immune system to antigens in a controlled way. Passive immunity can also be provided temporarily via transfer of antibodies from other sources.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
The document discusses immunity and its development. It describes the primary and secondary immune responses, as well as natural and artificial (active and passive) immunity. It also discusses the concepts of self and non-self recognition, and how this applies to organ transplantation, grafting, and blood transfusion. Vaccination is described as a way to artificially induce active immunity.
Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a major role in the innate immune system by killing tumor cells and virally infected cells. NK cells are cytotoxic and contain granules with proteins like perforin and granzymes that can induce apoptosis in target cells. Patients deficient in NK cells are highly susceptible to herpes virus infections. NK cells recognize and kill tumor or infected cells but can also communicate signals to block destruction of tumors or viruses depending on the signals they receive. They are activated through killer activating receptors. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of the human immune system, including its components and functions. It describes the inflammatory response, cellular and humoral immune responses, roles of white blood cells, antibodies, antigens, B cells and T cells. It also summarizes the four stages of the immune response: recognition, proliferation, response, and effector. Key players in the immune response include granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and cytokines.
This document discusses the body's defenses against disease and injury. It covers the three lines of defense: anatomical barriers, inflammatory response, and immune response. The immune response involves both humoral immunity via antibodies produced by B cells and cell-mediated immunity via T cells. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize toxins, viruses, and bacteria. T cells directly attack pathogens. The document discusses the roles of lymphocytes, cytokines, antigen presentation, and the interactions between immune cells.
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology. It discusses the immune response, functions of the immune system, types of immune cells, acquired immunity, humoral responses, B-cell activation and proliferation. The key points are: immunology studies the immune system and its response to protect the body from pathogens; the immune system recognizes foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them; acquired immunity creates immunological memory to enhance response to subsequent exposures. B-cells play a major role in the humoral immune response by differentiating into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens.
The document summarizes the body's defenses against infection. It describes both nonspecific defenses like the skin, mucus, and fever that act against a wide range of pathogens, as well as specific immune defenses including humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-lasting immunity against pathogens the body has previously encountered.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
4. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
The body has powerful ways of defending
and healing itself, and medical
intervention is needed only on those
occasions when the natural defense
mechanisms are overwhelmed.
6. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Bacteria (1 of 2)
Single-cell organisms with a cell
membrane and cytoplasm but no
organized nucleus
Cause many common infections, and
usually respond to antibiotic treatment
7. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Bacteria (2 of 2)
Bacteria release toxins.
– Exotoxins are secreted during bacteria
growth.
– Endotoxins are released when the
bacteria die.
The systemic release of toxins is
septicemia, or sepsis.
8. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Viruses (1 of 2)
Smaller than bacteria and cause most
infections
No organized cellular structure except
a protein coat (capsid) surrounding the
internal genetic material (RNA and
DNA)
9. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Viruses (2 of 2)
Viruses do not produce toxins.
– They replicate and may cause a
malignancy.
– They may attack immune cells and
destroy the ability to ward off infection.
They are difficult to treat, and are
usually treated symptomatically.
11. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Other Agents of Infection
(2 of 3)
Parasites are more common in
developing nations than in the United
States.
Treatment depends on the organism
and its location.
12. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Other Agents of Infection
(3 of 3)
Prions are the most recently
recognized class of infectious agents.
They are similar to viruses, but do not
have protective capsids.
17. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Natural vs. Acquired Immunity
Natural immunity is part of genetic
makeup.
Acquired immunity develops as an
outcome of the immune response.
– Active immunity is generated by the
immune system after exposure to an
antigen.
– Passive immunity is transferred to a
person from an outside source.
18. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated
Immunity
Humoral immunity is the long-term
immunity to an antigen provided by
antibodies produced by B
lymphocytes.
Cell-mediated immunity is short-term
immunity to an antigen provided by T
lymphocytes.
19. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
B Lymphocytes
White blood cells
Respond to antigens and produce
antibodies that attack the antigen
Develop a memory for the antigen
Confer long-term immunity to specific
antigens
20. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
T Lymphocytes
White blood cells
Do not produce antibodies
Recognize the presence of a foreign
antigen and attack it directly
22. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Antigens and Immunogens
Antigens that are able to trigger the
immune response are immunogens.
Not every antigen can trigger an
immune response.
24. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Histocompatibility Locus
Antigens (HLA)
The body recognizes whether a
substance is self- or non-self-made as
a result of certain antigens that are
present on almost all cells of the body
except red blood cells.
This determines compatibility of
tissues and organs that will be grafted
or transplanted from a donor.
26. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
The Rh System
Present—Rh positive.
Absent—Rh negative.
Problems may occur with pregnancy.
– Usually with the second pregnancy
Incompatibility can cause severe
problems.
– Hemolytic disease in infants
27. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
The ABO System
The ABO blood group consists of only
two antigens named A and B.
People with blood type A carry A
antigens.
People with blood type B carry B
antigens.
People with blood type O carry neither
antigen.
29. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Type A and B
Immune Responses
An immune response will be activated
if a person with blood type A receives
type B blood.
The same will occur if a person with
type B blood receives type A blood.
30. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Universal Donor and Recipient
People with blood type O are universal
donors because there are no antigens
to trigger an immune response.
People with blood type AB have both
antigens and will not have a response.
This is the universal recipient.
33. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Immune Inflammation
Develops slowly Develops swiftly
Targets specific antigens Non-specific
Long-lasting—has “memory” Temporary—days to weeks
Involves one type of white blood
cell
Involves many types of white
blood cells and platelets
One type of plasma protein—
antibodies
Several plasma proteins—
complement, coagulation, kinin
Immune vs. Inflammatory
34. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Phases of Inflammation
Phase 1: acute inflammation healing
– If healing does not take place, moves to
phase 2
Phase 2: chronic inflammation healing
– If healing does not take place, moves to
phase 3
Phase 3: granuloma formation
Phase 4: healing
39. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Degranulation
Process by which mast cells empty
granules from their interior into the
extracellular environment
Occurs when the mast cell is
stimulated by one of the following:
– Physical injury
– Chemical agents
– Immunologic and direct processes
44. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Chronic Inflammatory
Responses
Neutrophils degranulate and die.
Lymphocytes infiltrate.
Fibroblasts secrete collagen.
Pus is produced and self-digested.
A granuloma may form.
Tissue repair.
Scar formation.
45. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Local Inflammatory Responses
Vascular changes
Exudation
– Dilutes toxins released by bacteria and
toxic products of dying cells
– Brings plasma proteins and leukocytes to
the site to attack the invaders
– Carries away the products of
inflammation; e.g., toxins, dead cells, and
pus
46. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Resolution and Repair
Resolution
– Complete restoration of normal function
and structure if damage was minor and
tissue is capable of regeneration.
Repair
– Scarring takes place if the wound is
large, an abscess or granuloma has
formed, or fibrin remains in the tissue.
49. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Mechanisms of
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type I: IgE-mediated allergen
reactions
Type II: tissue-specific reactions
Type III: immune complex-mediated
reactions
Type IV: cell-mediated reactions
50. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Type I – IgE Reactions
Upon re-exposure to an allergen, the
allergen binds to the IgE on the mast
cell.
Degranulation of the mast cell occurs.
Histamine is released.
The inflammatory response is
triggered.
51. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Clinical Indications of
IgE-Mediated Responses (1 of 2)
Skin—flushed, itching, hives, and
edema
Respiratory system—breathing
difficulty, laryngeal edema,
laryngospasm, and bronchospasm
Cardiovascular system—vasodilation
and increased permeability, increased
heart rate, and increased blood
pressure
52. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Clinical Indications of
IgE-Mediated Responses (2 of 2)
GI system—nausea, vomiting,
cramping, and diarrhea
Nervous system—dizziness,
headache, convulsions, and tearing
54. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Type III – Immune
Complex-Mediated Reactions
(1 of 3)
Result from antigen-antibody
complexes that are formed when
antibodies circulating in the blood or
suspended in body secretions meet
and bind to a specific antigen.
55. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
The organ affected has very little
connection with where or how the
antigen or the immune complex
originated.
Type III – Immune
Complex-Mediated Reactions
(2 of 3)
56. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Systemic immune complex diseases
are called serum sickness.
– Raynaud disease
Local immune complex diseases are
arthus reactions.
– Skin reactions following inoculation
– GI reaction to wheat products
Type III – Immune
Complex-Mediated Reactions
(3 of 3)
57. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Type IV –
Cell-Mediated Tissue Reactions
Activated directly by T cells and do not
involve antibody
Examples: graft rejection, contact allergic
reaction—poison ivy
59. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Congenital Immune
Deficiencies
Occur if the development of
lymphocytes in the fetus or embryo is
impaired or halted
– DiGeorge syndrome
– Bruton agammaglobulinemia
– Bare lymphocyte syndrome
– Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
– Selective IgA deficiency
– Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
66. Bledsoe/Porter/Cherry, Essentials of
Neuroendocrine Regulation
Sympathetic nervous system is
stimulated by corticotropin-
releasing factor.
This stimulates the release of
catecholamines, cortisol, and
other hormones.