Blanchard et. al. 2014
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This document summarizes research conducted by students and a professor to study sub-chemocline biofilms in Green Lake, NY using a remotely operated vehicle. The lake has distinct non-mixing water layers that support unique geochemical conditions and bacterial biofilms were discovered growing below the chemocline. Samples of the biofilms were collected using a custom ROV to identify the bacteria and understand their environment. Microscopy showed the biofilms consisted of fine filaments and sulfur particles, indicating they may be sulfide-oxidizing bacteria similar to those found in marine environments. Genomic analysis will be performed to further characterize the microbial community.
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The carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is the depth where the rate of carbonate dissolution equals the rate of supply from overlying waters. The CCD location depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and dissolved CO2 concentration, with carbonates being more soluble at greater depths, pressures, and CO2 levels. Biological productivity also affects the CCD, with higher productivity leading to a shallower CCD due to uptake of CO2 during photosynthesis. The CCD provides information about past climate conditions, as the CCD was generally shallower during periods of higher atmospheric CO2, like the Cretaceous-Eocene.
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- Foraminifera are single-celled protists with hard shells composed of organic compounds, sand grains, or crystalline calcite.
- They can have one or multiple chambers and live in marine or some freshwater environments. Their complex morphology makes them useful for biostratigraphy.
- Fossil foraminiferal assemblages provide information about paleoclimate, paleoceanography, and dating of rock layers that is applied in fields like petroleum exploration.
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Biochemical anomolies
Biogeochemical anomalies occur where vegetation contains abnormally high concentrations of metals. Different plant species take up different amounts of inorganic materials from the soil based on factors like their root depth and water source. Plants with deep roots directly over an ore deposit can show biogeochemical anomalies from taking up mobile elements in soil solutions. Biogeochemical surveys first determine the optimal plant species, plant part, and elements to sample through an orientation survey. They then involve systematically collecting and analyzing plant samples according to a grid or vegetation distribution to identify anomalies.
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1) Researchers analyzed microorganisms trapped in fluid inclusions in ancient halite samples to learn about past microbial communities and seawater chemistry.
2) They found 11% genetic similarity between microbes in modern brine and those trapped in halite millions of years ago, showing some microbes can survive long-term.
3) Analysis of fluid inclusions indicated seawater was calcium-rich in the early Carboniferous period, and the researchers hope to document shifts in chemistry over time.
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- Study focuses on microfossils like foraminifera and isotopes of oxygen and carbon to understand past ocean conditions like climate.
- Isotopic composition from carbonates allows estimation of past temperatures using equations like Epstein's, revealing long-term global cooling over the Cenozoic.
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The document discusses different types of modern and ancient carbonate environments including shallow-water, cool-water, and deep-water carbonates. It provides examples of different carbonate depositional environments such as tidal flats, beaches, lagoons, mud mounds, algal mounds, oolitic shoals, patch reefs, coral reefs, slopes, atolls, and basins. Images are included showing examples of many of these carbonate features.
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This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
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1) Neomorphism refers to the combined processes of inversion and recrystallization in carbonate rocks. Inversion is when one mineral changes to a polymorph like aragonite to calcite. Recrystallization changes the size or shape of crystals with little chemical change.
2) Two major carbonate cement types are calcite and aragonite. Calcite cement forms in phreatic and meteoric zones by dissolution of unstable aragonite. Aragonite forms fibrous cements in hypersaline or shallow marine conditions. Calcite spar crystals fill pores and fractures.
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This study investigated the formation of lithified micritic laminae in modern marine stromatolites in the Bahamas through biogeochemical and microbial analyses. The research found that cyanobacterial photosynthesis, sulfate reduction by bacteria, and anaerobic sulfide oxidation cause calcium carbonate precipitation and formation of lithified layers, while aerobic respiration and aerobic sulfide oxidation cause calcium carbonate dissolution. Specifically, layers with the highest biomass and rates of sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation correlated with lithified micritic horizons in the stromatolites. The study concludes that sulfur cycling driven by these microbial processes is responsible for lamination and early lithification in the Bahamian stromatolites.
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This document summarizes a seminar on nanominerals and their formation. It defines nanominerals as naturally occurring minerals that are between 1-100 nanometers in size. Key points include:
- Nanominerals have unique quantum properties and behaviors compared to their bulk counterparts due to their small size.
- Common nanominerals include carbon nanotubes, zincite, rutile, and gold nanoparticles.
- Nanominerals form through both abiotic and biotic processes like weathering and bacterial activity.
- They are widely distributed in the atmosphere, oceans, groundwater, soils, and within living organisms.
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Foraminifera in coastal studies
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms that live in marine environments and produce shells or tests. Their tests can be preserved as fossils and used to reconstruct past environments. Foraminifera inhabit different zones within salt marshes and mangroves based on tidal levels, making them useful indicators for paleoenvironmental studies. Studies of foraminifera distribution in the Severn Estuary, UK showed distinct zones related to tide levels that allow reconstruction of past sea levels and salt marsh evolution. Foraminifera also have potential as indicators of coastal pollution and sediment transport.
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The carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is the depth where the rate of carbonate dissolution equals the rate of supply from overlying waters. The CCD location depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and dissolved CO2 concentration, with carbonates being more soluble at greater depths, pressures, and CO2 levels. Biological productivity also affects the CCD, with higher productivity leading to a shallower CCD due to uptake of CO2 during photosynthesis. The CCD provides information about past climate conditions, as the CCD was generally shallower during periods of higher atmospheric CO2, like the Cretaceous-Eocene.
Abstract: Crabs, heavy metals and near future ocean acidification - what do w...
Submitted and accepted for the Symposium of Contemporary Conservation Practice (SCCP) 2016 as a poster presentation.
Field lab assingment part 1
This document summarizes 5 rock samples collected by Edward Cox. The first sample was shale found near a lake where two streams converge. The second was Oncolites limestone balls from the Cambrian-age Chambless Formation in the Mojave Desert. The third was limestone from Mitchell Caverns, formed from dissolution in the Providence Mountains. The fourth was fractured granite from Globe Wash in the Providence Mountains. The fifth was lava rock from a lava tube in the Cinder Cones and Lava Beds area.
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
Morphology of ostracods
Ostracods are bivalved crustaceans that are commonly used in micropaleontology and paleoecology research. They have a complex morphology and are found in both marine and freshwater environments around the world. Key aspects of ostracod anatomy include their carapace, hinge patterns, and ornamentation, which are important for classifying and interpreting species. Ostracods first appeared in the late Cambrian and have adapted to occupy nearly all aquatic habitats, with over 2000 known living species today. Their fossil record allows them to be used for biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
Morphology of foramnifera
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Foraminifera are single-celled protists with hard shells composed of organic compounds, sand grains, or crystalline calcite.
- They can have one or multiple chambers and live in marine or some freshwater environments. Their complex morphology makes them useful for biostratigraphy.
- Fossil foraminiferal assemblages provide information about paleoclimate, paleoceanography, and dating of rock layers that is applied in fields like petroleum exploration.
Biogeochemical anomalies
Biogeochemical anomalies occur where vegetation contains abnormally high concentrations of metals. Different plant species take up different amounts of inorganic materials from the soil based on factors like their root depth and water source. Plants with deep roots directly over an ore deposit can show superjacent biogeochemical anomalies of mobility elements. Biogeochemical surveys first determine the optimal plant species, plant part, and elements to sample through an orientation survey. They preferably use deep-rooted plants and can employ grid or scattered sampling points.
Application of microfossil in fossil fuel exploration
This document provides an overview of a seminar on applying microfossils to fossil fuel exploration. It discusses different types of microfossils like diatoms, coccolithophores, foraminifera, and palynomorphs that are important in oil exploration. Microfossils help determine the age and environment of sedimentary rocks and can indicate the thermal maturity and potential for oil and gas formation. Properties like the foraminiferal coloration index are used to estimate burial temperatures from microfossils. The conclusion emphasizes that microfossils are crucial for understanding sediment maturation for hydrocarbon investigation and exploration.
Paleoecology
The seminar covers microfossils and their use in paleoecological studies. Microfossils are the remains of tiny ancient organisms found in rock layers that can be used to study past environments. Specific topics covered include the domains of microorganisms found in aquatic and terrestrial environments like archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi and their examples. Paleoecology is defined as the study of ancient environments and ecosystems through microfossil evidence. Common microfossils used in paleoecological studies are also discussed like foraminifera, ostracods, diatoms, and radiolarians.
Holocene sediment
The cores contain 2-4 m thick sequences of hemipelagic siliceous mud and ooze deposited under seasonally open marine conditions on the continental shelf of Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica over the past 15,000 years. Geochemical records from five sediment cores spanning the inner, mid, and outer shelf suggest episodes of increased accumulation of biogenic material, particularly diatoms, at around 5.5, 1.2, 3.8, 6.2, and 10.8 thousand years ago. These features likely reflect periods of enhanced diatom production over the shelf, possibly related to climatic warming. In contrast, the inner shelf core indicates relatively constant seasonal diatom production maintained by a coastal polynya
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This document discusses different techniques for retting flax, which is a microbial process that degrades tissues and separates fibers from non-fiber materials in plants. It describes stand retting, water retting, and enzyme retting. Water retting can occur anaerobically in cold water or warm water and has advantages like low cost but disadvantages like pollution. Aerating the retting liquor in water retting reduces odor and waste accumulation. After retting, the fibers go through scutching to remove straw and pith, then drying and dressing.
Biochemical anomolies
Biogeochemical anomalies occur where vegetation contains abnormally high concentrations of metals. Different plant species take up different amounts of inorganic materials from the soil based on factors like their root depth and water source. Plants with deep roots directly over an ore deposit can show biogeochemical anomalies from taking up mobile elements in soil solutions. Biogeochemical surveys first determine the optimal plant species, plant part, and elements to sample through an orientation survey. They then involve systematically collecting and analyzing plant samples according to a grid or vegetation distribution to identify anomalies.
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Similar to Blanchard et. al. 2014
HHMI2012Poster
1) Researchers analyzed microorganisms trapped in fluid inclusions in ancient halite samples to learn about past microbial communities and seawater chemistry.
2) They found 11% genetic similarity between microbes in modern brine and those trapped in halite millions of years ago, showing some microbes can survive long-term.
3) Analysis of fluid inclusions indicated seawater was calcium-rich in the early Carboniferous period, and the researchers hope to document shifts in chemistry over time.
microbial loop
This document provides an overview of the microbial loop in marine ecosystems. It discusses how bacteria consume dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton and protozoans. These bacteria are then consumed by protozoans like flagellates and ciliates, recycling nutrients and carbon back into the food web. Approximately 60% of energy in marine food chains is estimated to pass through this microbial loop. The loop links dissolved organic matter to microbes and micrograzers, and is crucial to ecosystem function by transferring carbon and nutrients between trophic levels.
Beaver brook water study
The study found that the dragonfly larva species Aeshnidae had the highest concentration of methylmercury. Larvae collected from Beaver Brook Bridge also had higher concentrations than other sites. The concentrations decreased in the following order: Aeshnidae, Cordulegastridae, Gomphidae, Macromiidae, Libellulidae, and Corduliidae. Larvae were collected from three locations - a sandy beach, a beaver dam with packed dirt, and an area with loose dirt where water flows smoothly. The data showed that bioaccumulation of methylmercury was highest at Beaver Brook Bridge, which has loose dirt where water flows, compared to the sandy beach site and beaver dam site.
Dan Bower's Phosphate Thesis
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
Bridgewater (2013) Muddy River Biodiversity
This study investigates the relationship between microbial biodiversity and sediment contamination in two ponds within the Muddy River system. Willow Pond downstream is known to be contaminated with oil, pesticides and heavy metals, while Ward's Pond upstream has little contamination. Sediment samples from both ponds will be analyzed chemically and microscopically to quantify contaminant levels and compare microbial populations. Previous studies have found microbial indicators can assess water quality and ecosystem health in a simple, inexpensive way. The researchers hypothesize microbial diversity will be lower in Willow Pond's more contaminated sediments.
Dr. Bruce Damer @ QAU Pakistan-The Origin of Life & Life in the Universe
Dr. Bruce Damer presents a talk linking the new "Hot Spring Hypothesis" for the origin of life to the search for life in our Solar System and beyond on exoplanets. His host, the renowned physicist and activist Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy, hosted this talk at the Physics department auditorium at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad , Pakistan. Dr. Bruce “inflamed the minds” of Pakistani students and professors alike as he took them on a rapid romp through life’s possible origins on Earth to the search for evidence for life on Mars in 2020, icy Enceladus in the next decade and onward to the likelihood of life on exoplanets. Dr. Bruce Damer and Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy (presenters), Elixir Technologies Pakistan (recording and support). [presented 17 November 2017]. Find a podcast with audio, video and additional information about this presentation at: http://www.levityzone.org/lz-episode-059-origins-science-comes-pakistan/
Red Algae (Rhodophyta) in Biomonitoring of Coastal Ecosystems
— The formation, species composition and functional role of red algae were studied in the Black Sea's coastal zone. In sublittoral plant communities, red algae are dominant both by their number of species in the phytocenosis and by their active thallus-the one that ensures their high metabolism. Algae with a large specific surface area of thallus can accumulate heavy metals in higher concentrations. In the paper, we discuss possibilities of using red algae as biomarkers of marine pollution, and as bio filters in the processes of water natural.
Oligotrophic Microbes - Life at Low Nutrient Concentrations
Oligotrophic microbes are able to survive in extremely nutrient-poor environments through various adaptations. They have low metabolic and growth rates compared to copiotrophs found in nutrient-rich environments. Examples of oligotrophic environments include deep ocean sediments, glacial ice, nutrient-deficient soils, and large areas of the open ocean. Specific oligotrophic bacteria that have adapted to these conditions include Pelagibacter ubique, the most abundant bacteria in oceans, and soil-dwelling Collimonas species, which can obtain nutrients from fungi and mineral weathering.
Weird Landscapes – one finds on Earth!
Ten (10) Landscape in this world that LOOK weird.
The originality of nature.
Weird and Wonderful world - landscapes / landforms
green synthesis by silver nano particles
This project report details studies on geosmin production from Actinomycetes. The objectives are to isolate Actinomycetes from garden soil, purify bacterial colonies through repeated streaking, analyze for geosmin production in liquid media using UV spectroscopy. Geosmin is known to produce an earthy odor and is produced by various microorganisms like Actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. The significance is that soil microbes can be used to isolate useful products and Actinomycetes produce antibiotics and degrade organic molecules. The literature review discusses previous studies that isolated Actinomycetes from soil and water samples known to produce geosmin. The plan of work is to isolate Actinomycetes from soil,
Hydrology of High Arctic Lakes
The document summarizes research on the hydrology and limnology of high Arctic lakes. It discusses how these meromictic lakes have stable chemoclines that prevent mixing of the freshwater upper layer and saline lower layer. Climate change is causing increases in temperature throughout the water columns, leading to changes in stratification, mixing, and transport patterns within the lakes. The research examines data from 1962 to 2010 to analyze how climate change is impacting the physiochemical conditions and hydrology of these Arctic lakes over time. Water sampling and analysis of temperature, conductivity, ions and other parameters is being used to understand these effects and changes in the lakes.
Beyond water on mars
Mars exploration has been guided by the search for water. The more complex quest by Mars Science
Laboratory for habitable environments should illuminate the Martian environmental history, and
possibly deliver insights into extraterrestrial life.
prezentacija Erasmus Irina Kandic.pptx
Activated carbon materials were synthesized from bio-waste precursors and evaluated for their ability to remove cyanobacteria cells. The materials were characterized and one synthesized from black alder cone-like flowers was found to have a specific surface area of 485 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.268 m3/g, making it suitable for adsorption. When applied to a eutrophic lake, both activated carbon materials achieved over 99.99% removal of cyanobacteria cells, reducing the levels to below WHO guidelines for safe recreational use. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste-derived activated carbons for cyanobacteria removal from contaminated water sources.
Endolithic Bacteria In Low Temperature Environment, A Case of Life on Mars
This document summarizes evidence that life may have existed on Mars in the form of endolithic bacteria. It discusses how certain bacteria can survive extreme environments similarly found on Mars. Studies of the Atacama desert and cold springs in Canada show environments that could support Martian life. Organic compounds and possible microbial fossils have been discovered in Martian rocks and meteorites providing further evidence. Future exploration of Martian hydrothermal systems and structures like stromatolites could aid the search for past life on Mars. While not definitive, the document argues continuing research may discover convincing proof that life once existed on the red planet.
Final EHS 428 Poster
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in sea
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
LIMNOLOGY.pptx
This document provides an overview of limnology, defining it as the study of inland bodies of water. It discusses the history and definitions of limnology, noting it was born on the shores of Lake Geneva and can be described as "inland oceanography." Limnology has three main branches: physical, biological, and chemical. The document also outlines various facets of limnology including geology, physics/mathematics, chemistry, biology, and its historical and applied aspects.
Ch 25 Pp bio ap
The document discusses the history of life on Earth, including how life may have started spontaneously through abiotic synthesis of organic molecules that joined to form protobionts. It describes how fossils are dated using radiometric dating techniques based on isotope half-lives. Major mass extinctions are outlined, such as the Cretaceous extinction likely caused by an asteroid that eliminated 50% of marine life including most dinosaurs.
Ch 25 PP bio AP
The document discusses the history of life on Earth, including how life may have started spontaneously through abiotic synthesis of organic molecules that joined to form protobionts. It describes how fossils are dated using radiometric dating techniques based on isotope half-lives. Major mass extinctions are outlined, such as the Cretaceous extinction likely caused by an asteroid that eliminated 50% of marine life including most dinosaurs.
Microbial Phylogenomics (EVE161) Class 15: Shotgun Metagenomics
Microbial Phylogenomics (EVE161) at UC Davis Spring 2016. Co-taught by Jonathan Eisen and Holly Ganz.
Class 15: Shotgun Metagenomics
Similar to Blanchard et. al. 2014 (20)
Dr. Bruce Damer @ QAU Pakistan-The Origin of Life & Life in the Universe
Dr. Bruce Damer @ QAU Pakistan-The Origin of Life & Life in the Universe
Red Algae (Rhodophyta) in Biomonitoring of Coastal Ecosystems
Red Algae (Rhodophyta) in Biomonitoring of Coastal Ecosystems
Oligotrophic Microbes - Life at Low Nutrient Concentrations
Oligotrophic Microbes - Life at Low Nutrient Concentrations
Endolithic Bacteria In Low Temperature Environment, A Case of Life on Mars
Endolithic Bacteria In Low Temperature Environment, A Case of Life on Mars
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in sea
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in sea
Microbial Phylogenomics (EVE161) Class 15: Shotgun Metagenomics
Microbial Phylogenomics (EVE161) Class 15: Shotgun Metagenomics
Blanchard et. al. 2014
- 1. Recovery of sub-chemocline biofilm samples from meromictic Green Lake (Fayetteville, NY) using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Thomas Blanchard ’17, Jonah Boucher ‘17, Hannah Corman ’16, Christopher Loan ‘15 and Professor Michael McCormick Green Lake in Fayetteville, NY was formed approximately 13,000 years ago as falling glacial meltwater carved out a deep basin in the Syracuse Formation. The basin reaches depths of 55 meters and is situated within Green Lake State Park. Green Lake is meromictic, meaning it is composed of non-mixing water layers, each with unique geochemical properties. The bottom layer, or monimolimniom, is anoxic and sulfide rich, whereas the top layer, or mixolimnion, is well oxygenated but nutrient poor. The region of contact between these layers, known as the chemocline, exhibits dramatic shifts in chemical composition. In the spring of 2013, members of the McCormick lab discovered patches of white bacterial biofilms growing along the lake basin wall below the chemocline. The patches resemble colonies of sulfide- oxidizing bacteria previously described in marine environments at the interface between sulfide rich sediments and oxygenated sea water. Our objective was to obtain samples of the biofilm in order to identify the bacteria and better understand the geochemical conditions that permit these biofilms to grow in Green Lake. For that purpose a custom-engineered Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV), equipped with camera, sampling syringe, and light, was employed to locate and acquire fragments of the biofilm. Brightfield microscopy revealed the biofilm to consist primarily of fine filaments aggregated in strands covered with small particles, which we suspect to be elemental sulfur. The presence of intra- or extra- cellular sulfur particles is characteristic of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, supporting our hypothesis that these are bacteria may be related to those found in marine environments. This semester we will extract genomic DNA from these samples and use small ribosomal subunit (16s rRNA) sequencing to better identify members of the biofilm community.