Burial corrosion and porosity formation can take place at depths of several kilometers in carbonate reservoirs through dissolution processes termed burial corrosion or mesogenetic dissolution. There is debate around the terminology but it is useful to take a hydrological approach and see the key processes as due to burial fluids derived from below the reservoir, known as hypogene fluids. Some consistent relationships seen in hypogene diagenetic systems that may prove useful for exploration include the common association with faults, especially transtensional faults, and platform slopes and margins forming major pathways, especially if fractured and near kitchens or compacting shale basins. Identifying the fluid source and mechanism is difficult but can provide predictive insight for exploration.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
Distinguishing gas bearing sandstone reservoirs within mixed siliciclastic-ca...Ahmed Hafez
Seismic AVO analysis of the mixed clastics and carbonate sequences to distinguish the gas sandstone in the Nile Delta basin, offshore Mediterranean Sea. Rock physics analysis is also included. Extended elastic impedance inversion also applied. Nile Delta seismic reservoir characterization workflow
Conclusion
While methane may be broken down into a less harmful form, when methane is oxidized the problem doesn't simply go away. Methane oxidizes into carbon dioxide both in seawater and in the atmosphere, adding to the carbon dioxide levels in both these realms. As we have seen, carbon dioxide in seawater contributes to ocean acidity, while atmospheric carbon dioxide traps heat and promotes warming – though not quite to the extent that methane would – and as atmospheric CO2 levels rise, so too will the CO2 that is absorbed into the ocean. It is a classic feedback loop that feeds into itself, having the potential to accelerate global warming and climate change to a tipping point – the point of no return.
About Carbonate Diagenesis: Meteoritic diagenesis is a transformation that occurs at or near the Earth’s surface in strata influenced or penetrated by water of recent atmospheric origin. The meteoritic environment is generally divided into unsaturated (vadose) and saturated (phreatic) zones separated by a water table (see top diagram, opposite page). The interfaces between meteoritic surface fluids and layers filled with other pore fluids (seawater or groundwater) are “mixing zones” that may have special diagenetic properties.
Many, perhaps even most, shallow marine carbonate deposits are subject to meteoric diagenesis, either by the buildup of sediments above sea level or by a subsidence of sea level that exposes the platform carbonates. In addition, meteoric water can circulate far below the land surface and alter carbonate deposits that are far older than the exposure interval. Meteoric processes typically occur over periods of hundreds to millions of years.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
V.P. Wright (2020) – Burial corrosion and porosity formation in carbonate reservoirs
1. Burial corrosion and porosity
formation in carbonate reservoirs
Paul Wright
PW Carbonate Geoscience
2. This is a modified presentation given to the SPE in Kuala Lumpur on 20 February 2020
3. Take away points 1
Significant secondary porosity formation by dissolution, from the
micro-to seismic scale can take place at depths of several kilometres in
carbonate reservoirs, what is termed burial corrosion or mesogenetic
dissolution
There is a problem over terminology with the use of “burial” or “ late”
and it is more expedient to take a hydrological approach and see the
key processes as due to burial fluids derived from below the reservoir
– hypogene fluids
Some hypogene dissolution can occur relatively near surface
4. Take away points 2
There are many fields proven to have been produced by this effect
There are a range of processes known to be able to cause this dissolution
but identifying the process is difficult as they leave little trace
There are consistent relationships seen in hypogene diagenetic systems
that may prove useful for exploration
5. For an alternative view which questions the validity of the evidence for burial (mesogenetic) corrosion, see
Ehrenberg, Walderhaug & Bjorlykke 2012 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bull. 96, 217-233
These authors state that - “Like the Emperor’s new clothes, the model of mesogenetic carbonate porosity
creation is supported by personal opinion and reference to the many who have believed it before.”
A response to this view can is provided by Wright V P & Harris P M 2013. Carbonate Dissolution and
Porosity Development in the Burial (Mesogenetic) Environment. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Search and Discovery Article #50860
6. The paradigm was - just porosity
loss with depth
There is a large amount of
evidence that extensive porosity
formation occurs at depth,
without any uplift into near
surface settings
7. Sadly there is a real terminological problem
Unlike sandstone diagenesis workers who define mesogenesis as that taking place >30-70C and
<200C, carbonate specialists never agreed on a strict definition
Is this so-called mesogenetic dissolution associated with elevated temps, pressures, is “late”, or
“deep”?
Does it have to be any of these?
It manifests itself as porosity that formed after burial, typically after pressure solution took place, in
formations which have not been brought back to near-surface depths
But the depths at which pressure solution takes place in carbonates is unresolved
8. Wright & Harris 2013* proposed that –
“burial corrosion/dissolution refers to porosity formation caused by
fluids unrelated to recharge from the overlying land surface, or adjacent
water bodies, but relates typically to a confined aquifer, and where the
source of the fluid is ultimately from below the formation (hypogene).”
*AAPG Search and Discovery Article #50860
9. This would exclude meteoric waters driven by gravity, mixing zone processes
driven by meteoric groundwater discharge in coastal areas, but includes
dissolution caused by thermal convection such as Kohout convection.
This dissolution need not take place at depth but that the fluid was derived
from a greater depth
The critical issue is to identify the source of the fluid and mechanism as this
may provide a predictive element.
10. Klimchouk, A. B. 2007. Hypogene Speleogenesis: Hydrogeological and
Morphogenetic Perspective. Special Paper no. 1, National Cave and Karst
Research Institute, Carlsbad, NM, 106 pp.
Palmer A N 2011 Geomorphology
134, 9–22
Hypogene macroporosity - from many different
regions
Deep regional flow processes we know are capable of extensive dissolution,
dolomitization and mineralization. For example 15% of accessible caves
today are hypogenic (Palmer) …no doubt many more that are inaccessible.
11. I think part of the reluctance of some
specialists to invoke hypogene dissolution is
best addressed by the following - “ …a lack
of understanding, or even awareness, of
regional groundwater hydraulics by
specialists of the various subdisciplines
prevents them from recognizing the cause-
and-effect relation between basinal
groundwater flow and the particular
phenomena that they may be studying.”
Toth, J 1999, Hydrogeology Journal 7:1–14
Toth, J 1999, Hydrogeology Journal 7:1–14
12. From Cunningham K J & Walker C 2009 In: HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS AND KARST HYDROGEOLOGY OF
ARTESIAN BASINS, Ukrainian Institute of Speleology and Karstology, Special Paper 1, 2009
East Florida margin - Hypogenic dissolution along margin of Florida
Straits linked to Kohout convection or H2S from deeper evaporites?
13. Hypogene dissolution (corrosion) processes
invoked in carbonates
• Migration of oil field gases such as CO2 and H2S, and carboxylic acids
• H2S produced by thermochemical sulphate reduction in association with evaporites
• CO2 from volcanic and mantle sources
• mixing corrosion
• thermal effects - retrograde solubility
• Pressure changes?
• Deprotonation of certain clays (Brazilian Pre-Salt model)
14. CO2 and carboxylic acids as agents of burial corrosion?
The source rock maturation CO2 model has been discussed by Giles M R & Marshall J D
(1986, Marine & Petrol. Geol., 3, 243-255) and their conclusion is that it is unlikely to have
produced much secondary porosity
Or CO2 generated by hydrothermal (magmatic-related) decomposition of oil (Pearl R Mouth
Basin)
However, inorganic (magmatic) CO2, focused into the reservoir by faults related to salt
movement, has been invoked in the Eocene carbonate fields of the Gulf of Gabes ( Didon,
Zarat and Ashtart fields), and more recently for the late stage corrosion of the Pe-Salt
reservoirs offshore Brazil.
15. 65m
Cenotes (open collapse structures) from
volcanogenic CO2, SE Australia
Webb J A et al., 2010 Geomorphology 119 , 23–35
16. Zhang, G et al. 2019, Bull. AAPG 103, 2975–3001
When regional groundwater travels through the
gas–water contact (GWC), it is acidified by the
CO2(g) in the gas zone and will dissolve carbonate
minerals to form local secondary porosity. The
generated local secondary porosity is
approximately 0.04 (volume fraction), with a
maximum value of approximately 0.27, and is
located mainly in the vicinity of the GWC.
64C;
20My
CO2- driven dissolution associated with the GWC: modelling study
17. H2S Karst
H2S (such as produced by TSR) when oxidised produces sulphuric acid
but this requires mixing with oxygenated groundwater. Thus H2S–
related dissolution, including caves is best developed in near-surface
settings
Volcanic sources can
also supply the H2S
18. Thermochemical sulphate reduction – TSR
In temperature range 100-140C
Reaction with hydrocarbons and evaporites to produce sulphide and bicarbonate.
Sulphides can be oxidised to create acids and bicarbonate can trigger cementation
Likely only a relatively local process?
But has been invoked as a mechanism in some Pri-Caspian super-giant fields
Machel, H. G., 2001,
Sedimentary Geology,
140, 143–175
19. The “oil field karst” model – Permian Basin
Release of H2S from the kitchen, migrating and mixing with
oxidised groundwater and bacterial process
20. Snotties – Cueva de Villa Luz, Mexico
Sulphur eating bacteria that oxidize H2S to
produce sulphuric acid, which dissolves the
rock – hypogenic karst
– hydrothermal H2S-rich fluids, probably
derived from an oil field 50km away in the
coastal regions of southern Mexico.
21. Liuhua 11-1 Field, Pearl
River Mouth Basin
Oil Field Karst due to CO2
& H2S
Miocene reef with
karstic collapse features
For more information see - Story C et
al., 2000. The Leading Edge; v.19, p.
834 – 844.
23. Retrograde solubility
The solubility of calcite is greater at lower temperatures so as a fluid cools it
could cause dissolution.
This mechanism was earlier invoked to explain large scale dissolution in the
Devonian gas fields of the Western Canada (HTD hydrothermal dolomite
model).
And might play a role in the Smackover Black Creek Field (Upper Jurassic) of
Mississippi – see Heydari E 2000 Bull. AAPG, 84, 100-111
24. Collins J E et al. 2013 SEPM Spec Publ. 105, 80-103
Changes in pressure
A new mechanism used to explain corrosion and cementation (and bitumen
formation) in the Tengiz reservoir in Pri-Caspian
Calcite solubility in carbonate reservoir groundwater generally increases
with pressure.
A geologically sudden pressure decrease at constant temperature would
favour calcite precipitation due mainly to a decrease in solubility of CO2(g) at
the same time as bitumen drop-out from oil.
Subsequent re-pressurization at approximately constant temperature
reverses this process, promoting calcite dissolution and temporarily halting
bitumen formation.
25. Clays: dehydration and illitisation of smectites releases water from between
clay aggregates and in the interlayer space between clay crystallite.
Tremosa, J. et al. 2020 Marine and Petroleum Geology 111. 166–178
What is those fluids
were acidic?
26. Very specific mechanism – the Hofman-Klemen Effect
This has recently been invoked as one possible mechanisms for the late stage burial
dissolution seen in the Brazilian Cretaceous Pre-Salt Barra Velha reservoirs –
There is a pH decrease due to deprotonation during the decay of Mg-clays such as
stevensite (which itself produces extensive clay-mouldic porosity).
Tosca N & Wright V P 2015/16, Diagenetic pathways linked to labile Mg-clays in lacustrine carbonate reservoirs: A model for the origin of
secondary porosity in the Cretaceous Pre-Salt Barra Velha Formation, offshore Brazil. In Armitage, P et al (eds) Reservoir Quality of
Clastic and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling and Prediction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 435, 33-46
And Tosca N & Wright V P 2014 The formation and diagenesis of Mg-clay minerals in lacustrine carbonate reservoirs. AAPG Search and
Discovery Article #51002
27. To the core scale
To the pore scale
Criteria
From the seismic scale
28. Seismic scale – sags and collapse features
Normally hypogenic systems develop at depth and hence would not produce dolines at an
unconformity. However, circular collapse features do develop and have vertical continuity in
hypogenic systems and could be mistaken for surface dolines. There are means to distinguish
collapse features of hypogenic from shallow meteoric karstic origins
Panna Field, offshore India
Liuhua 11-1 Field, Pearl River Mouth Basin. Collapse
chimneys - Oil Field Karst due to CO2 & H2S. From
Story C et al., 2000. The Leading Edge; v.19, p. 8
29. Dissolution along stylolites
At the core scale - Corrosion along stylolites anfd fractures: Panna-
Mukta fields, Bombay High, Offshore W India
Corroded stylolites – super KmD zones Corroded stylolite –related
fractures
Barnett A J et al., 2015/16. Distinguishing between eogenetic, unconformity-related and meosgenetic dissolution: a case study from the Panna-
Mukta Field, offshore Mumbai, India. In Armitage, P et al (eds) Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling and
Prediction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 435, 67-84
30. Petrographic and mineralogical criteria for recognition
Mazullo, S.J. & Harris, P.M. 1992. AAPG Bulletin, 76, 607–620
Dissolution of a phase formed after significant burial-time
• dissolution of saddle dolomite
• dissolution of late cements (especially in fractures)
• dissolution of cements with hydrocarbon inclusions
• dissolution along stylolites
• dissolution of compacted grains
• dissolution of stylolite-related fractures
Associated minerals -
• dickite cements
• association with metal sulphides (MVT’s)
31. Corrosion of vein calcite
cement in a stylolite-related
fracture
Cretaceous Mishrif Fm., Dubai FoV = 0.4mm
Eocene Bassein Fm, Mukta
Field, offshore India
Corroded burial cements
32. Etched late stage saddle dolomites
Devonian – WCSB
Eocene, Mukta, India
33. Corrosion along stylolites
Carboniferous, Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan
Liuhua 11-1 Field, Pearl River Mouth Basin, Miocene
reef
-from Devonian WCSB,
Slave Point
Oligocene, Kerendan Platform, Indonesia
34. Dickite seems to be present in a number
of reservoirs affected by hypogene fluids
– it is a kaolin mineral found in
limestones and is regarded as evidence
that acidic, organic -rich fluids have
affected the rock, leaching Al and SiO2.
35. dickite
SD
Late stage diagenetic effects - saddle dolomite in a fracture has undergone
corrosion followed by dickite precipitation
Corroded
saddle
dolonite
Dickite and hypogene dissolution – Mukta Field, offshore India
Corroded stylolite
36. Can we predict the possible occurrence of
hypogene dissolutional processes and porosity?
There are recurrent pathways and associations
(including circulation systems) which could be a means
of targeting possible hypogene reservoirs
…… but as in most carbonate exploration
… things are complicated
37. Pathways
1. Common association with faults (no surprise there), especially transtensional (strike slip) faults –
includes aspects of the HTD model (hydrothermal dolomite model).
Examples:
• Devonian Slave Point of Western Canada
• Eocene Panna-Mukta fields, Bombay High
• Jurassic Deep Panuke of offshore Canada
2. Platform slopes and margins form major pathways especially if have early fractures, are actually
fracture-controlled, and can be close to kitchens or compacting shale basins - (squeegee-type flow
mechanism)
Examples
• Jurassic Deep Panuke (Abenaki) Eastern Canada
• Late Carboniferous Dagger Draw field, New Mexico
• Early Carboniferous of PreCaspian (Tengiz & Kashagan margins)
• Oligocene Kerendan platform of Indonesia
38. Western Canadian Devonian
Slave Point fields such as
Cranberry and Ladyfern
Transtensional Faults, Sags and HTD - hydrothermal dolomite
Main source – Davies G R & Smith L B Jnr 2006
AAPG Bulletin, 90, (November), 1641–1690 .
This whole issue of AAPG Bulletin was focussed
on HTD studies
Dissolution & dolomitization
linked to negative flower
structures of basement-rooted
strike-slip (transtensional)
faults, but there are examples of
hydrothermal alteration around
other fault types
39. Elements of this hydrological play - underlying aquifer
Besides the fault system other elements are needed in this paly including an underlying
aquifer – see attached text. From Davies G R & Smith L B Jnr 2006 AAPG Bulletin, 90,
(November), 1641–1690
40. PW Carbonate Geoscience
Panna-Mukta Field, Bombay High, offshore W India
Barnett A J et al., 2015/16. Distinguishing between eogenetic, unconformity-related and
meosgenetic dissolution: a case study from the Panna-Mukta Field, offshore Mumbai, India. In
Armitage, P et al (eds) Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling and
Prediction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 435, 67-84
42. 42
Panna-Mukta fields, Eocene, offshore India – formation scale
corrosion
yet extensive corrosion many kilometres from the main
strike-slip faults
43. Panna-Mukta fields, Eocene, offshore India – super KmD zones
43
Wells: Tritium
Breakthrough in a day
Breakthrough in a week
Later Breakthrough (6-8
Months)
A Zone Breakthrough (6
months)
Wells: Tritium
Breakthrough in a day
Breakthrough in a week
Later Breakthrough (6-8
Months)
A Zone Breakthrough (6
months)
Tritiated water injected
in PB-7HZ well on
March 7th 2012
2.5km
See Barnett A J et al., 2016. Distinguishing between eogenetic, unconformity-related and meosgenetic dissolution: a
case study from the Panna-Mukta Field, offshore Mumbai, India. In Armitage, P et al (eds) Reservoir Quality of Clastic
and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling and Prediction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 435, and
associated cited papers by Chandra, V. et al on well bore upscaling and rock typing.
Corroded stylolites produce super-KmD zones
44. Pathways
Common association with faults (no surprise there), especially transtensional (strike slip) faults –
includes aspects of the HTD model (hydrothermal dolomite model). There are reservoirs due to both
pathway types
Examples:
• Devonian Slave Point of Western Canada
• Eocene Panna-Mukta fields, Bombay High
• Jurassic Deep Panuke of offshore Canada
Platform slopes and margins form major pathways especially if have early fractures, are actually
fracture-controlled, and can be close to kitchens or compacting shale basins (squeegee-type flow
mechanism)
Examples
• Jurassic Deep Panuke (Abenaki) Eastern Canada
• Late Carboniferous Dagger Draw field, New Mexico
• Early Carboniferous of PreCaspian (Tengiz & Kashagan margins)
• Oligocene Kerendan platform of Indonesia
45. Source - Eliuk L 2010 AAPG Search & Discovery Article 10259 - Regional Setting of the Late Jurassic Deep Panuke Field, Offshore Nova
Scotia, Canada – Cuttings Based Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Facies Assoc iations - Abenaki Formation Carbonate Margin;
Weissenberger J A W et al 2006, pages 395-431 In AAPG Memoir 88 Giant Hydrocarbon Reservoirs of the World, ed by P M Harris & L J
Weber.
Abenaki Jurassic margin Deep
Panuke reservoir – a hybrid model
Basement structural control on reef development,
and reservoir viability depends on late stage
dissolution (burial corrosion) linked to strike-slip
faults.
46. South Dagger Draw Field, Late Penn., faulted ramp margin
phylloid mounds near Carlsbad
Cisco-Canyon in age (uppermost Pennsylvanian = Missourian-
Bursumian or Gzhelian-Kasimovian); Tinker S W et al., 2004,
AAPG Mem 81, p.91-105
48. Tengiz
Burial solution enhanced early platform margin fractures play a key role in creating
the high permeability zones
Narr W & Flodin E 2012 Fractures in Steep-
rimmed Carbonate Platforms: Comparison of
Tengiz Reservoir, Kazakhstan, and Outcrops in
Canning Basin, NW Australia. Search and
Discovery Article #20161 (2012)
49. PW Carbonate Geoscience
Narr W & Flodin E 2012 Fractures in Steep-rimmed Carbonate
Platforms: Comparison of Tengiz Reservoir, Kazakhstan, and
Outcrops in Canning Basin, NW Australia. Search and Discovery
Article #20161 (2012)
Tengiz – caverns including 6m cavern at 4kms depth
50. PW Carbonate Geoscience
From: Collins, J. F. et al., 2006, Facies and reservoir-quality variations in the late Visean to Bashkirian outer
platform, rim, and flank of the Tengiz buildup, Precaspian Basin, Kazakhstan. AAPG Memoir 88/SEPM Special
Publication, p. 55–95.
Tengiz - Evolution of the Tengiz rim and flank high-permeability reservoir
TSR &
hydrother-
mal
convection
51. Partly from: Ronchi et al., 2009. AAPG Search and
Discovery Article #50231
Kashagan - extensive loss of circulation around the platform margin
with evidence of meteoric, mixing zone and hypogenic processes
Platform-
margin-parallel
lineaments
52. Kashagan - fractures and partially porous flank margin caves were
conduits for extensive later burial corrosion
From: Ronchi et al., 2009.
AAPG Search and Discovery
Article #50231 and From
Ronchi P et al. 2010 AAPG
Bulletin, v. 94, no. 9 , pp.
1313–1348
By a squeegee-type flow
mechanism or simply by deep
regional flow caused by the
hydraulic head related to the
Cimmerian orogenic belt?
No evidence for TSR was found,
unlike the case of Tengiz
53. Kerendan platforms of offshore Indonesia
- porosity related to platform margin & caused by burial dissolution
Saller A H & Vijaya S 2002, J Petrol
Geol., 25, 123-150
54. Associations
Kitchens – close proximity to the kitchen with H2S , CO2 and organic acid
activity
Salt – salt causes increased circulation due to thermal conductivity and can
theoretically cause dissolution by retrograde solubility or by increasing
circulation of fluids with other properties
• Pre-Salt of Brazil?
• Eocene of Gulf of Gabes? - Didon, Zarat and Ashtart fields.
Intrusions – Pearl River Mouth Basin (and Gulf of Gabes?)
55. Variations in temperature from contrasts in
thermal conductivity between the evaporite and
the underlying carbonates generate fluid density
gradients that drive convective flow.
Conceptual South Atlantic half-graben tilted fault
block model. Reaction transport modelling
results demonstrate that geothermal convection
persists in the subsalt carbonate reservoirs
during and after evaporite deposition.
Jones, G. D. & Xiao, Y. 2013. AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 8 (August 2013), pp. 1249–1271
Simulations predict the greatest potential for dissolution at rates of 0.1 to 1 vol. %/m.y. occurs where
salt welds, overlying permeable carbonates thin to 500 m (1640 ft) or less. With tens of million years
residence times feasible, convection under these conditions could locally result in reservoir sweet
spots with porosity modification of 1% to 10% and potentially an order of magnitude or more in
reservoir permeability.
Modelling salt-generated convection and retrograde solubility - Pre-Salt, South Atlantic
56. PW Carbonate Geoscience
From: Beavington-Penney, S J et al. (2008) Reservoir
quality variation on an Eocene carbonate ramp, El
Garia Formation, offshore Tunisia: Structural control of
burial corrosion and dolomitisation. Sedimentary
Geology 209 42–57
Salt-related (and magmatic C02?) burial dissolution: Eocene El Garia
Formation, offshore Tunisia
Didon, Zarat and Ashtart fields.
57. PW Carbonate Geoscience
From: Beavington-Penney, S J et al. (2008) Reservoir quality variation on an Eocene carbonate ramp, El Garia
Formation, offshore Tunisia: Structural control of burial corrosion and dolomitisation. Sedimentary Geology 209 42–
57
Eocene El Garia Formation, offshore Tunisia
• For the Eocene El Garia Fm
reservoirs in the Tunisian Gulf of
Gabes–Tripoli area dissolution
has been interpreted as due to
inorganic CO2, focused into the
reservoir by faults related to salt
movement, is the most likely
candidate responsible for the
burial dissolution porosity
observed in the Didon, Zarat and
Ashtart fields.
• This burial dissolution porosity
appears to be developed only in
El Garia Formation sediments
within the faulted roof zone
immediately overlying salt
diapirs.
58. Liuhua 11-1 Field, Pearl River Mouth Basin -Oil Field
Karst due to CO2 & H2S, Miocene reef
Sattler, U et al.
2004, Mar &
Petrol Geol., 21,
977-992
59. Regional setting of the study area. PRMB: Pearl River Mouth Basin, QDNB: Qiongdongnan
Basin, TXNB: Taixinan Basin. The area affected by the Dongsha Event and carbonate
platform isFrom: Sun, Q. et al., 2013. Marine Geology 337, 171–181
Hydrothermal Karst in Miocene, Pearl River Mouth
Basin, South China Sea
60. From: Sun, Q. et al., 2013. Marine Geology 337, 171–181
Hypogene Karst in Miocene, South China Sea
Dissolution related to
major intrusion in Miocene
221 dissolution-collapse
pipe structures identified
with diameters and heights
of from c. 100 m to 710 m
and c. 134 m to 1010 m,
respectively. These pipes
vary from cylindrical to a
steep conical geometry,
narrowing upwards.
Hypogene karst where either dissolution was caused by the hydrothermal fluids or
from acid pore waters resulting from hydrocarbon degradation by the intrusion
61. Take away points
Significant secondary porosity formation by dissolution, from the micro-to seismic scale
can take place at depths of several kilometres in carbonate reservoirs, what is termed burial
corrosion or mesogenetic dissolution
There is a problem over terminology with the use of “burial” or “ late” and it is more
expedient to take a hydrological approach and see the key processes as due to burial fluids
derived from below the reservoir – hypogene fluids
Some hypogene dissolution can occur relatively near surface
There are many fields proven to have been produced by this effect
There are a range of processes known to be able to cause this dissolution but identifying
the process is difficult as they leave little trace
There are consistent relationships seen in hypogene diagenetic systems that may prove
useful for exploration
For an alternative view see Ehrenberg, Walderhaug & Bjorlykke 2012 AAPG Bull 96, 217-233
62. Eocene Bassein Fm,
offfshore India,
burial corrosion in
shallow ramp facies
And is there a link between burial dissolution
and certain types of microporosity?
Barnett A J et al., 2015/16. Distinguishing between eogenetic, unconformity-related and
meosgenetic dissolution: a case study from the Panna-Mukta Field, offshore Mumbai, India.
In Armitage, P et al (eds) Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling
and Prediction. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 435, 67-84