Blackwell's 5 Minute Veterinary Consult - Ruminant
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Teat surgery
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
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Copper is an essential metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years. It plays important roles in the body as a component of enzymes and as a conductor of electricity. However, excess copper can be toxic and is absorbed through various sources like industrial work, supplements, and cookware. Symptoms of copper toxicity include acne, headaches, and neurological or psychological issues. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood, liver, or hair. Chelation therapies can help remove excess copper from the body. Genetic disorders also exist that impact copper metabolism.
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Urolithiasis, or bladder stones, is a common nutritional disorder in ruminants caused by an imbalance in minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the diet. When cattle, sheep, and goats consume grain-heavy rations instead of their normal forage, it can cause stones to form in the bladder or urethra. Clinical signs include difficulty urinating, abdominal pain, and swelling. Left untreated, the blockage can cause the bladder or urethra to rupture, resulting in uremia and death. Veterinarians may use medications to relax the bladder or flush out stones, or surgery to remove blockages or create bypasses. Proper mineral balance in the diet and
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Copper is an essential metal that has been used by humans for thousands of years. It plays important roles in the body as a component of enzymes and as a conductor of electricity. However, excess copper can be toxic and is absorbed through various sources like industrial work, supplements, and cookware. Symptoms of copper toxicity include acne, headaches, and neurological or psychological issues. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood, liver, or hair. Chelation therapies can help remove excess copper from the body. Genetic disorders also exist that impact copper metabolism.
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This study analyzed the prevalence of bovine aortic arch configurations in patients with and without thoracic aortic pathology. The researchers reviewed over 800 computed tomography scans and found that 31% of patients had some form of bovine arch. Specifically, 15% had a Type I bovine arch and 16% had a Type II. When comparing 156 patients with thoracic aortic dissection or aneurysm to controls, the study found those with pathology were more likely to have a Type II bovine arch. They concluded that patients with bovine arch configurations may be associated with higher levels of thoracic aortic disease.
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Sheep were exhibiting lameness, swelling and moistness of the skin between the toes with foul discharge. More severe cases showed sloughing off of the hoof and systemic symptoms like fever and loss of appetite. Treatment involved complete rest, intramuscular injections of streptomycin every 12 hours for 5-7 days, cleaning and trimming the affected foot and soaking it in a 10% copper sulfate or zinc sulfate solution. Vaccination with 2 subcutaneous doses 4-8 weeks apart could help prevent the condition.
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This document summarizes a presentation on wildlife-livestock-human disease transmission interfaces in Kenya. It discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases like climate change and land use changes. Case studies on zoonotic diseases in smallholder farms in Western Kenya and Nipah virus transmission from bats to humans in Asia are described. A study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever transmission from wildebeest to cattle in the Kapiti Plains is also summarized. The presentation concludes that increased contact between wildlife, livestock and humans due to anthropogenic changes is increasing disease risks, and that pathogens may be one step ahead of current prediction capabilities.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
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The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
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