International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
A research became necessary after the collapse of steel structure during the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe
earthquakes. Reduced beam section emerged as one of the best solution. Guidelines about the cut, that is to be
introduced in the flange of the beam section, are obtained from FEMA 350. Here, a G+15 storey steel building is
modeled using RBS as a component in one building and regular beam section as a component of the other in
STAAD PRO V8i. Time history analysis is carried out in this paper. Displacement, storey drift, time period and
base shear of both the buildings are compared as the result. Base shear shows no change but considerable change
in displacement and storey drift is observed
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
A research became necessary after the collapse of steel structure during the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe
earthquakes. Reduced beam section emerged as one of the best solution. Guidelines about the cut, that is to be
introduced in the flange of the beam section, are obtained from FEMA 350. Here, a G+15 storey steel building is
modeled using RBS as a component in one building and regular beam section as a component of the other in
STAAD PRO V8i. Time history analysis is carried out in this paper. Displacement, storey drift, time period and
base shear of both the buildings are compared as the result. Base shear shows no change but considerable change
in displacement and storey drift is observed
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design study of stressed mirror polishing (smp) fixtureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Stressed Mirror Polishing (SMP) is a technique developed for the fabrication of off-axis aspheric mirror segments in a rapid and
cost effective manner. In SMP, the polishing of the mirror is carried out along with specific loads which are capable of deforming
a spherical mirror into any desired aspherical shape and thus reducing the difficulty of aspheric mirror polishing. When the blank
is removed from SMP after spherical polish and metrology, the blank will relax to the required aspherical surface with-in desired
PV & RMS surface figure accuracies. This paper discusses the different FEM approaches that can be adopted for simulating the
deformations in the mirror blank. For preliminary study purpose, a 36-cm diameter off-axis, meniscus shaped parabolic roundel
and a Spherical roundel mirror blanks are taken and required deformations are achieved through various FEM approaches. The
net deformed surface is validated and compared with a best fit near spherical surface. Additionally the reversibility of the
technique is also proved with-in required Surface accuracies. It is felt necessary that these preliminary simulations should form
the basis in understanding the warping process and their locations, so that full SMP fixture can be designed which is capable of
warping the mirrors.
Keywords: Stressed Mirror Polishing, Segmented Primary Mirror, Aspheric Segment Fabrication, Bending Fixture
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of multistoried braced steel space frame subjected to gravity and se...IJERA Editor
Steel structures are generally more flexible than other types of structure and lower in weight. Earthquake loads
are random in nature. It is difficult to predict them exactly. The action applied to a structure by an earthquake is
a ground movement with horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal movement is the most specific
feature of earthquake action because of its strength and because structures are generally better designed to resist
gravity than horizontal forces. These forces produce large stresses, strains, deformation and displacement
particularly in tall structures. To keep displacement within limit generally bracing is provided in steel structure. .
Bracings are generally used to increase lateral-stiffness, lateral- strength as well as lateral stability of the frame.
Variations in the column stiffness can influence the mode of failure and lateral stiffness of the bracing. In this
study steel frame is modeled and analyzed three Parts viz., (i) Model without Steel bracing (bare frame), (ii)
Model completely with fully braced steel frame („Cross‟ bracing), (iii) Model completely with fully braced steel
frame („Single diagonal‟ bracing).
A Study of Reduced Beam Section Profiles using Finite Element AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reduced beam section (RBS) is one of the several connection types, which is economical and
popular for use in new steel moment frame structures in seismic zone. To form RBS connection, some portion of
the beam flanges at a short distance from column face is purposefully trimmed so that the yielding and plastic
hinge occurs within this area of flanges. Use of RBS connection is found advantageous due to: a) the shear
force in the panel zone is reduced; b) the force demand in column continuity plates i.e. stiffeners are reduced;
and c) strong-column – weak-beam requirement is satisfied. Although, radius cut RBS is qualified by
ANSI/AISC, FEMA codes, various flange cut shapes like constant, tapered, radius cut, drilled holes are possible
to reduce the cross sectional area of beam flanges. The purpose of this study is to understand behavior of RBS
beam-to-column moment connections for various flange cut geometries. This document represents nonlinear
finite element analysis of the connection models performed using the computer program, ANSYS/Multiphysics
Keywords - Steel structures, steel connections, reduced beam section, RBS profiles
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software SAP 2000ijtsrd
The shell structure consists of a thin reinforced concrete shell without the use of internal columns to create an internal opening., parabolic or spherical cross section. On the other hand, warehouses and playgrounds are conventional concrete frame structures, on the other hand, they can be difficult to design as the exact shape required for the stability of the structure depends on the material used, the dimensions of the enclosure, external or internal loads and other chamfers.. .. Thus, by changing the shell parameter, the performance of the shell will also change. The main goal of this work is to parametrically analyze different designs of cylindrical shells of different lengths in order to analyze two different lengths of taken cylindrical shells, and then change two parameters, first the radius and then the thickness, based on the radii. and the difference in thickness for the same width, length and material of the frame, we will evaluate the behavior of the frame for different models. Rohit Sahu | Barun Kumar | A. K. Jha "Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software: SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46337/analysis-of-parabolic-shell-by-different-models-using-software-sap-2000/rohit-sahu
Effects of longer span floor system in the constancy of the multistoried stru...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural integrity, stability and their comparison due to the effects of longer span floor systems considering some constancy in the multi-storied commercial and residential mixed-used structures. In recent times, mixed-use developments and buildings have created an up surging demand in perspective of relatively small area of lands like Bangladesh. But, the commercial developments consisting of underground basement required maximize serviceable column free open-floor spaces for more flexibility, marketability and uninterrupted executive car parking of the end-users. Now, the column free open-plan floor spaces, usually ranges from 18~27 ft, even up to 45 ft. or more [5], offers a bulky change in span length of the slab that results the longer span structure. Again, the longer span structure is directly related with the beam length which promptly affects the thickness of the slab as well as the sizes of beams, columns and the foundations. In this study, two different span lengths of the mixed-use structural Models are considered based on the economical range [18ft-30ft] of the RC floor systems. Then, both of the structural Models are compared based on the following parameters: design aspects, reduction in the number of components, sizes & thickness, weight of steel and volume of concrete. It is found that, longer span structure keeps highest effects on the RC columns and increase in size by 104.3%. This study will also be helpful for a designer to select an appropriate size of the structural components within the economical ranges of these types of particular RC structures in future Keywords: Regular Span Structure, Longer Span Structure, Flat Plate Slab, Flat Slab, Edge Supported Slab Andmat Foundation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design study of stressed mirror polishing (smp) fixtureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Stressed Mirror Polishing (SMP) is a technique developed for the fabrication of off-axis aspheric mirror segments in a rapid and
cost effective manner. In SMP, the polishing of the mirror is carried out along with specific loads which are capable of deforming
a spherical mirror into any desired aspherical shape and thus reducing the difficulty of aspheric mirror polishing. When the blank
is removed from SMP after spherical polish and metrology, the blank will relax to the required aspherical surface with-in desired
PV & RMS surface figure accuracies. This paper discusses the different FEM approaches that can be adopted for simulating the
deformations in the mirror blank. For preliminary study purpose, a 36-cm diameter off-axis, meniscus shaped parabolic roundel
and a Spherical roundel mirror blanks are taken and required deformations are achieved through various FEM approaches. The
net deformed surface is validated and compared with a best fit near spherical surface. Additionally the reversibility of the
technique is also proved with-in required Surface accuracies. It is felt necessary that these preliminary simulations should form
the basis in understanding the warping process and their locations, so that full SMP fixture can be designed which is capable of
warping the mirrors.
Keywords: Stressed Mirror Polishing, Segmented Primary Mirror, Aspheric Segment Fabrication, Bending Fixture
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of multistoried braced steel space frame subjected to gravity and se...IJERA Editor
Steel structures are generally more flexible than other types of structure and lower in weight. Earthquake loads
are random in nature. It is difficult to predict them exactly. The action applied to a structure by an earthquake is
a ground movement with horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal movement is the most specific
feature of earthquake action because of its strength and because structures are generally better designed to resist
gravity than horizontal forces. These forces produce large stresses, strains, deformation and displacement
particularly in tall structures. To keep displacement within limit generally bracing is provided in steel structure. .
Bracings are generally used to increase lateral-stiffness, lateral- strength as well as lateral stability of the frame.
Variations in the column stiffness can influence the mode of failure and lateral stiffness of the bracing. In this
study steel frame is modeled and analyzed three Parts viz., (i) Model without Steel bracing (bare frame), (ii)
Model completely with fully braced steel frame („Cross‟ bracing), (iii) Model completely with fully braced steel
frame („Single diagonal‟ bracing).
A Study of Reduced Beam Section Profiles using Finite Element AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reduced beam section (RBS) is one of the several connection types, which is economical and
popular for use in new steel moment frame structures in seismic zone. To form RBS connection, some portion of
the beam flanges at a short distance from column face is purposefully trimmed so that the yielding and plastic
hinge occurs within this area of flanges. Use of RBS connection is found advantageous due to: a) the shear
force in the panel zone is reduced; b) the force demand in column continuity plates i.e. stiffeners are reduced;
and c) strong-column – weak-beam requirement is satisfied. Although, radius cut RBS is qualified by
ANSI/AISC, FEMA codes, various flange cut shapes like constant, tapered, radius cut, drilled holes are possible
to reduce the cross sectional area of beam flanges. The purpose of this study is to understand behavior of RBS
beam-to-column moment connections for various flange cut geometries. This document represents nonlinear
finite element analysis of the connection models performed using the computer program, ANSYS/Multiphysics
Keywords - Steel structures, steel connections, reduced beam section, RBS profiles
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software SAP 2000ijtsrd
The shell structure consists of a thin reinforced concrete shell without the use of internal columns to create an internal opening., parabolic or spherical cross section. On the other hand, warehouses and playgrounds are conventional concrete frame structures, on the other hand, they can be difficult to design as the exact shape required for the stability of the structure depends on the material used, the dimensions of the enclosure, external or internal loads and other chamfers.. .. Thus, by changing the shell parameter, the performance of the shell will also change. The main goal of this work is to parametrically analyze different designs of cylindrical shells of different lengths in order to analyze two different lengths of taken cylindrical shells, and then change two parameters, first the radius and then the thickness, based on the radii. and the difference in thickness for the same width, length and material of the frame, we will evaluate the behavior of the frame for different models. Rohit Sahu | Barun Kumar | A. K. Jha "Analysis of Parabolic Shell by Different Models Using Software: SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46337/analysis-of-parabolic-shell-by-different-models-using-software-sap-2000/rohit-sahu
Effects of longer span floor system in the constancy of the multistoried stru...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural integrity, stability and their comparison due to the effects of longer span floor systems considering some constancy in the multi-storied commercial and residential mixed-used structures. In recent times, mixed-use developments and buildings have created an up surging demand in perspective of relatively small area of lands like Bangladesh. But, the commercial developments consisting of underground basement required maximize serviceable column free open-floor spaces for more flexibility, marketability and uninterrupted executive car parking of the end-users. Now, the column free open-plan floor spaces, usually ranges from 18~27 ft, even up to 45 ft. or more [5], offers a bulky change in span length of the slab that results the longer span structure. Again, the longer span structure is directly related with the beam length which promptly affects the thickness of the slab as well as the sizes of beams, columns and the foundations. In this study, two different span lengths of the mixed-use structural Models are considered based on the economical range [18ft-30ft] of the RC floor systems. Then, both of the structural Models are compared based on the following parameters: design aspects, reduction in the number of components, sizes & thickness, weight of steel and volume of concrete. It is found that, longer span structure keeps highest effects on the RC columns and increase in size by 104.3%. This study will also be helpful for a designer to select an appropriate size of the structural components within the economical ranges of these types of particular RC structures in future Keywords: Regular Span Structure, Longer Span Structure, Flat Plate Slab, Flat Slab, Edge Supported Slab Andmat Foundation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Lições Aprendidas e Oportunidades para a Bahia - Copa 2014Flavio Marinho
Slides apresentados pelo Secretário Extraordinário para Assuntos da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014, Ney Campello, no evento de abertura do ciclo Rodadas de Inovação, da Incubadora de Negócios UNIFACS.
Seismic Drift Control in soft storied RCC buildingsIJERA Editor
This paper studies Seismic drift demands in RCC Buildings with weak first stories which is very important
seeing the present damages all over the World due to earth quake like Kobe and Chi-Chi earth quakes in
1995and 1999 respectively . As we know that in India , Bhuj-Gujrat earth quake on 26th Jan 2001 and Nepal
earth quake -2015, were the most destructive events recorded in India and Nepal in terms of deaths and
damages to the infrastructure and devastation in the last fifty years., These earthquakes has provides lessons to
human society particularly engineers, architects, builders for improving design and planning, practices
,inadequate analysis, design deficiency and even poor quality of construction. It has been observed that the
principal reason of failure may be associated to soft stories, floating columns ,mass irregularities and pounding
of adjacent structures etc. In this paper focus has been to judge the damages factors which are responsible for
the collapse of structure and control measures to be provided for a safe and economic design as per current
Indian and foreign codes .An analysis has performed using STAAD-Pro for G+5 multistoried building in
different Zones IV and V and drifting results obtained has discussed with respect to safety and damages
consideration.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Bl4201416420
1. Ravi Kumar Makode et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.416-420
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Dynamic Analysis of Multistory RCC Building Frame with Flat
Slab and Grid Slab
Ravi Kumar Makode*, Saleem Akhtar**, Geeta Batham***
*(Department of Civil Engineering, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal-462036)
** (Department of Civil Engineering, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal-462036)
*** (Department of Civil Engineering, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal-462036)
ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of the urban population and the consequent pressure on limited space has considerably
influenced multi-storeyed building construction. With increase in demand for space, construction of multistoreyed buildings is becoming a necessary part of our living style. These multi-storeyed buildings can be
constructed using various structural systems. Two main groups according to the arrangement of slabs, beams or
girders, and columns are Framed Structure and flat slab structure. Framed structures are the structure having the
combination of beams, columns and slabs to resist the lateral and gravity load. These structures are usually used
to overcome the large moments developing due to the applied loading.
The flat slab buildings in which slab is directly rested on columns, have been adopted in many buildings
constructed recently due to the advantage of reduced floor to floor heights to meet the economical and
architectural demands.
Keywords - Flat slab, Grid slab, Base shear, Shear force and Building drift.
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 FLAT SLAB SYSTEM
The term flat slab means a reinforced
concrete slab with or without drops, supported
generally without beams, by columns with or without
flared heads, A flat slab may be solid slab or may
have recesses formed on the soffit so that a soffit
comprises a series of ribs in two. directions. The
recess may be formed of permanent or removable
filler blocks. A reinforced concrete flat slab, also
called as beamless slab, is a slab supported directly
by columns without beams. A part of the slab
bounded on each of the four sides by centerline of
column is called panel. The flat slab is often
thickened closed to supporting columns to provide
adequate strength in shear and to reduce the
amount
perimeter of the critical section, for shear and hence,
increasing the capacity of the slab for resisting twoway shear and to reduce negative bending moment at
the support.
1.2 GRID SLAB SYSTEM
Grid floor systems consisting of beams
spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular
directions, monolithic with slab. They are generally
employed for architectural reasons for large rooms
such as auditoriums, vestibules, theatre halls, show
rooms of shops where column free space is required.
Often the main requirement. The rectangular or
square void formed in the ceiling is advantageously
utilized for concealed architectural lighting. The sizes
of the beams running in perpendicular directions are
generally kept the same. Instead of rectangular beam
grid, a diagonal.
Figure-Flat slab system
of negative reinforcement in the Support regions. The
thickened portion i.e. the projection below the slab is
called drop or drop panel. In some cases, the section
of column at top, as it meets the floor slab or a drop
panel, is enlarged so as to increase primarily the
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Figure-Grid slab system
416 | P a g e
2. Ravi Kumar Makode et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.416-420
II. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
2.1 ANALYSIS OF FLAT SLAB
The Indian Standard Codes provide the
guidelines for design of flat slabs. These are basically
empirical and are supported by the vast
experimentation.
But
since
the
standard
experimentation has been done on standard layouts
and configuration of the slabs, these design
procedures are limited in their scope and
applicability. Nowadays, irregular layouts are
becoming common, and it is this light that standard
codal procedures seem inadequate. Methods of
analysis of flat slabs1. Direct design method (DDM)
2. Equivalent Frame method (EFM)
3. Finite element method (FEM)
2.2 ANALYSIS OF GRID SLAB
For inclosing large area rooms such as
theatre hall and auditoriums, where column free
space is the main requirement, grid floors are used.
Grids with diagonal members are called diagonal
grids. Thickness of slab and edge beam of small grid
can be analysed by the conventional method as in
ribbed slab. Large grid floor which do not follow
these restricted layouts are analysed by other
methods. This method can be divided into three
groups:
1. Method based on plate theory (Approximate
Methods)
2. Stiffness matrix method using computer
3. Equating deflection method of each intersecting
node by simultaneous equation.
10
11
12
Grade of Steel
Panel Dimensions
Zone-II
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Length in Xdirection
Length in Ydirection
Floor to floor height
No. of Stories
Total height of
Building
Slab Thickness
Drop thickness
Size of the Column
13
14
15
16
Loading
Dead load (FF)
Live load
Wall load
3.6 m
12
43.2 m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9-12 story-650
mmx650 mm
9
Grade of concrete
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Soil Type 3 -Soft
soil
Terrace
Floors
1 KN/m2 1
KN/m2
1.5
3KN/m2
2
KN/m
12 KN/m 12KN/m
Length in Xdirection
Length in Ydirection
Floor to floor height
No. of Stories
Total height of
Building
Slab Thickness
Edge Beam
Size of the Column
41 m
24.6 m
3.6 m
12
43.2 m
115 mm
230mmx 865 mm
1-3 story-950 mm x
950 mm
3-6 story- 850 mm x
850 mm
6-9 story-750
mmx750 mm
9-12 story-650
mmx650 mm
9
10
11
12
13
250 mm
450 mm
1-3 story-950 mm x
950 mm
3-6 story- 850 mm x
850 mm
6-9 story-750
mmx750 mm
Soil Type 1- Roc k
or hard soil
Preliminary Data for 12-story Grid slab building
41 m
24.6 m
Fe415
8.2mx8.2m
Soil Type 2Medium soil
Preliminary Data for 12-story Flat slab building
1
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Grade of concrete
Grade of Steel
Panel Dimensions
Grid spacing
Zone-II
M25
Fe415
8.2mx8.2m
2.05m c/c
Soil Type 1- Roc k or
hard soil
Soil Type 2- Medium
soil
Soil Type 3 -Soft soil
14
15
16
Loading
Dead load (FF)
17
Wall load
Live load
Terrace
1 KN/m2
1.5
KN/m2
12 KN/m
Floors
1 KN/m2
3KN/m2
12KN/m
M25
417 | P a g e
3. Ravi Kumar Makode et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.416-420
www.ijera.com
III. LOAD COMBINATIONS
In the limit state design of reinforced and
prestressed Concrete structures, the following load
combinations shall be accounted 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL
1.5 DL+1.5 EQX
1.5 DL-1.5 EQX
1.5 DL+1.5 EQY
1.5 DL-1.5 EQY
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL+1.2EQX
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL-1.2EQX
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL+1.2EQY
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL-1.2EQY
1.5 DL + 1.5 RSPX
1.5 DL-1.5 RSPX
1.5 DL-1.5 RSPY
1.5 DL+1.5 RSPY
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL+1.2RSPX
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL-1.2RSPX
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL+1.2RSPY
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL-1.2RSPY
Graph 1 Seismic base shear in x-direction for
soiltype2
IV. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
1.
For the response spectrum analysis the current
code states that “at least 90 percent of the
participating mass of the structure must be
included in the calculation of response of each
principle direction. Therefore number of modes
to be evaluated must satisfy this requirement.
2. By considering 15 modes participation of flat
slab and grid slab building is achieved more than
90 % Therefore for all buildings 15 modes are
considered.
3. Response spectrum method is used for the
analysis. Importance factor and response
reduction factor are considered as 1 and 3
respectively.
4. Eigen Vector analyses are used for analysis.
Rigid
diaphragm action is considered for
analysis
5. Centre of mass & centre of rigidity coincides,
due to regularity in the plan, mass and stiffness
of the building. Centre of mass & centre of
rigidity lies at (20.5m, 12.3m)
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSON5.1 COMPARISION OF SEISMIC BASE SHEAR
It is the total design lateral force at the base
of a structure. The total design lateral force or design
seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:
VB=Ah x W
WhereAh =Design horizontal acceleration spectrum
W= Seismic weight of the building
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Graph 2 Seismic base shear in Y-direction for
soiltype-2
5.2 COMPARISION AXIAL FORCE
Axial force experienced by each storey of
Flat slab and Grid slab is compared for two (End and
intermediate columns) columns of each story.
Building in zone II and type of strata is medium soil
i.e. (soil type 2)
418 | P a g e
4. Ravi Kumar Makode et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.416-420
Graph 3 Axial force in end columns
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Graph 5 Comparison of building drift-X, zone II
soil-2
Graph 4 Axial force in intermediate columns
5.3 COMPARISION OF BUILDING DRIFT
Storey drift is defined as difference between
lateral displacements of one floor relative to the other
floor. Total building drift is the absolute
displacement of any point relative to the base. As per
IS. 1893-2002 CL.7.11.1; the storey drift in any
storey due to the minimum specified design lateral
force with partial load factor 1.00 shall not exceed
0.004 times the storey height. In this case storey
height is 3600 mm. therefore limited storey drift is
calculated as = storey drift /3600 =0.004
Therefore, storey drift = 14.4 mm
Graph 6 Comparison of building drift-Y, zone II
soil-2
VI. CONCLUSION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Base shear of flat slab building is less than the
base shear in grid slab building in both X and Ydirections.
Axial force in end columns of flat slab building
is less as compared to grid slab building.
Axial force in intermediate columns of flat slab
building is more as compared to grid slab
building.
Maximum shear force is ocurs in column of
story-3
For zone-II and soil type-II building drift in
flatslab building and grid slab building is within
limit in both X and Y-directions.
Building drift in grid slab building is less as
compared to flat slab building in each story in
both X and Y-directions.
419 | P a g e
5. Ravi Kumar Makode et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.416-420
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