Bits
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1) The document discusses different types of drill bits used in drilling operations including PDC, natural diamond, TSP, impregnated diamond, roller cone, tooth, and insert bits. 2) It explains the IADC classification system for drill bits which codes them based on factors like cutting structure, bearing type, and application in soft to hard formations. 3) The IADC dull grading code characterizes used drill bits according to wear characteristics like erosion, broken cutters, and reasons for being pulled such as being worn out.
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Bits
- 2. Objectives At the end of this training session, you will be able to: List the different type of bits Describe the different rock failure mechanism Describe the IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors) bit coding and dull bit gradingContractors) bit coding and dull bit grading Describe the effect of change in weight on bit, rpm, hole size, mud weight and solids content on bit performance
- 3. Introduction Drilling bits selection is crucial to the performance of all drilling projects. Understanding the different types of bits and their respective applications is a pre-requisite to bit selection. Not only the right bit in the right application but also running it with the right operating parameters.the right operating parameters. Well engineers must stay abreast of the latest developments to ensure optimum bit selection.
- 5. Bit Types Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 6. PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Use artificially made diamonds Run successfully with downhole motors Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 7. PDC bit: Elements 1. synthetic diamond cutters 2. support structures for the cutters 3. gauge protection 1 3 2 5 2 Courtesy of 3. gauge protection inserts 4. Depth of cut limiters 5. nozzles. Steel / Tungsten Carbide
- 8. PDC bit: Body Material Steel body in one piece ⇒ High precision ⇒ simple repair ⇒ no weld Tungsten Carbide matrix on steel shell ⇒ Erosion resistant
- 9. 8 mm 11 mm 13 mm 16 mm 19 mm PDC bit: Cutting Elements BLADE Courtesy of PDC CUTTER γγγγ
- 10. Natural Diamond Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 11. Diamond Bit Profiles Shallow coneParabolicTaper or Double cone Soft formation=> => => => => Hard formation (More diamond coverage) Low ROP
- 12. Diamond bit : Design Size and spacing of diamonds determines its use Widely spaced diamonds : large pieces of soft sand and shale Medium spacing of large diamonds: wide range of sand, shale , limestone Smaller diamonds set in close pattern: hard formationsSmaller diamonds set in close pattern: hard formations
- 13. Natural Diamond bit: Elements Natural Diamonds = hardest mineral But brittle and Temp dependant Fluid circulation important Courtesy of No cone , operates like a single unit Sensitive to shock and variation
- 14. TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline) Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 15. Cutting Elements - TSP TSP Courtesy of
- 16. Impregnated Diamond Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 17. Impregnated Diamond: Blades Formation: medium hard to very hard, ABRASIVE! Impregnated cutting element. Distributed in a tungsten carbide matrix. Bit Blade Matrix Courtesy of matrix. During heating (furnace) the Segments are bonded to the bit body. Diamond Grit
- 18. Cutting Elements - Impregnated Impregnated Diamond Blades Courtesy of
- 19. ROLLER CONE Alternative Names Rock Bit Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Rock Bit Tri-Cone™ Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 20. Basic Types Of Roller Cone Bits Insert Bits Tungsten Carbide Bits Button Bits Tooth Bits Mill Tooth Bits
- 21. Cone #3 Shirttail Heel Row Gauge Row Cone #1 Cone #2 Inner Row Nose Roller Cone Components Pin Shirttail Lug Bit Body Nozzle
- 22. Roller cone bits: Nozzles SHROUDED TYPE STANDARD TYPE
- 23. Mill Tooth Bits Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 24. Cutting Elements – Mill Tooth Teeth and Hardfacing Courtesy of
- 25. Insert Bits Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 26. Cutting Elements - Insert Tungsten Carbide Inserts Courtesy of
- 27. Tricone Bit - Roller Bearing Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 28. Roller Cone Bearing Systems Main Bearings Retention Bearings Seals Journal Bearing Bit Roller Bearing Bit
- 29. Tricone Bit - Roller Bearing Retention Bearing Main Bearing Courtesy of Thrust Bearing Pin Bearing
- 30. Tricone Bit - Journal Bearing Drill Bits Fixed Cutter Roller Cone Insert Mill Tooth DiamondP D C Natural Diamond Impregnated DiamondT S P Roller Bearing Journal Bearing Courtesy of
- 31. Retention Bearing Main Bearing Tricone Bit - Journal Bearing Thrust Bearing Pin Bearing
- 32. Rock Failure MechanismsRock Failure Mechanisms
- 33. Failure Mechanisms Failure Mechanisms Shear Failure PDC BITPDC BIT CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS SHEARINGSHEARING Compressive ROLLER CONE BIT CYCLIC COMPRESSION Compressive Failure Courtesy of
- 34. Drilling Mechanisms Shear/Compressive Failure NATURAL DIAMOND OR IMPREG BIT CONTINUOUS CRUSHING & ABRASION Courtesy of
- 35. Drilling Mechanisms vs Bit Type Scraping Mill Tooth Chipping and Crushing Insert Shearing PDCShearing PDC Ploughing / Grinding Natural/Impregnated Diamond Courtesy of
- 36. IADC Bit ClassificationIADC Bit Classification
- 37. IADC Classification – Roller Cone 517G Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High Drillability 1 Medium to Medium Hard Formations w ith High Compressive Strength 2 Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive 3 STEEL TOOTH BITS Cutting Structure Series Cutting Structure Type (1 to 4) 1 refers to the softest formation in a particular Series and 4 refers to the hardest formation within the Series Bearing/Gauge Description Standard Roller Bearing 1 Roller Bearing Air Cooled 2 Roller Bearing 3 Features Available (Optional) A - Air Application B - Special Bearing Seal C - Center Jet D - Deviation Control E - Extended Nozzles G - Gauge/Body Protection Ref: SPE 23937 The IADC Roller Bit Classification System 8-1/2” EHP 51 and Abrasive Formations 3 Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High Drillability 4 Soft to Medium Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength 5 Medium Hard Formations w ith High Compressive Strength 6 Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive Formations 7 Extremely Hard and Abrasive Formations 8 INSERT BITS within the Series Gauge Protected 3 Sealed Roller Bearing 4 Sealed Roller Brg - Gauge Protected 5 Sealed Friction Bearing 6 Sealed Frction Brg Gauge Protected 7 Protection H - Horizontal Steering Appl. J - Jet Deflection L - Lug Pads M - Motor Application S - Standard Steel Tooth T - Two Cone Bit W - Enhanced Cutting Structure X - Predominantly Chisel Tooth Insert Y - Conical Tooth Insert Z - Other Shape Insert
- 38. IADC Classification – Fixed Cutter 12-1/4” DS66H M432 Body Material Steel or Matrix. Cutter Density PDC: 1 to 4, diamond bits: 6 to 8 (the lower the number, the lighter set the bit). Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2 is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents Ref: SPE 23940 Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System Profile The final digit indicates the general body style and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked turbine style). Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these codes do not represent an application guideline. and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated.
- 44. IADC Bit Dull Grading CodeIADC Bit Dull Grading Code
- 45. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code The International Association of Drilling Contractors has developed a standard methodology for describing used bits. This information is essential for detailed bit performance analysis. The methodology is composed of an 8 character codeThe methodology is composed of an 8 character code that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit was pulled. INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G
- 46. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G Fixed Cutter Bits The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of cutting structure lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn). Roller Cone Bits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows) Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cone 2 Cone 3 Cone 1 Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 47. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics. Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 48. Fixed Cutter – Main Wear Characteristics NO WEAR (NO) WORN CUTTER (WT) BROKEN CUTTER (BT) LOST CUTTER (LT) EROSION (ER) POST OR STUD CUTTERS BOND FAILURE (BF) NO WEAR (NO) WORN CUTTER (WT) BROKEN CUTTER (BT) LOST CUTTER (LT) CYLINDER CUTTERS BOND FAILURE (BF) Courtesy of
- 49. Dull Characteristics – Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter Fixed Cutter Bits LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics BU - Balled Up Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 50. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 BU – Balled Up Bit (primary) CD – Cone Dragged (secondary)Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 51. Dull Characteristics – Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter Fixed Cutter Bits LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics CT – Chipped Cutter Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 52. Dull Characteristics – Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter Fixed Cutter Bits LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics LT – Lost Cutter Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 53. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 BT – Broken Teeth/Cutters Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 54. Dull Characteristics – Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter Fixed Cutter Bits LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics RO – Ring Out Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 55. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 JD – Junk Damage Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 56. Dull Characteristics – Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter Fixed Cutter Bits LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics WT – Worn Cutters Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 57. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 SD - Shirttail Damage Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 58. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 TR - Tracking
- 59. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 SS – Self Sharpening Wear Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 60. *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics – Some Examples CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 ER – Erosion Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
- 61. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits N - Nose Row M - Middle Row G - Gauge Row Cone 1, 2 or 3 C - Cone N - Nose T - Taper S - Shoulder G - Gauge G - Gauge Row A - All Rows Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 62. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits This box is for roller cone bits. Fixed cutter bits will always be designated by "X". A linear scale estimating bearing life used. (0 -No life Non Sealed Bearings bearing life used. (0 -No life used, 8 - All life used, i.e., no bearing life remaining.) Sealed Bearings E - Seals Effective F - Seals Failed N - Not Able to Grade Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 63. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G For all Bits The letter “I” is used to designate bits that are in gauge. If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” ofIf the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” of an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8” under gauge, this is reported as 2/16 or often only as 2. Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 64. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char. ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 65. IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16” OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure RemarksB G For All Bits BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly DMF - Down hole Motor Failure DSF - Drill String Failure HP - Hole Problems HR - Hours PP - Pump PressureDSF - Drill String Failure DST - Drill Stem Test DTF - Down hole Tool Failure RIG - Rig Repair CM - Condition Mud CP - Core Point DP - Drill Plug FM - Formation Change PP - Pump Pressure PR - Penetration Rate TD - Total Depth/Casing Point TQ - Torque TW - Twist Off WC - Weather Conditions WO - Washout -DrillString Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 66. Key to Dull Bit Grading: Grade a Lot of Dulls ! Photo courtesy of
- 67. BIT RECORD Well : BIT RECORD Date : Bit Data BHA Bit Size Bit type Serial IADC Nozzles Depth Depth Drilling ROP Bit krevs WOB Rot Flow Press Inc Mud Total Total Total Dull No. No. (inch) & maker Number Code (1/32") IN (m)OUT (m) Time (m/hr)(drilling)(Klbs) (RPM) (GPM) (psi) (deg) SG mtr hrs krevs I O D L B G O R Run Data Bit life Grading To be filled up at wellsite No. No. (inch) & maker Number Code (1/32") IN (m)OUT (m) Time (m/hr)(drilling)(Klbs) (RPM) (GPM) (psi) (deg) SG mtr hrs krevs I O D L B G O R 1 1 16 T11C L15264 115 3 x 18, 1 x 16 15 420 18.04 22.45 151.50 10-25 120 820 1450 0 1.07 405 18.04 152 0 1 WT A E I NO TD 2 2RR 12 1/4 DSX113 204556 PDC 8 x 13 420 422 0.50 4.00 1.22 2-10 60 680 1000 0.00 1.15 2 0.50 1 0 1 WT S X I CTBHA 4 2RR2 12 1/4 DSX113 204556 PDC 8 x 13 1408 1714 16.54 18.50 119.09 25-35 120 820 1900 1.00 1.19 308 17.04 120 1 3 WT A X I PN TD •BHA nb does not always = bit nb •Drilling time = bit time on bottom (←←←← Mud loggers) •Krevs = 1000 bit revolution (←←←← Mud loggers)
- 68. Drilling Parameters vs Bit PerformancePerformance
- 69. Bit performance Main function: ROP and longevity Drilling fluid is circulated through passageways in the bit to remove cuttings and apply hydraulic power to improve ROPROP ROP is a function of WOB, RPM, mud properties and hydraulic efficiency
- 70. Chip Formation Tooth load overcomes rock compressive strength, generates crater Scraping helps to remove chips from craters. CutterCutterCutterCutter FormationFormation Borehole pressure causes chip hold down effect Courtesy of
- 71. ROP vs Overbalance Data based on 7-7/8” bit with 30 klbs at 60 RPM Courtesy of
- 72. Chip Removal Removal of chips is required to allow for new chip formation CutterCutter Hydraulics help to remove chips FormationFormation CutterCutter 72 Courtesy of
- 73. CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL WOB (Weight on Bit) ResponseROP WEIGHT on BIT 0 0 Courtesy of
- 74. CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL RPM ResponseROP RPM 0 0 Courtesy of
- 75. Effects of Offset or Skew – 0º - 2º – Reduced Gage Scraping – More Durable – Slower Drilling – Abrasive / Hard Formations Reduced Offset – 3º - 5º – Increased Gage Scraping – Less Durable – Faster Drilling – Soft / Sticky Formations Increased Offset Courtesy of
- 76. Cone Profiles Flat Cone Profile – Minimum Bottom Scraping – More Durable – Slower Drilling – Abrasive / Hard Formations Round Cone Profile – Increased Bottom Scraping – Less Durable – Faster Drilling – Soft / Sticky Formations
- 77. Tooth Cutter Design Faster Drilling Less Durable Slower Drilling More Durable
- 78. Insert Cutter Design HP83HP51 Faster Drilling Less Durable Slower Drilling More Durable
- 79. Cutting Structure Comparisons HP83EHP41H Faster Drilling Less Durable Slower Drilling More Durable
- 80. Tooth & Insert Cutter Designs Soft Formation • Fewer Teeth • Longer Teeth • Bigger Teeth • Sharper Teeth Hard Formation • More Teeth • Shorter Teeth • Smaller Teeth • Duller Teeth• Sharper Teeth • Sharp Profile • Fracture-Resistant Tooth Material • Faster Drilling • Less Durable • Rounded teeth • Flat Profile • Wear-Resistant Tooth Material • Slower Drilling • More Durable
- 82. Bit Application SpectrumPenetrationRate PDC Mill Tooth Insert DP Formation Compressive Strength PenetrationRate Insert Impreg & Natural Diamond Courtesy of
- 83. Bit Selection Process WhichWhichWhichWhich One ?One ? Courtesy of
- 84. Bit Selection - PDC Advantages Very Fast ROP Long Life Potential ConsiderationsConsiderations Impact Damage Abrasiveness Stability Courtesy of
- 85. Bit Selection – Tooth Bit Advantages Fast ROP Good Stability Economic Considerations Tooth Wear Rate Bearing Life Courtesy of
- 86. Bit Selection – Insert Bits Advantages Cutting Structure Durability Range of Formations Interbed Tolerance Steerability and StabilitySteerability and Stability Considerations Slower ROP Bearing Life Courtesy of
- 87. Bit Selection – Natural & Impreg Diamond Bits Advantages Very Durable Hard Rock Capability Low Junk-in-Hole Risk Considerations Slower ROP RPM Sensitivity High Cost Applications Courtesy of
- 88. Gauging Procedures for 3-Cone Bits Smith 3-Cone Bits are designed to have minimum gauge contact. By use of suitable gauge cutting structure design and materials, the “minimum gauge” configuration improves penetration rates whilst maintaining full size hole. Only the cutting elements (teeth or inserts) contact, while the cone shell steel is held away from the hole wall. This means that unless the gauge cutting elements are “lined up” with the gauge contact point on any gauge ring, the bit will measure slightly smaller than it actually is. This is particularly true of aggressive insert bits which have a lighter set gauge and large offset. Gauging a 3-cone bit, either sharp or dull, requires some care and should be carried out as follows: 1. Only use a calibrated 3-cone gauge ring measuring the nominal bit size. 2. Turn the bit on its pin and rotate all the cones to their “maximum gauge point” so that a gauge tooth or insert lines up at this point. 3. Place the gauge ring over the bit at the maximum gauge points. 4. Pull the ring gauge tight against the gauge elements on two cones. 5. Measure any gap at the free cone. This is not the the correct value for gauge wear. 6. To calculate the actual gauge wear you must multiply the gap distance by 2/3 (‘two thirds’). For example: if measured gap is 3/16” then multiply by 2/3 giving 2/16” under-gauge. 7. Record the bit as being either in gauge or the amount under-gauge. Although IADC say to use Gap 7. Record the bit as being either in gauge or the amount under-gauge. Although IADC say to use an “I” for in gauge, we recommend using a 0 (zero) to avoid the confusion between an I and a 1. Maximum gauge point API Sizes for New Bits API Roller Cone Bit Tolerances Bit Size Actual Size Bit Size Tolerance Min. Max. 26” 26.000” 26.094” 3-3/8” to 13-3/4” +1/32”, -0” 23” 23.000” 23.094” 14” to 17.5” +1/16”, -0” 17.5” 17.500” 17.562” 17-5/8” and larger +3/32”, -0” 16” 16.000” 16.062” 12.25” 12.250” 12.281” 8.5” 8.500” 8.531” 6” 6.000” 6.031” Important points to note: A 3-Cone bit can be built larger than nominal size because of the plus tolerance allowed, but a new bit can never be undergauge (due to the required cutting structure clearances). To gauge a new bit you must use a 3-cone ring gauge that measures the nominal bit size plus API tolerance (see table). You CANNOT use a PDC ring gauge to gauge a 3-cone bit and vice versa. On those Smith 3-Cone bits that feature the ‘OD’ diamond enhanced heel row inserts (e.g. MSDGHOD), these bits are designed and built so that these inserts actively cut gauge at the maximum gauge point. Therefore, if the gauge cutting elements are worn and undergauge, then re- gauge the bit on the heel row inserts. The manufacturing locations of Smith 3-Cone bits are all ISO Certified (ISO 9001).
- 89. Gauging Procedures for PDC Bits Gauging a PDC bit, either sharp or dull, requires some care and should be carried out as follows: 1. Only use a calibrated PDC “No-Go” gauge ring. 2. Turn the bit on its pin. 3. Place the No-Go gauge ring over the bit - it should stop at the gauge skimmer/gauge pads 4. If the No-Go PDC gauge ring will not pass over the entire gauge area of the bit then the bit is in gauge. 5. If the No-Go gauge ring will pass then place the ring gauge at the gauge pads and pull hard to one side. 6. Measure the gap in 1/16” at the point opposite the point of contact between ring gauge and gauge pad. 7. Record the bit as being either in gauge or the amount under-gauge. Although IADC say to PDC Bit No-Go gauge ring pulled hard against gauge pad. No-Go ring gauge 7. Record the bit as being either in gauge or the amount under-gauge. Although IADC say to use an “I” for in gauge, we recommend using a 0 (zero) to avoid the confusion between an I and a 1. API PDC Bit Tolerances Bit Size Tolerance 6 3/4” and smaller -0.015” to + 0” 6 25/32” and including 9” -0.020” to + 0” 9 1/32” and including 13 3/4” -0.030” to + 0” 13 25/32” and including 17 1/2” -0.045” to + 0” 17 17/32” and larger -0.063 to + 0” Important points to note: A PDC bit can be built slightly smaller than nominal size because of the negative tolerance allowed, but a new bit should never be overgauge. To gauge a bit you must use a PDC “No-Go” ring gauge that measures the nominal bit size minus API tolerance (see table). You CANNOT use a 3-cone ring gauge to gauge a PDC bit and vice versa. The manufacturing locations of Smith PDC bits are all ISO Certified (ISO 9001). Measure the gap here in 1/16” and record
- 90. Casing / Drift Diameter Drill Diameter Hole Center Bit Center Bit Center Bi-center Bit Tripping through Casing / During Drill out Drilling Ahead Diameter Pilot Diameter
- 91. Drill Out Mode During drill out, drift & drill bits rotate around the drift axis The drift axis is at the geometric center of the reamer
- 92. When drilling ahead, drift & drill bits rotate around the drill axis The drill axis is defined as the center of the pilot section, Drilling Ahead center of the pilot section, and is also the center of the bit connection / shank
- 93. Quad-D Nomenclature 12 1/4” x 14 3/4” QDS41PX Drift Diameter Enhanced Gage Protection Drill Diameter Number Range Cutter Size 02-07 6mm 08-27 9mm 28X 11mm 29-59 13mm 60-81 16mm 82-97 19mm 98X 22mm 99X 25mm QDS: QUAD-D Steel Bit QDM: QUAD-D Matrix Bit QDG: QUAD-D Reamer Protection (standard on all steel bits)
- 94. Pilot Conditioning Drift Diameter Drill Diameter Dual Diameter Reamer Geometry 9 7/8” 8 1/2” = 6 3/4” Pilot Bit Diameter Pilot Bit Diameter Pilot Conditioning Section Diameter 8 1/2” x 9 7/8” QDG76 example 6 1/2” = 6 3/4” = 6 1/2”